TÝPNÚSQADAGhY QOLJAZBA: AGhARTUShY ALTYNSARINNYNG V.GRIGOREVKE JAZGhAN HATY

Ybyray Altynsarinnyng bilim salasyndaghy qyzmettes kisilerge - N.Iliminskiy, V. Katarinskiy, F. Sokolov, A. Mazohinge t.b. jazghan hattary qazaq júrtyna tanys. Ol hattar bizding dәuirimizge N.Iliminskiyding «Y.Altynsarin turaly estelikter» (Qazan, 1891) dep atalatyn kólemdi tarihy qúndy enbegi arqyly jetti. Aghartushynyng epistolyarlyq múralarynyng kómbesinde onyng shyghystanushy ghalym, Orynbor shekaralyq komissiyanyng tóraghasy, general shenindegi iri әskery sheneunik Vasiliy Vasilievich Grigorievke (1816—1881) jazghan hat-habarlary bar.

Atasy Balghojany syilaghan, ózine erte kýnnen qamqorshy, janashyr kisi bolghan V.Grigorievke Y.Altynsarin tarapynan jazylghan alghashqy hattyng merzimdik belgisi - 1859 jyldyng 25 shildesi (Dagerotiptegi Balghoja bi: Ybyray Altynsarinning atasy turaly tyng derekter). Al jana sózge arqau bolatyn otyrghan qoljazba - 1879 jyldyng 25 qarashasynda Orynborda jazylghan hat. Bizding qolymyzdaghy múra – sol hattyng týpnúsqasy. Múny shartty týrde «Y.Altynsarinnyng V.Grigorievke jazghan ekinshi haty» (әzirge ghylymgha belgilisi) dep ataugha bolady. Hat jazylghan uaqytta V.Grigoriev Peterburg uniyversiyteti Shyghystanu fakulitetining professory qyzmetinde edi. Eki hattyng arasy – 20 jyl. Búl aralyqta olardyng arasynda ózge de hattardyng oryn aluy әbden mýmkin dep sanaymyz. Ókinishke qaray, ol jaghy býgingi kýnge deyin beymәlim.

Hat aghartushynyng «Qyrghyz (Qazaq) hrestomatiyasy» atty oqu qúralynyng jaryq kóruine oray jazylghan. Avtor ózining tól tuyndysyn V.Grigorievke ystyq yqylas pen peyil, qúrmet sózder jazylghan hat arqyly úsynady (1 suret).

(1 suret. Y.Altynsarinnyng V.Grigorievke jazghan haty)

Hattyng týpnýsqalyq mazmúny mynaday:

Vashe Vysokoprevoshodiytelistvo,

Vasiliy Vasilievich

Nahodyasi pod Vashimy pokroviytelistvom y polizuyasi nravstvennymy vliyaniyami, my, neskoliko kirgizskih ofiyserov, nachaly svoy slujebnuy deyatelinosti. Dobrye vliyanie Vashe gluboko vkorenilosi v nas i, idya po ukazannomu Vamy napravlenii, my stali, vposledstvii, ne bezpoleznymi, kak polagait, ludimy dlya rodnogo nam naroda.

Primiyte, Vashe Vysokoprevoshodiytelistvo, nastoyashuiy pervuiy knigu na kirgizskom yazyke, sostavlennui odnim iz pitomsev Vashego, kak jivoy priznak nashey voobshe y moey v osebennosty glubokoy priznatelinosty y bezpredelinogo uvajeniya.

S glubokimy uvajeniyem y iskrennogo predannostii, iymeiy chesti byti, Vashego Vysokoprevoshodiytelistva, pokornyishim slugoi. I. Altynsariyn.

25 noyabri, 1879 g.

g. Orenburg.

Ego Vysokoprevoshodiytelistvu,

Vasiliy Vasilievichu Grigorievu.

Búl tústa mynaday faktini mindetti týrde atap ótu paryz dep sanaymyz: aghartushy qazaq tilinde jariyalanghan túnghysh oqu qúralyn erteden tanys, qoldaushy, janashyr V.Grigorievke úsyna otyryp, qazaq júrtynyng ruhany arnasyna oqymysty kisilerding bir-birine kitap syilau mәdeniyetin engizgen alghashqy túlgha dep tanuymyzgha bolady. Búl mәdeniyet órkeniyetti elderde qadirli, qúrmetti izet, baghaly syilyq jәne kitap mazmúnymen bilimdar ortany tanystyrudyng bir qúraly retinde qalyptasqan edi.

