jәne búl jaghday ýshin AQSh EShQAShAN KEShIRIM SÚRAMAYDY

Ekinshi dýniyejýzilik soghystyng ayaqtalar túsynda Amerika Qúrama Shtattary Japoniyagha qarsy soghysty tezirek ayaqtau maqsatynda atom qaruyn qoldandy. 1945 jyly 6 jәne 9 tamyzda Hirosima jәne Nagasaky qalalaryna atom bombasy tastaldy. Búl oqigha adamzat tarihyndaghy adam balasyna qarsy qoldanylghan alghashqy atomdyq bombylau retinde tarihta qaldy. Japoniyany týpkilikti tize býktiru maqsatynda jasalghan búl atomdyq bombylaudyng qajettiligi boldy ma degen mәsele әli kýnge deyin ýlken talas tudyryp keledi.

Shyndyghynda da, býkil qala halqyn, onyng ishinde jasy da, kәrisi de, әiel de jas balalar da bar, әskery manyzy joq nysandy jappay qyryp joyatyn qarumen bombylau qanshalyqty qajet boldy?

1944 jyly qyrkýiek aiynda AQSh preziydenti F. Ruzvelit pen Úlybritaniya premier-ministri U. Cherchillding Gayd-parktegi kezdesui kezinde Japoniyagha qarsy úrysta atom qaruyn paydalanu mýmkindigi turaly sóz bolady. 1945 jyldyng jazyna qaray Amerika Qúrama Shtattary Úlybritaniya men Kanadanyng qoldauymen Manhetten jobasy boyynsha atom qaruyn dayyn etuding songhy kezine jetedi.

AQSh ekinshi dýniyejýzilik soghys jyldarynda 400 mynnan astam adamynan ólidey aiyrylady, onyng teng jartysy japondarmen bolghan úrys qimyldarynyng nәtiyjesinde bolady. 1945 jyldyng sәuir-mausym ailarynda Okinava araly ýshin bolghan úrystarda amerikandyqtar 12 myng adamynan aiyrylady, 39 myng adamy jaralanady. Soghystyng songhy ailaryndaghy adam shyghynyn eseptegen amerikandyq komandavanie Japoniyany tolyq tize býktiru ýshin odan da edәuir shyghynnyng bolatyndyghyna kýmәn keltirmeydi.

1945 jylghy 10-11 mamyrda Los-Alamosta atom qaruyn qoldanudaghy negizgi nysandardy tandau boyynsha ótken keneste Kioto (industriyalyq ortalyq), Hirosima (karu-jarq qoymalary ortalyghy, әskery port, jәne әskeriy-teniz floty bas shtaby ornalasqan oryn), Iokogama (әskery ónerkәsip ortalyghy), Kokura (iri әskery arsenal), Niigata (әskery port jәne mashina jasau ortalyghy) tandalady. Biraq atom bombasyn tastauda tek әskery nysandy tandau qajettiligi qabyldanbaydy. Óitkeni, shaghyn ghana aumaqty alyp jatqan әskery nysandy bombylauda qatelesu jәne oghan dәl týsirude de qatelik bolu mýmkin ekendigi eskeriledi.

Sondyqtan da atom bombasyn tastau nysanyn tandauda psihologiyalyq faktorlargha nazar audaryldy. Ásirese, joghary psihologiyalyq tiyimdilikke qol jetkizu aldynghy qatargha qoyyldy. Alghashqy atomdyq bombylaudyng qajettiligin halyqaralyq qauymdastyqtyng da moyyndauy da basty nazargha alyndy. Halyq sany kóbirek Kiota qalasyn tandauda ondaghy halyqtyng bilimining joghary ekendigi eskerildi, al Hirosima qalasyn tandauda, ony qorshap jatqan tóbeler tastalghan bombanyng tiyimdilin arttyratyndyghy nazargha alyndy. AQSh-tyng әskery ministri Genry Stimson Kioto qalasyn onyng mәdeny manyzdylyghyna baylanysty tizimnen alyp tastaydy.

