Ádeby til qoghamda jazbasha týrde de, auyzsha týrde de qyzmet etedi. Tilding jazbasha týri kitaptar men gazet-jurnaldar arqyly jýzege assa, auyzsha týri teatr, radio, teledediarda qoldanylady. Adam ózining oiyn ekinshi bireuge auyzsha jәne jazbasha týrde jetkizedi. Jazba sóz ben auyzsha sózding ortaq әri úqsas belgileri bar jәne әrqaysysynyng ózine tәn normasy bolatyny aqiqat. Yaghny jazu men aitylu ýnemi bir-birine sәikes kele bermeydi.

Belgili ghalym N.Uәly aitqanday «Ádeby tilding orfoepiyalyq normasyna baylanysty qiyndyqtyng biri jazu tәrtibimen baylanysty, óitkeni jazba sózding ózine tәn jýiesi bar da, auyzsha sózding ózine tәn jýiesi bar, sondyqtan jazba mәtindi oqyghanda jazba sózge tәn kodty auyzsha sózge tәn kodqa kóshire bilu qajet. Jazghandy oqu degenimiz – jazba kodty auyzsha kodqa kóshiru». Mysaly, qazaq tilindegi b fonemasy eki dauysty dybystyng aralyghynda (sóz tirkesinde nemese bir sóz ishinde) jәne keybir dauysty men dauyssyzdyng aralyghynda b-dan góri v-gha juyghyraq aitylady:  abyroı – [ab^vyroı], abyrjý – [ab^vyrjý], kóbik – [kób^vik], sábiz – [sáb^viz], tabaq – [tab^vaq], sabaq –  [sab^vaq], qabaq – [qab^vaq], jabyq – [jab^vyq], abzal – [ab^vzal], abdyra – [ab^vdyra]. Sonday-aq sóz sonynda úyang b dauyssyzy qatandanady. Mysaly, hıdjab – [hıdjap], arab – [arap], shtab – [shtap], klýb – [klýp], kýb – [kýp]. Búl mәsele búrynda da qarastyrylyp keldi. Degenmen oqu qúraldarynda, BAQ-ta, kýndelikti ómirde auyzsha sózding ereksheligine basa nazar audarylmay keledi.

Latyn әlipbiyine kóshu barysynda jazu mәselesimen qatar sózderding aitylu normasyn da eskeru qajet. Shettildik sózder qazaq tilining aitylu normasyna sәikes dybystalady. Sóz sonynda keletin úyang g dauyssyzy qatandanyp aitylady: pedagog – [pedagok], stomatolog  –[stomatolok], hırýrg – [hırýrk], ýrolog – [ýrolok], kınolog – [kınolok], sınolog – [sınolok], zoolog – [zoolok], ekolog – [ekolok], geolog – [geolok], sosıolog – [sosıolok]. Biraq jazuda  g dauyssyzy saqtalyp jazylady. Búl orfografiya men orfoepiyanyng araqatynasyn kórsetip túr.

Keybir sózderding songhy buynynda keletin qysang dauystylar týsip, aldyndaghy úyang d dauyssyzy qatandanyp aitylady: keledi – [kelet], ketedi – [ketet], barady –[barat], aıtady – [aıtat], kúledi – [kúlet], júredi – [júret], pisedi – [piset], jazady – [jazat]. Sóz sonyndaghy dauystynyng týsirilip aityluy tilding ýnemdeu prinsiypine sәikes keletinin kóruge bolady. Sebebi ýsh buyndy sózderding eki buyngha deyin qysqarghany bayqalady.

Qatang k, q dauyssyzdary sóz aralyghynda jәne eki dauystynyng arasynda úyandanady. Mysaly, qyrkúıek – [qyrgúıek], kóknnár – [kógnnár], kókjıek – [kógjıek], kók alma – [kógalma], qazaq áni – [qazaǵáni], qulaq asý – [qulaǵasý], esek dáme – [esegdáme], jaryq dúnıe – [jaryǵdúnıe], bulshyq et – [bulshyǵet]. Qatandardyng úyandanuy kórshi dybystardyng әserinen tuyndap otyr.