Hat mazmúnyndaghy «birneshe qazaq ofiyseri», «siz núsqaghan baghytpen jýrip» degen joldar – qazaq dalasyndaghy әskery bekinisterde mektep ashu ýshin attanghan Orynbor orys-qazaq mektebining bes týlegi - Ybyray Altynsariyn, Shahmúrat Qúlybekov, Jolmúhammed Bayjanov, Halilula Qúnanov, Núrym Múnsyzbaevtar turaly ekendigi sózsiz. 1860 jyly Orynbor oblystyq basqarmasynyng basshysy (búrynghy atauy - Orynbor shekaralyq komissiyasy) V. Grigoriev dalalyq Torghay, Yrghyz, №1 fort (Aral tenizi manyndaghy Rayym bekinisi), Perovsk (qazirgi Qyzylorda) bekinisterinde jәne shekara boyyndaghy Troisk qalasynda mektep ashu ýshin Orynbor mektebining 1857 jylghy alghashqy 5 týlegin múghalimdik qyzmetke attandyrady. Torghaygha - Ybyray Altynsariyn, Yrghyzgha – Shahmúrat Qúlybekov, Troiskige – Núrym Múnsyzbaev, Rayymgha – Jolmúhammed, Bayjanovty, Perovskige Halilula Qúnanovty jiberedi (Aghartushylyqty Altynsarinmen birge bastaghan beseu kim?).

Shekaralyq komissiya janynan qazaq balalary ýshin ashylghan Orynbor orys-qazaq mektebi – Qazaq dalasyna ornap jatqan orys әkimshilik jýiesine qajetti orys tilin mengergen tilmash, isjýrgizushi mamandardy dayyndau maqsatynda ashylghan oqu orny edi. Búl tústa Orynbor shekaralyq komissiya mekemesining júmysynyng da syr-sipatyn ashyp ketken jón. Resmy týrde 1782 jyly qúrylghan mekeme Resey imperiyasy Syrtqy ister ministriligining Aziya departamenti men Orynbor general-gubernatoryna baghynyshty boldy. Onyng basty qyzmeti – Orynborgha qaraytyn Qazaq ordalaryn basqaru boldy. Shekaralyq komissiya Syrtqy ister ministrligine baghynyshty bolghandyqtan, onyng basshylary men qyzmetkerleri shyghys tilderin biletin, arnayy bilimi bar kisilerden jasaqtalatyn. V.Grigoriev basshylyq etken tústa Orynbor shekaralyq komisssiyasynda  týrkolog N.Iliminskiy, shyghystanushy A. Borovnikovterding týrli  qyzmet atqaruynyng syryn Syrtqy ister ministrligining ústanymynan tuyndaghan kórinis dep ataugha bolady. 1859 jyly Shekaralyq komissiyanyng Syrtqy ister ministrligine baghynyshtylyghy mýldem joyylyp, ol qazaq ólkesining isimen ainalysatyn oblystyq basqarmagha, yaghny Ishki ister ministrligining qaramaghyna ótedi.

Orynbor mektebin bitirgen týlekterge zauryad horujniy («horujniy» týrkining «qaru» degen sózinen shyghuy mýmkin) әskery shen beriletin. Demek, onyng týlekteri әskery qyzmetke barugha mindetti boldy. Sol sebepti V.Grigoriev jogharyda atalghan bes kisini әskery bekinisterge «audarmashy jәne múghalim» retinde attandyrady jәne olar qyzmet babynda bekinisting әskery komendantyna baghynyshty boldy. Olardyng әskery sheni bar maman retinde Orynbor arnayy korpusyna baghynyshty bolghany Torghay әskery bekinisining qyzmetine qatysty arhiv múraghatary dәlel bola alady. 1862 jyldyng shilde aiynda Y.Altynsarin otbasy jaghdayyna baylanysty Torghaydaghy qyzmetin dogharyp, tughan jeri Tobylgha oralady. Onyng ornyna oblystyq basqarma alghashqyda Toqtamys Kosbaqovty (Tuktamysh Kusvakov), biraq ol óz kelisiminen bas tartqan song Momyn (Mumiyn) Baydosovty úsynady. Osy aralyqta, yaghny bir jyl eki aidan son, 1863 jyldyng kýz aiynda Y. Altynsarin sharushylyghyn, kәri sheshesi men qaryndasyn alyp Torghay bekinisine qayta oralady. Komendant Ya. P. Yakovlev sol jyldyng jeltoqsan aiynda Orynbor әskery korpusynyng shtabyna raport jazyp, zauryad horujniy shenindegi Y.Altynsarindy әskery bekinisting «audarmashysy jәne múghalim» retinde qayta aludy súrap, bekinistegi mektepti 1864 jyldyng qantar aiynda ashudy josparlap otyrghanyn jazady. Bas shtab onyng úsynysyn qanaghattandyrady.