1945 jyly 16 shildede Niu-Meksika shtatyndaghy poligonda alghashqy atom qaruynyng synaghy sәtti ótedi. Jarylystyng quaty trotilondyq ekvivalent boyynsha 21 kilotondy qúraydy. 24 shildede Podstam konferensiyassy kezinde AQSh preziydenti Trumenge atom bombasynyng synaqtan sәtti ótkendigi turaly habarlama keledi. Trumen Stalinge AQSh-tyng asa quatty qarugha ie bolghandyghyn aitady. Biraq onyng atom qaruyn ekendigin aitpaydy. Stalin oghan mәn bere qoymaydy jәne onyng qanday qaru ekendigin sezse de ózining onday qarugha degen kónil-kýiin de, tandanysyn da bildirmeydi. Cherchilli ózining memuarynda Stalin Trumenning ne aitpaq bolghanyn týsinbegendigin jazady. Al Jukovtyng memuarynda Stalinning Trumenning ne aitqanyn anyq týsingenin, biraq ózining syr bermegenin, «Molotovqa Kurchatovtyng óz júmystaryn tezdetu kerektigi» turaly tapsyrma bergenin jazady.

25 shildede Trumen 3 tamyzdan bastap Hirosima, Kokura, Niigata, nemese Nagasaky qalalarynyng birin aua rayynyng qolayly bolu jaghdayyna qaray bombylay bastau turaly búiryqqa qol qoyady. 26 shildede AQSh, Úlybritaniya jәne Qytay Japoniyagha tize býgudi talap etken Podstam deklarasiyasyna qol qoyady. Kelesi kýni japon basylymdary úshaqtar arqyly japon jerine týsirilgen ýnqaghazdar men radio arqyly habarlanghan tize býgu turaly talaptyng qabyldanbaghandyghy turaly habarlaydy. Japon ýkimeti osylaysha tize býgu turaly talapty qabyldamaydy. Japoniyanyng premier-ministri Kantora Sudzuky óz ýkimetine soghysty jalghastyra berudi tapsyrady.

1945 jyldyng mamyr-mausym ailarynda Tinian aralyna amerikandyq 509-shy aviasiyalyq top kele bastaydy. Aral basqa nysandarmen salystyrghanda óte qyraghy kýzetke alynady. 20 shildede «Indianapoliys» kreyseri aralgha alghashqy atom bombasyn jetkizedi. 28 shildede Shtab bastyqtarynyng birikken komiytetining bastyghy Djordj Marshal yadrolyq qarudy qoldanu turaly búiryq beredi. Búiryqta 3 tamyzdan keyingi aua rayy qolayly bolghan kez kelgen kýni yadrolyq soqqy beru turaly aitylady. 29 shilde kýni Tiniangha AQSh strategiyalyq aviasiyasynyng qolbasshysy general Karl Spaats Djordj Marshaldyng búiryghyn alyp keledi. 28 shildede jәne 2 tamyzda ekinshi atom bombasy men onyng komponetteri Tiniangha jetkiziledi.

Hirosima teniz dengeyinen sәl joghary jazyqta, Ota ózenining saghasynda, alty araldy alyp jatqan qala. Qalada besinshi diviziya shtaby jәne felidmarshal Sunroku Hatanyng ekinshi negizgi armiyasynyng shtaby ornalasqan bolatyn. Soghys ayaqtalar týsta qalada 245 mynday halyq boldy.

31 shildede atom bombasyn tastaudyng barlyq dayyndyghy ayaqtalady. Tek aua rayynyng qolayly boluy ghana kýtiledi. 6 tamyzgha deyin Hirosima aspanyn qoi búlt pen janbyrly kýn jәne túman basyp túrdy. Aqyrynda 6 tamyz, dýisenbi kýni Hirosima aspany ashylady.

Tanghy uaqyt 2 saghat 45 minutta Tinian aralynan polkovnik Pol Tiybets basqarghan V-29 bombylaushy úshaghy trotilondyq ekvivalent boyynsha quaty 20 kilotondyq atom bombasyn alyp, aspangha kóterilip, araldan 2500 shaqyrymdaghy Hirosimagha baghyt alady. Oghan alty úshaq, onyng biri qosymsha úshaq, ýsheui barlaushy úshaq jәne eki baqylaushy úshaq ilesedi. Nagasaky men Kokurege baghyt alghan barlaushy úshaqtar búl qalalardyng aspanyn búlt basyp túrghanyn habarlaydy. Ýshinshi barlaushy úshaqtyng komandiyri mayor IYzerly Hirosima aspanynyng ashyq ekenin habarlap, «Birinshi nysandy bombylau» turaly belgi beredi.