Qazaq tilinde q dauyssyzy juan dybystardyng qataryna jatatyny belgili. Sondyqtan ýndestik zany boyynsha q dauyssyzymen keletin sózder ýnemi juan aitylady. Alayda keybir arab tilinen engen sózderde q-nyng jinishke variasiyasy kórinis tabady. Mysaly, qudiret, taýqimet, quziret, haziret. Búl sózderde q fonemasy qasqyr, qamyr, qymyz siyaqty qazaqtyng tól sózderindegi q fonemasynan ózgeshe azdap jinishkerip aitylatyny bayqalady.

Týbir men qosymsha, kýrdeli sózder men sóz tirkesteri aralyghynda qatar keletin eki dybystyng birinshisi n bolyp, keyingisi g, ǵ dauyssyzdary bolsa, n dauyssyzy ń-gha ainalady. Mysaly: engizý – [eńgizý], burynǵy  – [buryńǵy], túnge qaraı – [túńge qaraı], qarynǵa – [qaryńǵa]. Búnday proses te jazu men aityludyng ózara araqatynasynyng bir-birine ýnemi sәikes kele bermeytinin kórsetip túr.  Sol siyaqty qatar kelgen eki dybystyng birinshisi n ekinshisi b, m, p dybystary bolsa, songhylardyng әserinen n dybysy aityluda m dybysyna ainalady. Mysaly, qaıyn bıke – [qaıym bıke], degenmen – [degemmen], aıtqanmen – [aıtqammen], kónbeıdi – [kómbeıdi], sónbeıdi – [sómbeıdi]. Sóz aghymyndaghy dybystardyng modifikasiyalanuy assimilyasiya prosesining kórinisi bolyp tabylady.

Qazaq tilinde l men r dauyssyzdarymen bastalatyn sózderding ózindik ereksheligi bar. Sebebi atalghan dauyssyzdardyng aldynda y men i  dauystylary estiledi. Búnday lingvistikalyq zandylyq proteza degen fonetikalyq ózgeristing kórinisi bolyp tabylady. Mysaly: ras – [yras], laq – [ylaq], laj – [ylaj].

Latynnegizdi jana qazaq jazuynda orys tili arqyly engen mıtıń, brıfıń, boýlıń siyaqty shettildik sózderding sonyndaghy ng әrip tirkesi fonetikalyq prinsip boyynsha qazaq tiline tәn ń fonemasyna auysty. Olay bolsa, latynnegizdi jazuda ń fonemasymen ayaqtalatyn shettildik sózderding jazyluy men aityluy birdey bolatyny tómendegi mysaldardan bayqalady: marketıń – [marketıń], lızıń – [lızıń], franchaızıń – [franchaızıń], kıkboksıń – [kıkboksıń].

Sóz aghymynda p dauyssyzy pozisiyagha baylanysty ózgerip túratyny belgili. Mysaly, qypshaq – [qyfshaq], tapshy – [tafshy] degen sózderde qazaq tilining fonetikalyq jýiesinde kezdespeytin [f] dybysy estiledi. F dybysynyng artikulyatorlyq sipaty naq orys tilindegidey bolmaghanymen, biraq solargha juyq aitylady. Keltirilgen dybys qazaq tilining tól dybystaryna jatpasa da, kýndelikti ómirde pozisiyagha baylanysty qoldanylady. Atalghan sózderdegi <p>  fonemasynyn  [f] variasiyasynda aityluy olardyn  sózdegi alatyn ornyna baylanysty, basqasha aitqanda, kórshiles dybystardyng әserinen osylay týrlenip túr.

Qazaq tilinde týbir men qosymshanyng aralyghynda s men sh qatar kelse, s dybysy sh-gha ainalady, al sh dybysy s-gha ainalady. Naqty aitqanda, s-nyng sh bolyp nemese sh-nyng s bolyp aityluy atalmysh dauyssyzdardyng ereksheligi bolyp tabylady. Mysaly, basshy – [bashshy], tasshy – [tashshy], qosshy – [qoshshy], tosshy – [toshshy], tesshi – [teshshi], kesshi – [keshshi], ashsa – [ashsha], qashsa – [qashsha], ishse – [ishshe], kóshse – [kóshshe]. Keybir sózderde sh dauyssyzy ch-gha juyq aitylady. Yaghny sh fonemasy keyde ózining variasiyasynda kórinis tauyp, ch-gha ainalady. Mysaly, aıtshy – [aıtchy], ótshi – [ótchi], hatshy – [hatchy], ketshi – [ketchi].