Y. Altynsarinnyn, hatta ózi atap ótetindey, V.Grigorievke zor iltipat pen sheksiz qúrmet («glubokoy priznatelinosty y bezpredelinogo uvajeniya») kórsetuining ózindik tarihy sebepteri boldy. Múnyng syr-sipatyn tolyq ashu ýshin atalmysh túlghanyng ghúmyrnamasyna az-múz sholu jasap shyghugha (shyghystanushy mәshhýr ghalym N.IY.Veselovskiyding mәlimeti boyynsha) tura keledi.

V. V. Grigoriev – arab, týrki tilderin bilgen belgili shyghystanushy ghalym (2 suret). Ol 1816 jyly, N. Veselovskiy jazghanday, «orys qalalarynyng ishinde eng orys emes qala» (samom ne russkom gorode iz russkih gorodov) Peteburgte dýniyege keledi. Shyghu tegi - dvoryan. Orta bilimdi ýiden alady. 1831 jyly, yaghny 15 jasynda Peterburg uniyversiyteti filologiya fakulitetining Shyghys tilderi bólimine qabyldanyp, ony 1834 jyly tamamdaydy.

(2 suret. Shyghystanushy  V.V.Grigoriev)

Student-shәkirttik jyldary ol parsy tarihshysy Hondemirding «Monghol tarihy. Ejelgi dәuirden Temirlangha deyin («Istoriya mongolov. Ot drevneyshih vremen do Tamerlana») dep atalatyn tuyndysyn orysshagha audaryp, baspa betinde jariyalaydy. Uniyversittetten song ol diplomatiyalyq qyzmetti qalap, Syrtqy ister ministrligi janyndaghy Shyghys tilder institutyna qabyldanady. Biraq odan ol 1836 jyl óz erkimen ketip, Peterburg uniyversiytetining Shyghys tilderi bólimine parsy tilining oqytushysy bolyp ornalasady.

1838 jyly uniyversiytetting arab jәne týrik filologiyasy kafedrasynyng professory O.S. Senkovskiy, orys әdebiyetining professory P. A. Pletnyov, uniyversiytet rektory I. P. Shuligindermen týsinise almay, Peterburg uniyversiytetinen Odessadaghy Rasheliev liyseyining shyghys tilder kafedrasyna auysady. 1842 jyly Moskva uniyversiytetinde Altyn Orda handarynyng jarlyqtary turaly («O dostovernosty yarlykov, dannyh hanamy Zolotoy Ordy russkomu duhovenstvu») taqyrypta magistrlik dissertasiya qorghaydy.

1844 jyldyng qarasha aiynda V.Grigoriev aghartushylyq salasyndaghy qyzmetin dogharyp, Ishki ister ministri L.A.Perovskiyding qaramaghyna keledi. 1846 jyldan bastap sol ministrlikting bógde júrttardyng din isteri jónindegi departamentining 4-shi dәrejedegi sheneunigi qyzmetin atqarady. 1851 jyly Ishki ister ministrining inisi V.A. Perovskiy ekinshi mәrte Orynbor ólkesining general-gubernatory bolyp bekitiledi. Ol ózine tanys V.Grigorievti Orynborgha qyzmetke shaqyrady. Osylaysha 1852 jyldyng 12 qantarynda V.Grigoriev aldymen Orynbor jәne Samara general-gubernatorynyng arnayy tapsyrmasyn oryndaytyn sheneunik, keyinirek 1854 jyly Orynbor shekaralyq komissiyasynyng tóraghasy lauazymyna bektiledi. Sol jyly ol «Oblastnye velikorusskie slova vostochnogo proishojdeniya» atty maqalasy ýshin ol Resey Ghylym Akademiyanyng korrespodent-mýshesi bolyp saylanady.

Orynbor shekaralyq komissiyasyndaghy qyzmeti kezinde ol tikeley Bókey ordasyna, Syr boyyna qyzmettik jәne әskery baghyttaghy ekspedisiyalargha qatysady. Qazaq tilin zertteuge kónil audarady. Shekaralyq komissiyanyng is qaghazdarynda qazaq Ordasyna qatysty isterdi tatarshadan arashalap, qazaqsha jýrgizuge әreket jasaydy. Orynborgha qaraytyn qazaq arasyna jii sapargha shyghyp, biyleushi biy-shonjarlarmen jaqsy qarym-qatynas ornata biledi. 1861 jyly Troiskige saparlap kelgen kezinde ol Amanqaraghay ormanyn kóruge arnayy keledi.