Jeti saghat 09 minutta japon radarlary qalagha birneshe amerikandyq úshaqtyng jaqyndaghany turaly habarlaydy. Biraq bir nemese ýsh úshaqtyng ghana kóringeni turaly mәlimet alghan eskertu komandasy әuege japon úshaqtaryn úshyru turaly komanda bermeydi. Túrghyndargha bombadan qorghanu oryndaryna baru turaly ghana belgi (siyrena) beriledi.

8 saghat 14 minut 15 sekundta Pol Tiybets 9 myng metr biyiktikten bomba lugindegi atom bombasyn lukten bosatady. Tómen qaray qúldyraghan tórt tonnalyq bomba jerge 400-600 metr qalghanda iske qosylyp jarylys jasalady. Bomba Ayon kópiri manyna týsedi. Kópirge jaqyn jerde 600 metr jerde auyr dertke úshyraghan balalardy emdeytin Sima gospitaly bar bolatyn. Atom bombasy eshkimdi de ayamady.

Jarylystyng dәl uaqytyn sol kezde toqtap qalghan saghat tilderi de 08 saghat 15 minutty kórsetken bolatyn. Ekipaj komandiyri Tibbets jarylys nәtiyjesinen kórgennen keyin әskery bazagha «Jarylys nәtiyjesi biz kýtkennen de joghary boldy» dep habar beredi.

Jarylystan ile-shala keyin Tokionyng habar taratu korporasiyasynyng operatory Hirosima stansiyasynyng efirge belgi (signal) beruin toqtatqanyn bayqaydy. Ol basqa telefon liniyasy arqyly qaytadan habardy qosugha әrekettenedi. Biraq odan da eshtene shyqpaydy. Jarylystan 20 minuttan keyin Tokio temir jol basqaru ortalyghy Hirosimadan soltýstikke taman telegraftyq liniyanyng júmys istemey túrghanyn biledi. Degenmen de Hirosimada on alty shaqyrym qashyqtyqtaghy kishigirim stansiyadan súmdyq jarylystyng bolghany turaly resmy emes mәlimetter týsedi. Búl habardyng barlyghy Bas shtabtyng stavkasyna jiberiledi.

Jaqyn mandaghy әskery bazalar da Hirosimammen baylanys jasaugha әrekettenedi. Eshqanday jauaptyng berilmeui Bas shtabty tyghyryqqa tireydi. Bas shtab Hirosima jaqta eshqanday iri әskery әue shabuylynyng bolmaghanyna senimdi bolatyn. Sonymen qatar qaru-jaraq qoymalarynda da iri jarylystyng bolmaghanyn biletin. Sondyqtan da Hirosimagha jas úshqyshty tez arada úshudy jәne Hirosimagha qonyp jaghdaydy bilip qaytugha jiberedi. Bas shtab Hirosima manynda iri jarylystyng bolghany turaly sózdi qauesetke baghalaydy.

Hirosimagha qaray úshqan úshaq ofiyseri jәne onyng piloty qalagha 160 shaqyrym qalghanda bomba týtinderinen payda bolghan búltty bayqaydy. Aspan ashyq bolsa da qara búlt Hirosimany jauyp túr eken. Tómennen týtinge oranghan qala qirandysy kórinedi. Qalany ainala úshqan olar óz kózderine senbeydi. Qalanyng ontýstik túsyna qonghan olar Tokiogha bolghan jaghdaydy habarlaydy jәne ózderi basqalardy qútqarugha kirisedi.

Atom bombasynyng tastalghany turaly alghashqy resmy habardy atom bombasy tastalghannan keyin on alty saghattan keyin Vashington resmy týrde habarlaydy. Osy habardan keyin ghana japondyqtar apattyng neden bolghanyn týsinedi.

