Asharshylyq taghylymy

Preziydent Qasym-Jomart Kemelúly Toqaevtyng tapsyrmasymen 2020j. memlekettik komissiya qúrylyp, qughyn-sýrgin qúrbandaryn tolyq aqtau júmystary bastalyp ketti. Elordadaghy  basqosuda ýlken pikir almasu barysynda ózekti mәseleler qozghaldy, keyin de pikir almasu jalghasuda. Osyghan oray keybir mәselelerge nazar audarudy jón kórdik.

Birinshiden, elordadaghy ghalymdarmen kezdesude asharshylyq totaritarlyq jýiening óreskel qatelikterinen boldy degen pikir qayta-qayta aityldy. Búl ótken tariyhqa baylanysty reseylik tarihshylardyng býgin jii aitatyn pikiri. Olar Kenes Odaghynyng ydyrauyn totalitarlyq sosialiyzimning últtardy qúrsauda ústau sayasatynan tughan emes, joghary basshylardyng qatelikterinen kórip, búrynghyny ansauda. Shyndyghynda totalitarlyq jýie qatelikterge úrynghan joq. Eger biylik jýiesi jergilikti jerding dәstýrli túrmystyq ereksheligin, sharuashylyghyn esepke alsa, ol totalitarlyq emes demokratiyalyq biylik bolghany.

Al qatigezdik, kýshke salyp zәbirleu, shyndyqty búrmalau, jasyru, últty jikke, tapqa bólip bir-birine aidap salu, asyra silteu totalitarzmning mәni, onyng tabighy bolmysy. Jappay asharshylyq úrda-jyq sayasattyng bir kórinisi. Últtyq mýddeni syilamaytyn biylik halyqty tyghyryqqa tiredi, ol qatelik emes, totalitarizmning zandy logikalyq әdis-amaly.

Taptyq konsepsiyany basshylyqqa alghan iydeologiya tarihshylardy óz uysynan shygharmady. HH gh. 50-60 jyldaryndaghy olardyng enbekterinde Qazaqstanda  sosialistik auyl sharuashylyghynyng damuy kollektivtendiruding ondy әleumettik-ekonomikalyq jemisi, qanaushy taptardy, baylar men qúlaqtardyng joyyluynyng saldary delindi. Keyin sosializm ydyryghannan song 20-30-ynshy jyldary bolishevikterding sayasaty eldi azdyrdy, tozdyrdy, halyq ashtan qyryldy, bosqyndargha ainaldy dedi. Osylay tipti bir avtor ózine ózi qarsy boldy. Búl tek auylsharuashylyq tarihyn zertteushilerge ghana emes, basqa da kenes zamanynyng  zertteushilerine tәn. Kommunistik taptyq iydeologiya gha sengen ghalymdar shyn niyetimen kenes ýkimetine sendi, baylar men qúlaqtardy qudalaudy aqtady, tipti solaqay sayasattyng qúrbany bolghan ózining ata-babalaryna da jany jibimedi. Keyin birte-birte kommunistik iydeologiyadan týnildi, kóptegen qúndylyqtargha basqasha qarady, ótkenning beynesi ayanyshty da qasiretti sipat aldy. Degenmen, әli de sanamyzda búrynghy iydeologiyanyng izderi asharshylyqty totalitarizmnen kórmey tek, ghana qatelikter jiberildi dep jýrgen deymiz. Osylay bolishevizmning barlyq qylmysyn qatelikter dep aqtaugha da bolady.

Ekinshiden, qazaq tarihshylary «qazaq nege shybynday qyryldy»? degen saualgha jauap izdeude. Ghylymy әdebiyette shynayy tarihy pluralizm dәstýrinde asharshylyqtyng sebepteri men saldaryn anyqtaugha baylanysty әrtýrli pikirler úsynady: klimatqa baylanysty qúrghaqshylyq, qoldan jasalghan ashtyq nemese, jan-jaqty oilastyrmaghan qate sayasatynan tughan dep týiedi. Ghalymdardyng erekshe bir toby asharshylyqty kenestik biylikting arnayy úiymdastyrghan sayasaty dey kelip, búl genosid degen pikirge keledi. Búl tereng oilandyratyn ústanym.

Asharshylyqqa baylanysty Ukraina men Resey ghalymdarynyng arasynda ymyragha kelmeytin qarama-qarsy pikirler aityluda. Reseylik ghalymdar әrtýrli tújyrymdar men negizdemelerin úsynady. Reseyding kórnekti «Obshestvennye nauky y sovremennosti» ghylymy jurnalynda biologiyalyq versiya úsyndy. 1931-33 jyldary Ukrainagha shegirtkeler shabuyl jasap, ósip kele jatqan biday ónim bermedi, al keyingi jyldary astyq tyshqandar shabuylyna úshyrady delindi. Búl asharshylyq tóniregindegi aitystyng qanshalyqty ótkirligin kórsetse kerek.

Qazaqstanmen qosa asharshylyq Ukraina, Belarusi, Moldova, Edil boyynda, Soltýstik Kavkaz aimaghynda boldy. Ár aimaqtyng ózindik әleumettik, ekonomikalyq, basqa da әrtýrli sebepteri men erekshelikteri bolghany anyq. Bizding óz jaghdayymyzdan tughan óz pozisiyamyz boluy qajet.