1862 jyly qazaqtargha qatysty isterdi basqaratyn Oblystyq basqarma tóraghasy (búrynghy Orynbor shekaralyq komissiyasy) qyzmetinen bosap, Sankt-Peteburgk uniyversiytetining Shyghys tarihy kafedrasyna professorlyq qyzmetine ornalasady. Professorlyq qyzmette ol ghylymy zertteu júmystaryna erekshe den qoyyp, shyghys tarihyna qatysty birneshe monografiya jariyalaydy. Búdan song ol birneshe jyl «Ýkimet habarshysy» gazetining bas redaktory, Resey patshalyghynyng baspa isining Bas basqarmasyn basqarady. 1881 jyly dýniyeden ozyp, Peterburg qalasyndaghy Novodevichie qorymyna jerlenedi. Jerlengen qabiri joghalyp ketken.

V.Grigoriev Ybyraydyng atasy Balghoja biydi qatty qadirlegen, onymen jaqsy qarym-qatynasta bolghan. Sondyqtan ol bolashaq aghartushygha ishtartqan, qamqorlyq kórsetken. N.Iliminskiyding sózimen aitsaq, «Grigoriev vysoko senil biya Balgodju y rady nego lubil Altynsarina, kotoryy vprochem y svoimy lichnymy kachestvamy y darovaniyamy vpolne zaslujival raspolojenie Generala».

Y.Altynsarin 1859-60 jyldary V. Grigoriev basqarghan Orynbor Shekaralyq komissiyasynyng kishi tilmashy qyzmetin atqarady. Búghan deyin ol Orynbor mektebin bitirgende alghan mamandyghyna sәikes, distansiya basshysy sotnik shenindegi Balghoja biyding is qaghazdaryn jýrgizushi qyzmetinde bolady. Onyng Orynborgha auysuy atasy Balghojanyng qaytqanynan keyin jýzege asady. 1859 jyldyng 25 shildesinde Y.Altynsarin V.Grigorievke hat joldap, atasynyng qaytys bolghanyn habarlay kele, ózine qyzmet súraydy: «Po okonchaniy kursa nauk v Kirgizskoy shkole v 1857 godu ya byl otpushen v Ordu, k dedu moemu, upravlyayshemu Uzun-Kipchakskim rodom, voyskovomu starshiyne Balgoje Yamgurchinu, u kotorogo zanimalsya pisimennymy ego delami; eto obstoyatelistvo ne pozvolilo mne prositi nachalistvo o dopusheniy menya k kakomu-nibudi rodu slujebnyh zanyatii. Po konchiyne je upomyanutogo deda, sluchivsheysya v fevrale sego goda, nasledovav vse ego jitie ya doljen byl iymeti lichnyy nadzor pod oniym» (Dagerotiptegi Balghoja bi: Ybyray Altynsarinning atasy turaly tyng derekter).

Sol jyldyng tamyz aiynda, yaghny hat jazylghan merzimnen bir ay ótken song V.Grigoriev Y.Altynsarindy Orynbor shekaralyq komissiya mekemesine aldyryp, ony kensedegi kishi tilmashtyq qyzmetke ornalastyrady. Onyng kensesinde eki tilmash - agha tilmash jәne kishi tilmash qyzmet atqaratyn edi. Agha tilmashqa tatar-orys tilin biletin kisi, al kishi tilmashqa qazaq-orys tilin biletin qabyldanatyn. Sebebi kense Orynborgha qaraytyn tatar-bashqúrt, qazaq júrtynyng týrli mәselelerin qarastyrumen ainalysatyn. Tilmashtar Olar Shekralyq komissiya tóraghasynyng qabyldau bólmesinde auyzsha audarma júmysyn jasaumen qatar, isqaghazdaryn da jýrgizip otyrdy. 1859 jyldyng kýz aiynda Manghyshylaq ekspedisiyasynan oralghan audarmashy N. Iliminskiy Shekaralyq komissiya tóraghasynyng qabyldau bólmesinde kishi tilmashtyq qyzmet atqaryp jýrgen Y.Altynsarinmen alghash jýzdesedi.

