Songhy kezderi Qazaqstanda últtyq tarih pen mәdeny múranyng manyzdy bóligine ainalghan qazaqtyng songhy hany Kenesary Qasymovtyng bas sýiegining orny turaly mәsele jii talqylanuda. Búl tarihshylar men arheologtardy tolghandyryp qana qoymay, qalyng júrtshylyqtyng nazaryn audaryp, sayasiy-mәdeny pikirtalas taqyrybyna ainalyp otyrghan mәsele. Búl tarihy jәdigerding taghdyryn anyqtaugha birneshe ret talpynys jasalghanymen, onyng naqty ornalasqan jeri turaly resmy derekter shekteuli bolyp qaluda.

Sonymen, Kenesary hannyng bas sýiegin Qazaqstangha qaytaru ýshin qanday sharalar atqaryluda? QR Ghylym jәne joghary bilim ministrligi, Ghylym komiytetining habarlauynsha, qazirgi uaqytta hannyng bas sýiegining naqty jaghdayy men orny turaly resmy aqparat shekteuli.

Osyghan deyin:

«Býginge deyin bas sýiekting Resey aumaghynda ornalasqany turaly pikir saqtaluda, degenmen onyng ornalasqan jeri turaly rastalghan derekter joq», - delingen komiytet habarlamasynda.

Komiytet mәdeny qazynalardy, onyng ishinde han Kenesarynyng bas sýiegi men myltyghyn qaytaru mәselesi shynymen de ózekti jәne kýn tәrtibinde túrghanyn atap ótti.

«Mәjilis deputaty Baqytbek Smaghúl búl jәdigerlerding Mәskeu múrajayynda boljamdy ornyn atap ótti. Repatriasiya mәselesin sheshu ýshin memlekettik organdar dengeyinde, onyng ishinde Qazaqstan men Resey arasyndaghy diplomatiyalyq ózara is-qimyl shenberinde kelissózder jýrgizilude. Alayda jәdigerlerdi qaytarudyng naqty qadamdary men merzimi әli anyqtalghan joq», - degen edi bir jyldary komiytet ókilderi.

Qolda bar derekterge sýiensek, Kenesary hannyng bas sýiegine qatysty naqty ghylymy zertteuler qoljetimdilik shekteuli bolghandyqtan jýrgizilmegen.

«Degenmen, zertteushiler jәdigerding shynayylyghyn jәne onyng Kenesary hangha tiyesililigin anyqtaugha kómektesetin saraptamalar jýrgizuge mýddeli. sonday-aq tarihy jadyny saqtau maqsatynda ony odan әri zertteude», - dep qorytyndylaghan edi komiytet.

Tәuelsizdik jyldarynda Kenesary hannyng bas sýiegin tauyp, ony Qazaqstanda jerleu ýshin birneshe izdestiru ekspedisiyalary qúrylghan.

«Qazaqstan egemendik alghannan beri qoghamda Kenesary han Qasymovtyng bas sýiegi men jerlengen jeri turaly mәsele jii kóterilip keledi. Osyghan baylanysty ministrlik tarihy zertteu baghdarlamasy ayasynda bas sýiekti elge qaytaru әreketin qolgha alghan. Osyghan baylanysty Qazaq handyghynyng songhy hanynyng sýiegining qay jeri turaly mәlimetteri bar  týrli úiymdargha súraular jiberildi. «Múraghattar men jurnalistik zertteulerde izdestiru júmystary jýrgizilip, dalalyq ekspedisiyalar men ghylymiy-zertteu júmystary úiymdastyryldy», - delingen osyghan deyingi habarlamalarda.

Osyghan deyin:

Alayda, býgingi kýnge deyin bar gipotezalardy ghylymy qauymdastyq rastaghan joq. Sonday-aq, Qazaqstannyng Syrtqy ister ministrligi han Kenesarynyng bas sýiegining ornalasqan jeri jәne onyng tarihy otanyna oralu mýmkindigi turaly aqparat beruge qatysty Resey Syrtqy ister ministrligine diplomatiyalyq arnalar arqyly saual joldaghan.

«Alayda, Resey Federasiyasynyng (RF) Syrtqy ister ministrligining resmy jauabyna sәikes, «Resey Federasiyasyndaghy múrajay qory jәne múrajaylar turaly» Federaldyq zannyng 11-babyna sәikes, Reseyding Muzey qoryna engizilgen múrajay zattary men kolleksiyalary elden әketilmeydi.Osyghan baylanysty Mәdeniyet jәne aqparat ministrligi Syrtqy ister ministrligimen birlesip, han Kenesarynyng bas sýiegining ornalasqan jeri jәne basqa da mәdeny qúndylyqtar turaly mәlimetterdi zertteudi jalghastyrady», - dep habarlaghan edi bir jyldary qúzyrly vedomstvo.