Qazaqtar ýshin eng ózekti mәsele – genosid turaly. Eger ghalymdar: «Qazaq nege shybynday qyryldy», dese, qarapayym halyqtyng ózegin órteytin mәsele: «Nege shybynday qazaq qyryldy», degen saual. Problemanyng týiini de osynda. Búl әr qazaqty, tútas qazaq últyn oilandyratyn jaghday. Shyndyghynda jappay kollektivtendiru Qazaqstanda barlyq últtargha birdey jýrgizildi. Últyna qaramay bay men kúlaqtardyng mýlkin tәrkiledi. Biraq qazaqtardyng malyn, nanyn ayamay kýshpen tartyp aldy, nege qazaqqa ala bóle ozbyrlyq jasaldy degen saualgha jauap joq. Halyq sol kezde ózderin slavyandarmen, pravoslav, basqa da din ókilderimen salystyryp, kollektivtendirudi qazaq músylmandaryna jasalghan әdeyi zúlymdyq dep qabyldaghan. Genosid mәselesi ózinen ózi osylay sanada órbiydi. Akademiyalyq ghylym men qoghamdyq pikir búl tústa ýilespey jatyr ghany anyq.

Mәsele genosidti moyyndatyp, últymyzdyng qasiretin saudagha salyp, ótemaqy talap etu emes. Mәsele tarihy әdildikte, qúrban bolghandardyng aruaghyn syilauda. Genosid Qazaqstanda boldy, al halyqaralyq sharttar, konvensiyalar әlem halyqtarynyng әrtýrli últtyq, tarihy aiyrmashylyqtaryn eskere bermeydi. Sondyqtan Izraili, Resey, basqa da elder óz tújyrymdaryn bәrinen joghary qoyady.

Ýshinshiden, asharshylyq tarihyn saralau barysynda ony sayasattandyrmau jóninde, әsirese, biylik tarapynan saqtandyratyn eskertpeler siyaqty oilar aitylady.

Mәseleni sayasattandyrmaudyng ózi de sayasattandyru. Biraq sayasattandyrmaudyng mәni taratylmady.

Asharshylyqtyng sebep-saldaryn saralaghanda Mәskeulik, kenes biyligi, onyng qaptaghan Qazaqstandy biylep tóstegen, últ mýddesin ayaqqa basqan orys, basqa da últtardan shyqqan sheneunikteri, jazalaushy organdardyng qyzmetkerleri bolghany jasyryn emes. Olardyng qol qoyghan qújattarynyng ózi ony dәleldeydi. Sondyqtan әrdayym biz mәskeulik qojayyndar men orys halqy arajigin  ajyratuymyz kerek. Búl jerde sayasy shyndyqtyng betin ashu, aq pen qarany anyqtau memleketaralyq ta mәsele. Tútas bir halyqty aiyptau adamgershilikten attau bolar edi. Aqiqat bәrinen de joghary.

Jazalaushylardyng qatarynda qazaqtar da az bolmady. Ózimizding de kinәmizdi moyyndap, ózimizdi ózimiz synaudyn, jastardy tәrbiyeleude mәni zor.

Tórtinshiden, asharshylyq mәselesi tәuelsizdigimizding qadirin tereng týsinu, birtútas últtyq sana qalyptastyru, tarihtan taghylym alu ýshin óte ózekti. Biraq biz qazaqtyng myng ólgenin basa aityp, myng tirilgenimizge mәn bere bermeymiz. Barlyq qughyn-sýrgin qúrbandaryn әlsiz, dәrmensiz adamdar etip kórsetu ýrdisi beleng alghan. Al olardyng bәri dóreki sayasattyng tek qúrbany, obektisi ghana bolghan joq, olar sol tarihtyng subiektisi de, totalitarizmge qarsy túrdy, kýresshuler boldy. Jaysyz sayasi, ekonomikalyq jaghdaylar  basynan ótse de, qazaq últy esin jiyp, jauyzdyqqa qarsy  ishtey kýsh jinady. Qazaq ózin saqtay biletin últ. Ghasyrlar boyy qalyptasqan búl qasiyet talay qasiretten aman alyp qalghan. Tarihtyng osy sabaqtaryna biz býgin jastar auditoriyasynda asa nazar audaruymyz kerek.

Besinshiden, kórnekti aghylshyn jazushysy, әigili «1984 jyl» romanynyng avtory Djordj Oruell (1903-1950) «Ótkendi biylegen bolashaqty da biyleydi» degen. Avtor qogham ómirine tarih ghylymynyng yqpalyn aitqan.    Biylik «tarihty qalay boldy solay jazyndar» degenmen, ony óz zamannyna qaray beyimdeydi, tarihshylyrdy da biylikting soyylyn soghugha iykemdeydi. Asharshylyq tarihyn qayta-qayta jazu osydan.

Tәuelsizdik zamany tarihyn jazghanda, Qasym-Jomart Kemelúly jazghanday, jetistikterimiz ben kemshilikterimizdi oy eleginen ótkizu manyzdy. Birjaqty etnosentrizmge de úrynbay, jeke basqa da tabynbay mýmkindiginshe aqiqatqa jaqyn bolghanymyz jón. Tarihshy ghalymdar  biylikten týgeldey tәuelsiz bola almaydy, degenmen keyingi úrpaq songhy tarihymyzdy qayta jazyp jýrmesin.

Amangeldi Aytaly,

filosofiya ghylymdarynyng doktory, Q.Júbanov atyndaghy Aqtóbe ónirlik memlekettik uniyversiytetining professory

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