«Altybaqan» atalatyn qazaq oiyny búghan deyin sauyq-sayrannyng atributy men kóshpeli týrkilerding toy-saltanat nyshany týrinde ghana qaralyp, baghalanyp keldi. Alayda, býgingi biyiktegen tanym talabynyng túrghysynan jәne әlemdik mәdeniyettanu sahnasyna shygha bastaghan týrkilik órkeniyet ýlesin ýngy qarastyru zamany kelgen shaqta Altybaqangha da uaqyttas ústanymmen qarau qajettigi tuyndaydy.

Altybaqan negizinen kóshpeli týrkilerding últtyq oiyny retinde atalyp jýr. Búl oiyn qazaq, qyrghyz, qaqas halyqtarynyng merekeleri men toylarynyng kórki bolyp keledi. Kóshpeli ózge týrkilik júrttar da búryn búl oiyn qoldanysta bolghanmen, býginde olardyng ómirinen alastalghan synayda, kezdespeydi. Jalpy, atalmysh oiyn turaly tarihy jazbalarda әzirge naqty derek kezdestire qoymadyq.

Altybaqannyng týrkilik kóshpeli saltanattaghy orny men manyzy bólek, onyng qúrylymy men mazmúny da arnayy qarastyrudy qajetsinetin taqyryp. Altybaqan qalaysha ornatylyp, qalay qoldanylady?

«Altybaqan» atalatyn qazaq oiyny búghan deyin sauyq-sayrannyng atributy men kóshpeli týrkilerding toy-saltanat nyshany týrinde ghana qaralyp, baghalanyp keldi. Alayda, býgingi biyiktegen tanym talabynyng túrghysynan jәne әlemdik mәdeniyettanu sahnasyna shygha bastaghan týrkilik órkeniyet ýlesin ýngy qarastyru zamany kelgen shaqta Altybaqangha da uaqyttas ústanymmen qarau qajettigi tuyndaydy.

Altybaqan negizinen kóshpeli týrkilerding últtyq oiyny retinde atalyp jýr. Búl oiyn qazaq, qyrghyz, qaqas halyqtarynyng merekeleri men toylarynyng kórki bolyp keledi. Kóshpeli ózge týrkilik júrttar da búryn búl oiyn qoldanysta bolghanmen, býginde olardyng ómirinen alastalghan synayda, kezdespeydi. Jalpy, atalmysh oiyn turaly tarihy jazbalarda әzirge naqty derek kezdestire qoymadyq.

Altybaqannyng týrkilik kóshpeli saltanattaghy orny men manyzy bólek, onyng qúrylymy men mazmúny da arnayy qarastyrudy qajetsinetin taqyryp. Altybaqan qalaysha ornatylyp, qalay qoldanylady?

Ádette Altybaqandy qúru ýshin 6 syryq (baqan), ýsh arqan kerek. Baqannyng bastaryn ýsh-ýshten toptap, bastaryn týiistire baylap, aralyghyn ýsh-tórt metr etip, mosy tәrizdendirip ornatady da, «mosynyn» basynda payda bolghan ashagha kóldeneng syryq bekitiledi. Kóldeneng syryqty «arqalyq» deydi. «Arqalyq» baqangha ekeui jogharyraq, biri tómen etilip, ýsh saty arqan tartylady. Jogharghy ekeui otyrugha nemese beldi sýieuge arnalady, tómengi arqangha taban tireledi. Keyde taban tireytin arnayy taqtaysha bekitiledi. Qyz ben jigit qarama-qarsy ornalasyp, bel arqannyng eki jaqtauynan bekem ústap, ýshinshi adamnyng demeuimen terbetiledi.

