Anyraqay, Búlanty shayqastary turaly tarihy kartalyq derektemeler

Núrlan Kenjeahmet (Center for Geographic Analysis, Harvard University)

Qazaq tarihynda Anyraqay shayqasy turaly jazba derek joqtyng qasy. Á. Divaev «Anyraqay IYtishpes kóli manynda, Alakól jaghynda... Aral tenizinen soltýstikke taman jatqan taulargha karay» jatyr dep sanaghan.[1] M. Tynyshbaev «Anyraqay Á. Divaev kórsetetin jerde emes, Balkash kólining Ontýstik shetinen ontýstik-shyghys jaghynda 120 shaqyrym jerde jatyr, ol qazaqtar arasynda «IYtishpes» degen atpen mәlim» dep sanaydy. [2]  Solay bola túrsa da, Alakól kólining ornalasqan jeri turaly pikirtalas jalghasyp keledi. Qazaqstan ghalymdary osy Alakóldi Balqashtyng soltýstik-batys jaghynda jatqan Alakól jayynda bolyp otyr degen tújyrymgha keldi.[3] Óitkeni búl jerde tarihy kartalarda Alakól, IYtishpes dep atalatyn kól kórsetilgen. 18 ghasyrdyng sony 19 ghasyrdyng basyndaghy eski orys kartalarynda, atap aitqanda, 1778 jyldan bastap orys kartografy Islenievting «Ertis ózeninin, aghyp jatqan Sibir guberniyasynyng ontýstik bóligining jәne búrynghy Zengor qalmaq iyelikterining kartasynda» Balqashtyng ontýstik sheti IYtishpes Alakól bolyp belgilendi.

Karta 1. Isleniev kartasyndaghy IYtishpes-Alakól (L. Itczismes Alakul) (Balqash kólining ontýstik batys jaghynda) (Harvard University, Harvard Map Collection, G7212_I78_1788_I7)[4]

Kiyepertting 1864 jylghy «Túran nemese Týrkistan kartasynda» da Balqashtyng soltýstik-batys sheti jaghynda jatqan Alakól kórsetilgen.

Karta 2. Kiyepert kartasyndaghy (1864) Alakól (Ala Köl) (Balqash kólining ontýstik batys jaghynda) (Turan oder Türkistan, BOA, Harita Tasnifi Nu 108).

Karta 3. Zәky kartasyndaghy Ala kól (Ala köl) (Balqash kólining ontýstik batys jaghynda) (Türkili Haritasi  1942)[5]

Aghylshyn kartografy Arrousmit Djon (Arrowsmith John,1790-1873) ózining Ortalyq Aziya kartasynda Alakóldi Balqashtyng ontýstik batys shetine ornalastyrady. Bir qyzyghy, atalmysh kartada Balqashtyng soltýstik shyghysynda Ayagózding (kartada Sergiopol) soltýstiginde Inrekeysky (Inrekeiski) degen jer kórsetilgen. Qazir osy jer Enirekey dep atalady, temirjol beketining aty, Ayagóz-Jarma temirjoly boyynda, Ayagóz qalasynan soltýstikke qaray 42 km jerde, Ayagóz audanynda.[6]

Karta 4. Arrousmit Djon (Arrowsmith John,1790-1873) 1872 jylghy Ortalyq Aziya kartasyndaghy Ala kól (1) jәne Inrekey (2)[7]

Alayda atalmysh Enrekey Anyraqay tauyn menzemeydi. Anyraqay shayqasy qay jerde boldy? 1997 jyly Qazaqstannyng Mem­­le­kettik hatshysy Á.Kekil­baev jәne akademiyk-ta­riyh­­­shy M.Qo­zybaevtyng basta­ma­­­symen soghys bolghan al­­qapqa zertteu jýrgizgen «Any­­ra­qay» ekspedisiyasy may­dan auma­­­ghynyng úzyndyghy – 30-35, eni – 20 shaqyrym degen toqtam jasap, shayqasqa eki ta­­rap­tan 70 myngha juyq adam qa­­tysqany jayly anyq­tama bergen. Qazaq zertteushileri Anyraqay shayqasy bolghan jer – Balqash kóli, Otar dalasy, Shu ózeni aralyghyndaghy adyrly alqap dep otyr.^[8] Al Hantaudyng manyna Anraqay shayqasynyng eskertkishi qoyyldy.

Karta 5. Anyraqay shayqasyna eskertkish ornatylghan jer.