Jarylys epiysentrine jaqyn bolghandar sol sәtte-aq qaza boldy, olardyng deneleri sol sәtte-aq kýlge ainaldy. Sol jerde úshyp bara jatqan qústar auada janyp ketti. Epiysentrden eki shaqyrym jerdegi qúrghaq janghysh zattar da (qaghaz jәne t.b.) bir sәtte janyp ketti. Jaryq sәulesi adamdardyng kiyimderin denelerine jabystyrdy nemese jandyryp jiberdi.

Ghimarat syrtynda bolghandar aldymen kóz qaryqtyratyn jaryqtyng bolghanyn aitady. Jaryqpen bir mezgilde adamdy túnshyqtyratyn ystyqtyng úrghanyn turaly da aitylady. Epiysentrge jaqyn bolghandar bir sәtte kýshti aua tolqynynan jerge qúlaghan. Ghimarat ishinde bolghandardyng kópshiligi jaryq sәulesinen aman qalghanymen, qirandylar astynda qalghan. Birnenshe minut ishinde epiysentr manynda bolghandardyng 90% ólgen. Jarylys tolqyny 19 shaqyrymgha deyin jetken. Bir uaqytta payda bolghan myndaghan shaghyn órtter, kóp úzamay birtútas ýlken otty shargha ainalyp, býkil qalany qalyng ot oraydy. Saghatyna 50-60 shaqyrym bolghan jel ekpini de otty odan sayyn kýsheyte týsedi.

Atom bombasy tastalghannan birneshe kýnnen keyin medikter jarylystan aman qalghandardan alghashqy sәulelenu belgilerin bayqaydy. Kóp úzamay jarylystan qaza bolghandar sany óse týsedi. Sәulenuden qaza bolghandardyng eng joghary kórsetkishi 3-4 aptada bayqalady, 7-8 aptadan keyin sәulelenuden ólgenderding sany azayady. Biraq sәulelenu zardabyn ómir boyy tartqandar kóp boldy. Radiasiyalyq ulanudan alghashqy qaza bolghan adam retinde aktrisa Midory Naka tirkeldi. Hirosima jarylysynyng kuәgeri bolghan Midory 1945 jyly 24 tamyzda jan tapsyrady.

Ekinshi atom bombasyn tastau 11 tamyzgha belgilengen bolatyn. Biraq ol eki kýnge algha jyljytyldy. Óitkeni 10 tamyzdan bastap bes kýni boyy aua rayynyng búzylatyndyghy turaly mәlimet týsedi. Sondyqtan da ekinshi bombylaudy bes kýnge keshiktirgennen góri, eki kýn erte tastau turaly sheshim qabyldanady. Osylaysha alghashqy atom bombasyn tastaudan keyin, ýsh kýn ótken song mayor Charliz Suiny basqarghan V-29 bombylaushy úshaq plutoniy atom bombasyn alyp aspangha kóteriledi.

Bombylau nysany retinde Kokura qalasy tandalady. Biraq nysanagha jeter tústa Japoniyanyng ontýstiginen kóterilgen jel sol tústa janyp jatqan metallurgiyalyq kombinattyng týtinimen Kokura qalasynyng ýstin jabady. Búl kezde úshaqtyng jagharmayy da tausyla bastaghan bolatyn. 8 saghat 50 minutta bombylaushy úshaq Kokure qalasyna bet alady jәne 9 saghat 20 minutta Kokura aspanyna jetedi. Biraq qala aspanyn týtin jәne búlt 70% basqandyqtan qalany ýsh ret ainala úshyp nysanagha bombany tastau mýmkin bolmaghandyqtan ekipaj komandiyri Suiny amalsyzdan qosymsha nysana – Nagasakiyge bet alady.