Altybaqannyng keng taralghan anyqtamasy men qoldanu barysyn keltire otyryp, onyng sipatyn qarastyrayyq. Kóp taralghan payym bylay dep keledi[9]: «Altybaqan - qazaqtyng últtyq oiyny. Búlardy bir adam terbetedi. Altybaqanda terbelip otyrghan qyz ben jigit әn shyrqaugha tiyis. Altybaqan ertedegi auyl ómirinde jastardyng keshkilikte bas qosyp, halyq aspaptarynyng sýiemeldeuimen әn salatyn, aitysatyn, әzil-ospaq, nazdy kýlkisimen kópshilik bolyp kónil kóteretin oiyn-sauyghy bolghan;  Altybaqan - últtyq  oiyn  bolghanymen, onyn   salt-dәstýrlik manyzy  odan góri  joghary.  Kópshilik  auyldyn  qyz-jigitteri  aulaqtau  jerge  altybaqan  qúryp oiyn-sauyq  jasaydy.  Búl  jastardyn  ónerin,   oiyn,  kózqarasyn,  tanymyn qalyptastyruda zor tәrbiyelik  qyzmet  atqarady.   Ánsheyinde  «qyzgha  qyryq  ýiden  tyiym» deytin  qazaqtyn  qyzdaryn  altybaqangha   jibermeytin qaqy joq. Altybaqanda jastar әn salyp, týrli  oiyn  úiymdastyryp, týn ortasyna  deyin sauyq  qúrady». Alayda, atalmysh payym men anyqtama Altybaqannyng manyzy men mәnin tolyq ashpaydy. Ol ýshin osy taqylettes ózge júrttardaghy oiyndardy keltirip kóreyik.

Altybaqan qyrghyzdarda «Alty baqan selkinshek» [4]  atalady. Búrynyraqta qyrghyz Altybaqany aghash ósken manayda qos aghashqa baylanghan arqandardan qúrylsa kerek. Aghashy joq ónirde alty baqannan arnayy terbeuish (әlpenshek, әtkenshek) qúryp oinaytyn bolghan. Qyrghyzdarda da qyz ben jigit altybaqan tebedi, biraq qalghan jastar ekige jarylyp, bir birimen әn-kýy jarystyrady.

Qaqastyng altybaqany «Chiylenmes» [5] delinedi. Búrynghy zamandardaghy neketoylarda chiylenmes-terbeuishte jastar terbelgen. Songhy kezderi Hristian dinining yqpalymen ony jyl sayynghy Pasha merekesinde tebu ýrdisi payda bolypty. Qaqastarda da alty qayyng syryq alynyp, ýsh-ýshten syryqtardyng basy baylanyp, piramida (alachyh - lashyq) qúralady. Olardyng jogharghy bastarynyng arasyn kóldeneng qosatyn arga (arqa, arqalyq) atalatyn syryq bekitiledi. Qúrylghan Chiylenmeske sharap býrkip alastau rәsimi jasalady. Qaqastarda bir-birden de, qyz-jigit júptasyp ta terbetiledi. Terbelis әnmen sýiemeldenedi. Keyde jastar shapshandyqqa jarysqan. Ol ýshin Altybaqandaghylar jerge asyq iyiredi, jerdegi túrghandardan kim qaqshyp alsa - sol shapshan.

Tәjikterde de Nauryz merekesi kezinde jastardyng әtkenshek (atqynshaq, kacheli) tebetindigi belgili. Sharif Shukurov [3]: Krashenye v krasnyy svet yaysa iy kachanie na kachelyah yavlyaitsya odnimy iz naibolee harakternyh priznakov Navruza. V nastoyashie vremya v gorah Gindukusha, k yugu ot Pamira, sohranilisi analogichnye novogodnie obychay...»

Kәreyler de tәjikter sekildi, jylyna bir ret keletin jyldyq merekesinde qyzdaryna terbeuish teptiretin saltyn tarihy filimderinde kórsetip jýr. Múnysy qyrghyzdardyng «Alty baqan selkinshek» ghúrpymen qos aghashtyng arasyna arqan kerip terbelu saltyna úqsaydy.