Sóz ishinde eki dybystyng birinshisi z ekinshisi s men sh qatar kelse, songhylardyng әserinen z dybysy aityluda s jәne sh dybystaryna ainalady: izsiz – [issiz], sózsiz – [sóssiz], tuzsyz – [tussyz], qobyzshy – [qobyshshy], tazsha – [tashsha], otyrǵyzshy – [otyrǵyshshy]. Sonday-aq sóz aralyghynda alghashqy sózding songhy dybysy z-men ayaqtalyp, al ekinshi synary j dybysynan bastalsa, assimilyasiya qúbylysynyng әserinen z dybysy j týrinde aitylady. Mysaly, kóz jazbaý – [kój jazbaý], boz jorǵa –  [boj jorǵa], qyz jibek – [qyj jibek], kóz jasy – [kój jasy]. Jogharyda keltirilgen sózderde <z> fonemasy ózining ýsh variantynda jýzege asady: <z> = [s], [sh], [j]. Qazaq tilindegi basqa dauyssyzdargha qaraghanda búl z fonemasynyng ereksheligi bolyp tabylady.

Qazaq tilindegi s fonemasy pozisiyagha baylanysty týrlenedi, yaghny s dauyssyzy qazaq tilining fonetikalyq jýiesinde joq s (s)-gha juyq aitylady әri estiledi. Mysaly, aıtsa – [aıtsa], ótse – [ótse], jatsa – [jatsa]. Búdan sózderding jazyluy men aityluy ózara sәikes kelmeytinin bayqaugha bolady.

Latynnegizdi jana qazaq jazuynda s әrpining ornyna s әrpi jazylady: sırk, sırkýl, konstıtýsıa, evolıýsıa. Múnday jazu qazaq tilining fonetikalyq prinsiypi boyynsha  orfoepiyalyq normasyna sәikes keledi. Orys tili arqyly engen s fonemasy jazuda s әrpimen beriletindikten, aityluda da búl әrip qazaq tilining tabighatyna sәikes dybystalady.

Latynnegizdi jana qazaq jazuyndaghy emle erejede «sh әrpi tól sózderde shsh әrip tirkesimen, al shettildik sózderde sh әrpimen tanbalanady: ashshy, tushshy, keshshe; ýchılıshe, praporshık» dep berilgen. Búl ereje boyynsha bolashaqta atalghan sózder sh fonemasymen aityluy mýmkin. Sebebi sózderding jazyluy onyng aityluyna әser etui yqtimal. Sonday-aq erejede «dj әrip tirkesi bar sózderde d әrpi týsirilip, qosymshalar ýndestik zany boyynsha jazylady: menejer (-diń, -i, -ge, -ler), jınsy (-nyń, -sy, -ǵa, -lar), jentilmen (-niń, -i, -ge, -der)» dep beriledi. Múnday jazu qazaq tilining tabighatyna sәikes keledi jәne orfoepiyalyq normagha jauap beredi. Sebebi sóz basynda keletin әrip tirkesining biri týsirilip jazyluy tilding ýnemdeu prinsiypine sәikes kelip, sózderding aityluyn jenildetedi.

Qazirgi latynnegizdi jana qazaq jazuyndaghy emle erejede «Shettildik sózderding sonyndaghy a әrpi sóz maghynasyna әser etpegen jaghdayda týsirilip jazylady. Qosymshalar songhy buyngha ýilesip jalghanady: gazet (-tiń, -i, -ke, -ter), mınýt (-tyń, -y, -qa, -tar), sıfr (-dyń, -y, -ǵa, -lar), kordınat (-tyń, -y, -qa, -tar), kapsýl (-dyń, -y, -ǵa, -dar), kardıogram (-nyń, -y, -ǵa, -dar)» dep berilgen. Osy erejemen baylanysty fonema – fonem, morfema – morfem degen sózder orfoepiyalyq normagha sәikes kelip, últtyq tilding tabighy bolmysyn ontaylandyrady. Al jazuda ýnemdeu prinsiypining zandylyghyna sәikes keledi.

Qoryta kelgende, bolashaqta til bilimining kenjelep qalghan orfoepiya salasyn orfografiyamen qatar mektep, joghary oqu oryndarynda arnayy oqytyp, ony baghdarlamalar men oqu qúraldaryna engizu qajet.

Z.M.Bazarbaeva, filol.gh.d., professor

J.Júmabaeva, filol.gh.k,

Orfografiyalyq júmys tobynyng mýsheleri

Abai.kz