10 saghat 53 minutta japondyq әue qorghanysynyng kýshteri eki amerikandyq úshaqtyng qalagha jaqyndaghanyn bayqaydy. Biraq olardy barlaushy úshaqtar retinde qabyldap әue dabylyn bermeydi. 10 saghat 56 minuta V-29 bombylaushy úshaghy nysanagha jetedi. Biraq búl qalany da búlt basa bastaghan edi. Songhy sәtte nysana kózdeushi kapitan Kermit Bihan búlttar arasynan qala stadionynyng kórinisin bayqap qalady. Bombany tastaugha búiryq beriledi. Osylaysha 11 saghat 02 minutta Nagasaky qalasyna atom bombasy tastalady.

Búl bomba da birinshi bomba siyaqty kýtken nәtiyje beredi. Ghalamat zor jarylys bolady. Jarylys kýshi 21 kilotonnany qúraydy. Jarylystan qaza bolghandar sany shamamen 70-80 myng adamgha jetedi. 1945 jyldyng sonyna qaray qaray onkologiyalyq jәne sәulelenu zardaptarynan qaza bolghandar sany Hirosimada 90 mynnan 166 myngha deyin, Nagasakiyde taghy 60-80 myngha deyin jetedi. Atom bombasynyng zardabynan qaza bolghandar sany odan keyingi jyldary da óse týsedi. 2013 jylghy 31 tamyzdaghy mәlimet boyynsha bombylau әserinen qaza bolghandar sany shamamen 450 myng adamdy, Hirosimada 288818, Nagasakiyde 162083 adamdy qúraydy. Búl sangha radiasiyagha shaldyqqan әielderden tughan jәne odan keyin qaytys bolghan balalar da kiredi.

6 tamyzda Hirosima qalasyna tastalghan bombanyng sәtti jasalghany turaly habar alghannan keyin AQSh preziydenti Trumen «Biz qazir Japoniyany tolyq talqandau mýmkindigine ie boldyq. Biz olardyng jer betindegi barlyq óndiristik quatyn, kez kelgen qalasyn talqandaugha dayynbyz. Biz olardyng porttaryn, zauyt-fabrikalaryn, olardyng kommunikasiyalaryn talqandaymyz. Biz Japoniyanyng osynday qyrghyngha úshyramauy ýshin 26 shildede ulitimatum jiberdik. Biraq olardyng basshylyghy bizding talabymyzdy oryndamady. Eger olar bizding talabymyzdy taghy da oryndamaytyn bolsa, olardyng tóbesinen búryn sondy tarihta bolmaghan otty qyrghyn tastalady» dep mәlimdeme jasaydy.

Atom bombasynyng quaty japondyqtardy esten tandyrdy. 8 tamyzda Japoniyanyng premier-ministri Kantora Sudzuky jәne Japoniyanyng syrtqy ister ministri soghysty toqtatu kerektigi turaly aitady. 14 tamyzda Japon imperatory Hirohita tize býgu turaly reskriptke qol qoyady. 15 tamyzda Japoniya ózining tize býgetindigi turaly resmy týrde jariyalaydy.

9 tamyzgha deyin Japoniyanyng әskery kabiyneti týpkilikti tize býgudi tórt shart boyynsha qabyldau boyynsha kenes ótkizdi. Tize býgu turaly tórt sharttyng biri Kenes Odaghynyng deldaldyghymen tize býgudi jenildetu qarastyrylghan bolatyn. Biraq 8 tamyzda Kenes Odaghynyng Japoniyagha qarsy soghys jariyalaghany turaly jәne 9 tamyzda Nagasaky qalasyna da atom bombasynyng tastalghany turaly habar keledi. 9 tamyzdan 10 tamyzgha qaraghan týni «Ýlken altylyqtyn» otyrysynda dauys ýshte ýsh bolyp teng bólinedi. Talqylaugha imperator aralasady. 10 tamyzda odaqtastargha tize býgu turaly úsynys jasalady. Tize býgu úsynysynda bir ghana shart – imperator biyligin qaldyru súralady. Tize býguge qarsylar әskery tónkeris jasaugha da әrekettenedi. Biraq imperator olardyng esine atomdyq bombylaudy týsiredi. Imperator «Qarsylastyng qolynda súmdyq kýshti qaru bar. Ol qaru myndaghan kinәsiz beybit adamdardyng ómirin jalmaydy jәne bizding óndirisimizge ólsheusiz zardabyn tiygizedi. Eger biz qarsylasudy jalghastyrsaq tek japon halqy ghana emes, býkil adamzat qyrghyngha úshyraydy. Qazirgi jaghdayda biz ózimizding milliondaghan otandastarymyzdy qútqara almaymyz. Jәne ózimizding ata-babalarymyzdyng aldyndaghy qasiyetti amanatymyzdy orynday almaymyz. Sondyqtan da biz qarsylastyng talabyn jәne qoyghan sharttaryn oryndaugha tiyispiz» dep sóz sóileydi.