Taylandtyng astanasy Bangkoktyng qaq ortasyndaghy Suthat tәuhanasyna (hram) qarsy betke, 1784 jyly túrghyzylghan biyiktigi 42 metrlik alyp qyp-qyzyl әlpenshek ornatylghan. Búl jylyna bir-aq ret brahmandyq saltanatta qoldanylady, bylayghy uaqytta ony eshkim de qozghamaydy. Jergilikti júrt «Sao-chingcha» [6] ataytyn búl terbeuish jana dýniyening tuylu qúrmeti men kýrishting shyghymyna qatysty Shiva qúdaygha degen qúrmetke arnalghan delinedi. Búl kýni tәuhanagha Shiva men Vishnu qúdaylar keledi-mis. Joralghy bylaysha qalyptasqan: tәu etushiler әlpenshekke birtindep shyghyp, terbelgen kýii barynsha biyiktep baryp, 25 metrdey jogharyda ilingen aqsha toly qapshyqty tisimen qaqshuy tiyis. Búl joralghydan oiyngha ainalyp ketken rәsim deuge bolady, alayda, búl tabysty oiyn qatysushylar ómirine asa qaterli bolyp, birshama ólim bolghan sekildi. Aqyry 1935 jyly búl oiyngha qaterining moldyghynan tyiym salynghan.

Jogharyda keltirilgen týrli halyqtyng әlpenshegin talday otyryp, myna jayttargha qanyghamyz.

1.Týrki halyqtary Altybaqandy toylardan bastap, irgeli mereke-saltanattarda paydalansa, ózgeleri terbeuishti tәu eterlik rәsimnin, diny saltanattyng joralghy-oyynynyng atributy etedi. Alayda, búl jerde qayshylyq bar deuge bolmaydy, týrkilerdegi Altybaqan bú dýniyelik quanyshtyng shyrqau kórinisi bolyp tabylady. Al, týrkilik toy-mereke Qúdyretke, Jaratushygha degen iltipat pen tәu etudin, tәubәning bir kórinisi әri manyzdy tabynys mazmúnyn bildiredi. Sondyqtan da o dýniyelik ata-babasyna beriletin As beru salty merekelik mazmúngha toly.

Qyzdaryna qatang tyiymmen qaraghan qazaqtardyng Altybaqangha qatysty boyjetkenderin erkinsitu dәstýri joralghy-oyynnyng manyzyn odan әri arttyra týsedi. Jyl basy sanaytyn Nauryz sekildi manyzdy merekening jalghasy retinde, jyl boyyna bolatyn irili-uaq toy-merekelerdi ótkizetin týrkiler, әuelgi qasiyetti kýnde ghana oinalatyn Altybaqandy jyl boyghy quanyshtardyng nyshanyna ainaldyryp jiberse kerek. Sondyqtan olar jyl sayyn bolatyn Nauryz sekildi aituly merekemen shektelmey, әrbir toydy sol úly saltanattyng jalghasy esebinde tútyp, neketoy, iri saltanattarda Altybaqan tebu ghúrpy qalyptasqan.

Degenmen, qaqastardyng songhy kezderi Altybaqandy hristiandyq Pasha merekesinde qoldanuy, olardyng Chiylenmesti búghan deyin de ritualdyq rәsimdik sipatpen diniy-miftik saltanattarda bolghan qoldanystyng izimen Pashagha auystyrghanyn bayqatady. Ádette Pasha sәuir aiynda merekelenedi, al búl - týrkilik kóktemgi jana jyl meyramyna sәikes kezen. Shamasy, búrynyraqta atap ótilgen kóktemgi (bәlkim, Nauryz bolar) rәsim merekening manyzy solghyndanyp, úmytyla bastaghasyn, onyng joralghysy janghyrghan týrde Pasha oiynyna úlasqanday synay bayqalady. Qay halyqqa da tәn (әsirese, týrki-mongholdar búl jaghynan jarqynyraq kózge týsedi) jayt: nanym-senim auysqan kezde búrynghy rәsimder belgili bir týrge engenimen mazmúnyn saqtay otyryp, jana diny ayada jalghasyn taba beretini bar. Múnday ruhany sabaqtastyq dәstýri týrkilerde asa tereng tarihy tәjiriybege ainalghan. Qaqastyq Altybaqan-Chiylenmes te sonday taghdyrdy bastan keshken boluy kerek.