Kensege, yaghny Generaldyng qabyldauyna keletin qazaqtar az bolatyn. Sondyqtan kishi tilmashtyng júmysynda bos uaqyttar kóp boldy. Ilim-bilimge yntazar Ybyray bos uaqytynda V.Grigorievting kabiynetindegi kitaptardy oqyp jýredi. Jasóspirimning boyyndaghy bilimge degen qúshtarlyqty bayqaghan V. Grigoriev oghan ózining qyzmettik kensesimen japsarlas bólmege ornalasqan jeke kabiynetindegi kitaptarmen tanysugha rúqsat berip, onyng ishinde úshyrasatyn sheteldik týsiniksiz sózderdi arnayy dәpterge terip jazugha kenes beredi jәne sol týsiniksiz sózderge qysqa týsinikteme berip, oghan onyng maghynasyn úghyndyryp otyrady. Keyin búl isti ol N.Iliminskiyge tapsyrady. Atalmysh dәpter aqyrynda N.Iliminskiy men Y.Altynsariyn, yaghny ústaz ben shәkirt arasyndaghy qarym-qatynastyng ornyghuyna dәneker bolady. Dәpterden bastalghan qarym-qatynas syilastyqqa úlasyp, ol aghartushynyng ómirining sonyna deyin jalghasyn tabady. Sol syilastyq bolmaghanda, N.Iliminskiyding Altynsarin turaly estelik jinaghy 1891 jyly (aghartushy qaytys bolghannan keyin eki jyldan son) Qazan qalasynda jaryq kórer me edi, kórmes pe edi?!

V.Grigoriev - Resey imperiyasynyng qúramyna jana ólkelerdi alu jәne iygeru sayasatyna adal qyzmet etken imperiyashyl kisi. Biraq ol ony qarudyng kýshi, zorlyq-zombylyqtyng tegeuirini arqyly emes, orys mәdeniyetin, bilimin taratu arqyly jýrgizudi qalaghan. Qazirgi úghymmen aitsaq, ol – «júmsaq kýsh» yqpalynyng jaqtasy. Onyng Eset Kótibarovtyng kóterilisin qarudyng kýshi, zorlyq-zombylyqtyng yzgharymen basqan patsha ýkimetining әreketin synaghan kólemdi taldauy bar.

1860 jyly V. Grigoriev Orynbor general-gubernatorynyng aldyna orys-qazaq mektepter jýiesin dalanyng týpkirindegi әskery bekinister men shekara boyyndaghy qalalargha qaray  keneytu mәselesin úsynady. Onyng úsynysy gubernator tarapynan qoldau tabady. Osylaysha Orynbor qalasynan bastalghan mektepting kishigirim ýlgisi Torghay, Yrghyz, Rayym, Perovsk әskery bekinisteri men Troisk qalasyna qaray qanat jayady. 1861 jyly Troisk qalasynda orys-qazaq bastauysh mektebi ashylyp, onyng saltanatyna V.Grigoriev arnayy baryp qatysady jәne ile-shala jana mektep turaly Sankt-Peterburgte shyghatyn «Severnaya pchela» gazetining 28 qazandaghy №241 sanyna «Otkrytie kirgizskoy shkoly v Troiske» degen ataumen maqala jariyalaydy (Troisk mektebi jәne «Troisk túrghyny»).

Orynbor ólkesine qaraytyn qazaq dalasynda oqu jýiesin qalyptastyrugha enbek sinirgen, týrki júrtynyng tarihy turaly tolymdy zertteuler jýrgizgen, qazaq tilin tatar tilining yqpalynan arashalaugha úmtylghan shyghystanushy ghalym V.Grigorievting qyzmeti aghartushy ústaz Y.Altynsarinnyng riyasyz qúrmetine ie bolady. 1876 jyly Peterburgke barghan saparynda ol ózining búrynghy basshysyna arnayy soghyp, syily qonaq bolady. Qazaq aghartushysy V. Grigorievting dostyghy men jasaghan jaqsylyghyn eshqashan esten shygharmay, ony qúrmettep ótedi. Sol qúrmetting bir kórinisi bizding tarapymyzdan búqaralyq aqparat betinde alghash ret jariyalap otyrghan atalmysh hattyng mazmúnynda oryn alghan.

Sóz sonynda (oqyrman qúlaghyna «altyn syrgha» retinde) Y.Altynsarinnyng ghúmyrnamasy men shygharmashylyghy turaly oqyrmandar tarapynan tyn, keng maghlúmat alu qyzyghushylyghy tuyndap jatsa, 2022 jyly bizding avtorlyghymyzben L.N. Gumiylev atyndaghy Euraziya últtyq uniyversiyteti janyndaghy «Abay akademiyasy» ghylymiy-zertteu institutynyng qoldauymen baspa betinen jariyalanghan «Abay jәne Ybyray» atty ghylymiy-tanymdyq enbekpen tanysugha kenes beremiz.

Almasbek Ábsadyq,

filologiya ghylymdarynyng doktory, A.Baytúrsynúly atyndaghy Qostanay uniyversiyetining professory

Abai.kz