9 tamyzda Kenes Odaghy Japoniyagha qarsy «Manichjuriya operasiyasyn» bastaydy. Shabuyl bastalar qarsanynda Kenes odaghynyng Qiyr Shyghystaghy әsker sany 1,7 mln., Japoniyanyng әsker sany 1 mln-nan astam adamdy qúrady. Kýshti qorghanys pen qiyn kedergilerge qaramastan Kenes Armiyasynyng qarqyndy shabuylyna japon әskerleri qarsy túra almaydy.

2 qyrkýiekte amerikandyq «Missuri» linkorynda Imperatordyng jәne japon ýkimetining ókili retinde Japoniyanyng syrtqy ister ministri M. Siygemisu, Japoniya Bas shtabynyng bastyghy Y. Umedzu, Odaqtastar әskerining bas qolbasshysy armiya generaly Makartur (AQSh), general-leytennat K. Derevyanko (KSRO), flot admiraly B. Freyzer (Úlybritaniya) ózderining memleketterining atynan «Japoniyanyng sózsiz tize býgui turaly» aktige qol qoyady. Aktige qol qong kezinde Fransiya, Niyderlandy, Qytay, Avstraliya, Jana Zelandiya elderining ókilderi de qatysady. Osylaysha alty jyl bir kýnge sozylghan ekinshi dýniyejýzilik soghys ayaqtalady.

AQSh-tyng japon qalalaryn atom qaruymen bombylauynyng qajettiligi men onyng negizsizdigi turaly әskeri, ghylymy jәne qoghamdyq talas pikir әli kýnge deyin jalghasuda. 2005 jyly amerikandyq tarihshy Semuel Uoker «búl taqyryptaghy talas pikirding jalghasuy zandy, óitkeni búl talas tudyratyn taqyryp» dep jazdy. Uoker sonymen birge «Atom bombasyn qoldanu AQSh ýshin Tynyq múhittaghy soghysta qanshalyqty qajet boldy?» degen súraqty da kóldeneng tartady.

Bombylaudy jaqtaushylar ol Japoniyanyng tezirek tize býguine sebep boldy degendi aitady. Yaghni, búl bombylau AQSh jaqtan da, Japoniya jaqtan da jәne Aziya elderining de, әsirese qytay halqy jaghynan da mýmkin bolar adam shyghynyn edәuir azaytty degendi dәlel etedi.

2015 jyly Hirosima men Nagasaky qalalaryna atom bombasynyng tastaluynyng 70 jyldyghynda Trumenning nemeresi Deniyel Klifton Trumen «Mening atam ómirining sonyna deyin Hirosima men Nagasaky qalalaryna atom bombasyn tastau dúrys sheshim boldy. Jәne búl jaghday ýshin AQSh eshqashan keshirim súramaydy» dep mәlimdegen de bolatyn. Bombylaudy jaqtamaghandar atom bombasy Japoniyany jenude tek qosymsha kýsh ghana boldy, búl kezde japondardyng kýshi sarqylyp, olardyng jeniletindegi belgili bolghan edi, atom bombasyn qoldanu adamgershilik túrghydan da dúrys qadam bolghan joq degendi keltiredi. Keybir zertteushiler AQSh atom bombasyn qoldanu arqyly ózining ghalamat kýshin Kenes Odaghyna kórsetkisi keldi, ózderin әlemdegi eng kýshti el retinde dәleldegisi keldi degendi aitady. Shyndyghynda da solay bolghan da siyaqty.

«Álemge әigili túlghalar men aituly oqighalar» kitabynan ýzindi

Bekmyrza Syrymbetúly

Abai.kz