2021 jyl: «Kenesary hannyng bas sýiegi Qazaqstangha qaytarylady» degen aqparat shyqty. Búl turaly tarihshy Ziyabek Qabuldinov «Facebook» paraqshasynda habarlady. Ziyabek Qabuldinovtyng aituynsha, ol Resey Mәdeniyet ministrligi janynan qúrylghan arnayy komissiyagha shaqyrylghan.

Onyng aituynsha, onyng Qazaq handyghynyng songhy hanynyng bas sýiegin qaydan jәne qalay tapqany turaly mәlimetter әli kýnge deyin qúpiya kýiinde qalyp otyr.

«Úly hannyng bas sýiegin qaytaru ýshin qúrylghan saraptama komissiyasynyng qúramynda boldym. Býgin últtyq tarihymyzda mýlde jana kezeng bastalady. Býgin biz eki el, Resey men Qazaqstan arasyndaghy qarym-qatynas tarihyndaghy jana dengeyge kóterilemiz, dostyghymyz odan әri nyghayyp, beybit qarym-qatynasymyz terendey týsedi. Men Resey Mәdeniyet ministrliginen Kenesary hannyng bas sýiegin qaytaru jónindegi reseylik saraptau komissiyasyna qatysugha shaqyrtu aldym. Men kelistim. Qúttyqtaymyz! Kenesary hannyng bas sýiegi tabyldy! Onyng qalay tabylghanyn, qayda saqtalghanyn naqty aita almaymyn. Búl belgili bir formalidylyqty talap etedi jәne diplomatiyalyq dengeydi talap etedi. Biraq búl bastamany Reseyding eng jogharghy biyligi kótergeni anyq!» – dep jazdy sol kezde tarihshy Ziyabek Qabuldinov.

Úly Otan soghysynyng ózinde Qazaqstannyng túnghysh kәsiby tarihshysy E. B. Bekmahanov kórnekti kenestik orys tarihshysy M. S. Pankratovamen birge 1943 jyly jaryq kórgen «Qazaq KSR tarihy» enbegin jazdy. Búl kitap KSRO-daghy últtyq tariyhqa arnalghan alghashqy irgeli ghylymy enbek boldy. Sonymen birge ol «19 ghasyrdyng 20-40 jyldaryndaghy Qazaqstan» atty taghy bir kitapty óz betinshe jazdy. Búl enbegin 1946 jyly KSRO GhA Tarih institutynyng Ghylymy kenesinde qorghaugha úsynyp, 1947 jyly jeke kitap etip shyghardy. Shygharma patsha otarlauynyng alghashqy kezenderindegi Qazaqstandaghy últ-azattyq qozghalystargha arnalghan.

Búl zertteulerde Bekmahanov túnghysh ret qazaqtardyng patshalyq Reseyding otarlau sayasatyna qarsylyghyn «tәuelsizdik ýshin kýres» dep sipattady. Bekmahanov resmy kenestik iydeologiyagha qayshy, qaruly kóterilisterding dem berushisi Kenesary Qasymovty últ kósemi retinde kórsetti. Kóp úzamay búl kitap turaly teris pikirdi KSRO Ghylym akademiyasynyng korrespondent-mýshesi A. I. Yakovlev jazdy. Búghan Anna Mihaylovna Pankratova birden jauap berdi. Ol KSRO Ghylym akademiyasynyng Tarih institutynda arnayy jiyn ótkizdi. Almatydan kelgen ókil H. Aydarova da boldy. Aydarova Bekmahanovtyng shygharmashylyghyna qatty qarsy shyqty. Onyng sózinen ýzindi keltireyik: «...Kenesary men onyng tóniregining qyzmeti feodaldyq-monarhiyalyq últshyldyqtyng belgisi, olarda jalpyhalyqtyq sipat bolmaghan, sondyqtan Kenesary qozghalysyn jalpyúlttyq últ-azattyq progresshil qozghalys dep baghalaghan avtor (Bekmahanov) is jýzinde burjuaziyalyq qozghalystyng yqpalynda bolady».

Bekmahanovty, әsirese, N. Drujiniyn, M. Vyatkin siyaqty kórnekti kenes tarihshylary qorghady. Olardyng barlyghy osy enbekting qúndylyghyn aitty. 1946 jyly júmysyn jetildirip, Bekmahanov ony KSRO Ghylym akademiyasynyng Ghylymy kenesine úsynady. Sol jyly ol «HIH ghasyrdyng 20-40 jyldaryndaghy Qazaqstan» degen taqyrypta doktorlyq dissertasiyasyn qorghap, onyng bir tarauy qaytadan Kenesary Qasymovqa arnalghan.

Uaqyt óte kele búl kitaptyng tóniregindegi qayshylyqtar tolastaghan joq.  Al 1948 jyly  Almatyda Qazaq KSR Ghylym akademiyasynda 5 kýnge sozylghan pikirsayystar ótti. Búl pikirtalastardyng stenogrammasy 552 betti qúraydy. Olar keybir ghalymdardyn, әsirese qazaq ghalymdarynyng Bekmahanovtyng enbekterin jon maqsatynda shabuyl jasaghanyn aighaqtaydy.