Al, tәjikterding basqa parsy júrttarynyng ishinde Nauryz kýnderi әlpenshekke qúmarlyghy, olardyng týrkilermen ejelden asa tyghyz aralasu tarihynda jatuy yqtimal. Desek te, әlpenshek tebu dәstýrinde jer betindegi әldebir halyqty bastaushy etu qatelikke úryndyrar payym bolmaq, sebebi, búl oiyn-joralghy mәdeniyettanu salasynda tynghylyqty zerttele qoymaghan nysan.

2. Týrki júrttarynda terbeuish atributy bir birine qarama qarsy eki negizding júptasuyn, jarasuyn, ýilesuin qamtysa, ózge halyqtar búl atributty synar sipatta ghana, bir adamnyng terbeluimen qoldanady. Mәselen, kәreyler jyl sayynghy merekede tek qana qyzdargha terbeuish arnaydy; al taylyqtar bir birine oppozisiyadaghy Shiva men Vishnu qúdaylaryn jarastyru ghúrpy retinde terbeuishting mandayyna ilingen aqshany eppen alu sekildi qarabayyr әreketke qatysushylardy bir birden shygharyp, sayystyrady. Al, týrkilik Altybaqan qos negizdi qyz ben jigitti qatar qoyyp, ekeuin birge terbeu әreketin dәstýr etip, jaratylystyng qos negizin jarastyru joralghysy etken. Bylay qaraghanda, jay ghana qyz ben jigitting terbeuishke jayghasyp birge sauyq qúrghanymen, onyng týpki mәni kózden tasa, jasyruly; shyn mәninde, búl - ghalamdyq auqymdaghy ýilesim men qos antagondyq negizding tútasu aktysy bolyp tabylady. Búl jaghynan Altybaqan - ondy tilek pen niyetting atributy ghana emes, sony jýzege asyru ýderisining bastamashysy, saymany. Kәreylik qyzdar men tәjik jastardyng terbelui de, taylyqtardyng «nesibege» talasuy da, belgili bir dәrejede sauyq kórinisi ghana bolyp kóringenimen, әuelden bar әldebir miftik sipat pen mazmún bertin kele joyylghan.

3. Alayda, Altybaqan-terbeuishting naqty mifologiyalyq rәsimning atributy ekendigine kóz jetkizetin kórsetkishter әr dәstýrde әr týrli. Tәjikterding gindýkýshtik terbeuishine qosa, júmyrtqanyng qyzylgha boyaluy әlpenshekti Kýn-tәnirdi ejelgi qúrmetteu kórinisining bir egjeyi (detali) etse, taylyq «Sao-chingcha» әlpenshegining alyp bosaghasynyng týsi josaday qyzyl ekendigi de oiymyzdy osy arnagha eriksiz búrady. Búl jaghynan kәrey qyzdarynyng terbelu dәstýrinde onday egjey bayqamasaq ta, qyzdardyng ózi Kýnning jandy «quyrshaghy» retinde qabyldanyp, solardyng erkine bir kýn arnau dәstýri boluy yqtimal. Búghan qatysty týrkilik terbeuishting núsqasy esebinde, qaqastardyng «Chiylenmes» qúrghannan son, oiyn aldynda oghan sharap býrketin rәsimin alugha bolady. Al, qazaq-qyrghyzda Altybaqangha sýt býrku bolmasa otpen alastau rәsimin bertin kele úmytylghan.