1848 jyly syzylghan Batys Sibirding jәne Qazaq dalasynyng jalpy kartasynda Anyraqay tauy qazirgi Qyzyltas degen jerding ontýstigine syzylghan. Atalmysh kartada kezigetin Dalaqaynar (Shu audanynda, Tóleby auylynnan soltýstik shyghysqa qaray 35 km jerde), Qyzyltas (Qorday qyratynda, Qorday audanynan soltýstik shyghysqa qaray 22 km jerde) degen jerler qazir de osylay atalady.

Karta 6. Batys Sibirding jәne Qazaq dalasynyng jalpy kartasy (Generalinaya karta Zapadnoy Sibiry s Kirgizskoi stepiu. Sost. pry shtabe otd. Sibirskogo korpusa y gravirovana v Voenno-Topograficheskom depo. 1848 g. Ispr. v 1862 g.): 1. Anraqay tauy 2. Hantau 3.Alakól 4. Qyzyltas.

Karta 7 Batys Sibirding jalpy kartasy (Generalinaya karta zapadnoy Sibiriy 1848): 1. Anraqay tauy 2. Hantau 3.Alakól 4. Qyzyltas.

Jogharydaghy eki kartagha qarasaq, Anraqay tauy Qyzyltastyng ontýstiginde ornalasqan. Hantaudyng manynda emes. Anraqay atauy qazir qoldanylmasa da, jogharydaghy kartalar negizinde onyng naqty ornyn túraqtandyrugha bolady.

Karta 8 Google Earth kartasyndaghy 1. Qyzyyltas 2. Qorday 3. Anyraqay tauy (qyzylmen qorshap, jer atyn qosqan avtor).

«Aqtaban shúbyryndy, Alqakól súlamanyn» shyrghalany men alasapyrany qazaqtardyng erkindik pen erlik ruhyn shyndady. Osy Alqakól qayda? 1723-1725 jj. qazaq jerining shyghysy men Jetisudy, Syrdariyanyng orta aghysyna deyingi ónirin basyp alghan jongharlar Úlytaugha qaray bet búrdy. Bógenbay, Qabanbay, Sauryq, Jәnibek, Malaysary, Abylay, Ábilqayyr bastaghan qalyng el jongharlargha qarsy maydan ashyp, Búlanty men Bólenti ózenderining jaghasynda úly jeniske jetti. Búlanty ózeni men Bólenti ózeni orys kartasynda R. Bulanty jәne R. Beleuty týrinde kezdesedi.

Karta 9. Búlanty ózeni men Bóleti ózeni orys kartasynda R. Bulanty (1) jәne R. Beleuty     (2) týrinde kezigedi. Baqonyrdyng (3) batysynda. 

Redaksiyadan: Atalmysh maqala avtordyng myna monografiyasy boyynsha qysqartylyp jazyldy: Nurlan Kenzheakhmet. European-Chinese Imperial Maps and Gazetteers Related to the Kazakh (Qazaq) Khanate and Its Adjacent Regions from the 16th to the 19th Centuries. OSTASIEN Verlag, 2023, 187-188.

Paydalanylghan әdebiyetter:

[1] Divaev A. Mavzoley Kok-kesene ( istoriko-arheologicheskaya zametka) //Protokoly zasedaniy Turkestanskogo krujka lubiyteley arheologii, god 10. Tashkent, 1905, 41-b; Kastanie A. Drevnosty kirgizskoy stepy y Orenburgskogo kraya //Trudy Orenburgskoy uchenoy arhivnoy komissii, vyp. 23. Orenburg, 1911, 189-b.;

[2] Kirgiyz-Kazaky v 17 y 18 vekah, qaranyz, Tynyshpaev, Materialy k istoriy kirgiyz-kazakskogo naroda. Tashkent, 1925, 10; Tynyshpaev M. Velikie bedstviya, A., 144-145.

[3] Qazaqstan Tarihy (Kóne zamannan býginge deyin).3. Almaty, 2002, 143-144.

[4] https://iiif.lib.harvard.edu/manifests/view/ids:53267248.

[5] Togan A.Z.V. Bugünkü Türkili (Türkistan) ve Yakın Tarihi. İstanbul: Arkadaş, İbrahim Horoz ve Güven Basımevleri, 1942–1947. 696 p.

[6] Jerinning aty - Elinning haty: ensiklopediyalyq anyqtamalyq. Almaty: Aruna, 2006,754.

[7] Central Asia [cartographic material]: constructed from the latest English and Russian documents, adapted to recent astronomical observations; by J. Arrowsmith, 1872 / [lithographed by] Stanford's Geogl. Estabt., 55, Charing Cross, S.W. online at https://catalog.princeton.edu/catalog/9976877393506421

[8] Qaranyz: Anyraqay shayqasy qay jerde boldy? Egemen Qazaqstan,  06 Aqpan, 2019.

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