Altybaqan - oiyn ba, joralghy ma, әlde sauyq atributy ma? Búl mәseleni ashu ýshin onyng basty mәni men qúramtalaryna toqtalyp, taldaghan jón. Altybaqan - tabighatynda oiyn emes, oiyngha tәn naqty erejesi joq, odan góri әldebir miftik joralghygha barynsha juyq rәsim; sebebi, oghan oiynnyng basy men órbui jәne mәresi bolatynday sujet tәn emes; kerisinshe, oiyn bolmaghandyqtan, joralghy qazaq-qyrghyz núsqalarynda әn-kýy jarysymen sýiemeldense, «Chiylenmeste» qaqastar qosymsha asyq atumen oiyndyq mazmún jasaydy. Al, múnday ýderisti Altybaqansyz da úiymdastyrugha da, jastardyng әn-kýy dumanyn ótkizu ýshin kәzirgidey diskoteka orynjayy sekildi oryn tabylsa, jetkilikti bolar edi. Kәreyler men tәjikter jay ghana terbelse, taylyqtar «Sao-chingchany» bastapqy arnalymynan «aqsha qaqshu» qúralyna ainaldyryp әketken. Demek, әlemdegi terbeuish atauly Altybaqannyng oiyndyq órshitki (katalizator) bolarlyq manyzyn bayqatpaydy. Endeshe, ony este joq eski zamandaghy yrymdyq joralghynyng júrnaghy demeske bolmaydy.

Altybaqan - tәu etu rәsimining saltanattyq atributy. Búl shara negizinen toylarda, merekelerde, saltanattarda oryn alghanmen, tamyry barynsha terende jәne úly ghibadat rәsimining mәninde. Altybaqan - ejelgi dәuirlerdegi týrkilik dýniyetanymgha negizdelgen rәsimdik joralghynyng qúrylghysy. Búl qúrylghy, sirә, adamzattyng barlyghyna ortaq bolyp keletin Kýn men Týn sekildi oppozisiyalyq qos taraptyng ýilesimin izdeu men sony boldyrugha tyrysu niyetining nәtiyjesi bolar. Nauryz - sol niyetting barynsha jarqyn saltanatty kórinisi, bastauy. Tarihy adamzattyng birneshe mynjyldyghyn qamtyityn osy ejelgi mereke Altybaqan sekildi talay әtkenshekter men terbeuishterding shyghu tórkinine ainalsa kerek.

Jalpy, altybaqandy tiginen ýsh-ýshten bastaryn baylau men jetinshisin olardyng bastaryn qosugha paydalanuda ýlken kosmogoniyalyq tanym jatyr. Búl rәsimde ejelgi ghalamnyng jaratylu kórinisi oryn tapqanday; bizge jetken týrki-parsylyq әfsanalar boyynsha  alty kýn ishinde jeti planeta jaraldy emes pe?! Endeshe, alty baqan - ghalamnyng jasampaz alty kýni de, syryq sanynyng jeteu boluy - әuelgi jeti planeta qúrmetine degen nyshan boluy kerek. Al, búlargha bekitilgen terbeuish (mayatniyk) Kýn men Týn gharyshtyq antagonizmining úly ghalamdyq dualizmge ainaluyn tilep, Tәnir-Inir («inir» úghymy qazaqtarda - kýn batqannan keyingi mezgil, týnekting basy) sipatyndaghy ýilesimin pash etuge arnalghan qondyrghy! Ádette terbeuish qarama qarsy eki kýshting bir birimen kýresinen góri, olardyng kezektesken әreketin, qarsy kýshterding bir birimen aralasyn pash etu kórinisin beretin belgi bolyp tabylady. Jalpy, zattyng tenselu kýiin - fizikalyq túrghyda qarsy kýshterding ózara taytalasu kórinisi retinde tanyghanmen, filosofiyalyq túrghyda búl kýshterding eshqaysysyna da jenis әpermeytin, olardyng nәtiyjesiz taytalasuy men andysuyn beretin, tabighattyng mәngi qozghalysynyn, yaghni, ómirining kepili retinde qarastyrugha bolady. Osy bir filosofiyalyq әri fizikalyq zandylyqty ejelgi ata-babamyz erte eskerip, ony arnayy qondyrghy retinde ondy info-energetikalyq quat kózine ainaldyrugha talpynghanday synaymen tereng oigha jeteleydi.

Altybaqannyng basty manyzyn onday terbeuishti atribut etpeytin keybir oiyndardan aiqynday týsuge bolady. Ázerbayjandardyng qyz balasy men bozbalasy oinaytyn «Kýn men týn» oiynynyng manyzy Altybaqanday bolghanymen, atributy aiqyndalmaghan oiyn bolyp tabylady: qos syzyqty boylap, úldar bir jaghyna, qyzdar qarsy jaghyna tiziledi, ortasynda jayghasqan jýrgizushi «Týn!» dese, úldar qyzdardy, al «Kýn!» pәrmeni berilse, qyzdar úldargha jarmasuy kerek.Ústalghany qarsy jaqqa ótedi.Osylaysha qarsy negizding bir birine aralasu ýderisi jýzege asady. Jogharyda atalghan dualistik kórinisting búl da bir qarapayym týri bolyp tabylady. Búghan qazaqtyng «Aygólek» oiyny barynsha juyq. Búl oiyndar da altybaqandyq joralghydan tuyndaghanyna dau aitu qiyn.

Altybaqannyng Tәnir-Inir dualizmine, Nauryz sekildi ghalamdyq manyzgha ie janaru saltanatyna qatysy qanday? Shamasy, týrkiler quanysh bitkendi janarudyng nyshany dep baghalasa kerek, sol sebepti de, olardyng bú dýniyelik ómirinde oiyn-toy asa jii jәne manyzdy oryn alady. Toygha degen jeleu barynsha kóp qarastyrylghan. Al, altybaqandyq manyzdy asha týsu ýshin ony ótkizu barysyna ýnile týskenimiz abzal. Qazaqtarda Altybaqandy kýn batarda (týrkilerge tәn bir yrym - kýn enkeygen song nemese batqan song is bastamau) qúryp bitiredi de, ony tebu saltanatyn aily týnde ótkizu rәsimi bar. Búl - Jút (tapyryq - haos) pen Jamanattyn, Týnekting kiyesi bolyp tabylatyn Inirge yryq bermeu niyetining kórinisi, әreketi, yrymy! Jәne de kәzirgidey ony kýndiz bala-shagha ermek etip, әlpenshekke ainaldyrmaghan, Altybaqan tebu rәsimi úly Ýilesim bastamasy retinde, qatal saqtalghan.

Qoryta kele, týrkilik Altybaqan jay ghana oiyn-sauyqtyq qúral emes, Jalpy, jer betindegi әlpenshek bitken  ózining negizin altybaqandyq mazmúnnan aldy deuge negiz bar.Óitkeni, ol barynsha mol qúramtalyq egjeylerdi (detali) saqtaghan jәne mifologiyalyq yrym men aqpargha toly әri naghyz oiynnan góri miftik túrghy men talapqa meylinshe sәikes. Altybaqandy adamzatqa ortaq ejelgi ghalamdyq jaratylys turaly mifologiyalyq aqparattyng negizinde tuyndap, úly jaratylystyng ghalamdyq ýilesimining miftik qúrylghysy bola әri dualistik negizderding tútastyghyn pash ete jýrip, joralghygha ainala kele, ózining mәni men manyzyn ishinara joya otyryp, oiyndyq sipatyn ghana saqtaghan týrkilik mifologiyalyq atribut retinde payymdaymyz.

«Abay-aqparat»

PAYDALANYLGhAN  ÁDEBIYETTER

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2.     «Qazaq әlemi», Aqseleu Seydimbek, «Sanat», 1997

3.     «Magiya Navruza», Safar Abdullo, Almaty, 2007

4.     Internet sayt:  http://www.kyrgyzstantravel.net/culture/sports-ru.htm#ex10

5.     Internet sayt:  http://kazinosalon.ucoz.ru/publ/khakasskie_igry/1-1-0-9

6.     Internet sayt:  http://active.thailand-obnovlenie.ru/to_see/sightseeing/bangkok/4802.html

7.     Internet sayt:  http://www.info-tses.kz/red/article.php?article=45674

8.     Internet-ensiklopediya: http://malimetter.org/?p=570

9.     «Adyrna» etno-portaly: http://adyrna.kz/?p=225

10. «Ata joly» sayty: http://www.atazholy.kz/index.php?option=com_content&view=category&layout=blog&id=44&Itemid=59