1950 jyly «Pravda» gazetinde Bekmahanovtyng shygharmashylyghy turaly aiyptau maqala jariyalandy. Sol jyldyng 16 qantarynda partiyadan shygharylyp, uniyversiytetten quyldy. Bir aptadan keyin ol barlyq ghylymy dәrejeleri men ataqtarynan aiyryldy. Biraq artynda әieli men kishkentay balalary bolghandyqtan, ol kýresti jalghastyra berdi.

Bekmahanov auyl mektebinde sabaq beruge rúqsat alu ýshin týrli qúzyrly oryndardyng esigin qaghugha mәjbýr boldy. Áueli Almaty oblysynyng Narynqol audanyna jiberildi. Odan keyin olar Jambyl oblysy Shuya audanyna qarasty Novotroisk auylyna auysty. 1952 jyly 5 qyrkýiekte Bekmahanov Novotroiskide tútqyndalyp, Almatygha jetkizildi. Tergeu ýsh aigha sozyldy. Ermahandy qorqytyp, ýnemi qysym kórsetip, Q. Sәtbaev pen M. Áuezovti jamandaudy talap etti.

Sóitip, 1950 jyldardyng basynda, Stalinning túsynda KSRO-da patshalyq Reseyding qaruly kýres arqyly tәuelsizdigi ýshin kýresken halyqtargha qatysty otarshyldyghyn aqtau ýshin keng auqymdy nauqan bastady. Ataqty batys tarihshysy Solomon Shvars jazghanday: «...Kenes Odaghynda tarih ghylymyna qarsy shabuyl bastaldy. Kommunistik partiya «obektivizm men kosmopolitizmge qarsy shayqasta» birinen song biri jeniske jetude.

Kenes tarihshylarynyng aldyna qoyylghan songhy mindet – patshalyq otarshyldyqty qalpyna keltiru. Batys elderining otarshyldyq sayasatyn «ashu» túrghysynan olardyng júmysyn kýsheytuge tura kelgeni búl mindetti odan sayyn qiyndata týsti. Jogharyda aitylghandargha baylanysty býginde «shyghystanushy» dep atalatyndar jiti baqylauda».

Olardyng zertteu ayasy Ontýstik-Shyghys Aziyagha, Tayau jәne Qiyr Shyghysqa ghana emes, sonymen qatar Kenestik Kavkaz men Ortalyq Aziyany qamtityndyqtan, basqa elderding «shyghystanushylarymen» salystyrghanda kenirek. Búl sala songhy kezderi KSRO Ghylym akademiyasy shygharatyn «Voprosy istorii» kenestik basty tarih jurnalynyng betterinde jii aitylyp jýrdi. Mysaly, 1949 jylghy sәuirdegi sanynda «Kenes shyghystanushy tarihshylarynyng kezek kýttirmeytin mindetteri turaly» degen maqala bar, onda mynalar aitylghan:

«Neobhodimo polnostiu razveyati miyf, kotoryy segodnya usiylenno propagandiruit pravye sosialisty, chto v ramkah britanskoy, fransuzskoy y amerikanskoy kolonialinyh sistem sozdany y sozdaytsya usloviya dlya postepennogo perehoda k razvitii nasionalinoy nezavisimosty u malorazvityh narodov, kotorye nado sivilizovati. Doljno pokazyvati, chto britanskoe pravlenie priyneslo v Indii ne kulituru y sivilizasii, a niyshetu, golod y zapredelinyy uroveni smertnosti. Sklonnosti iydealizirovati britanskoe pravlenie mojno proslediti v nekotoryh rabotah progressivnyh istorikov Zapada, kotorye ny v koey mere ne prinadlejat k lageru imperialistov, pridaet eshe bolishe vajnosty etomu zadanii. Takim obrazom, napriymer, daje sam Palm Datt (vidnyy britanskiy kommunist indiysko-shvedskogo proishojdeniya, vernyy soyznik sovetskih iydeologov, istorikov y vostokovedov) v svoem trude «Indiya segodnya» ne izbejal podobnogo zablujdeniya. V tekushey situasiy na samom dele sluchilsya kardinalinyy perelom, kogda daje takie nashy tovarishy kak Palm Datt – odin iz samyh ortodoksalinyh britanskih kommunistov y indiyes po proishojdenii — bolee ne sootvetstvuet trebovaniyam novogo politicheskogo kursa».

1934 jyly tamyzda Staliyn, Jdanov jәne Kirov «Bilim beru tarihy әdebiyetining mazmúny turaly jazbalardy» jariyalaghanyn eske týsiru kerek, osy kýnnen bastap Resey - KSRO halyqtarynyng revolusiyagha deyingi ótkenin sosialistik týsindiru bastalady. Búl jazbalarda avtorlar patshalyq Reseyding otarshyldyqqa qarsy baghasyn ústandy jәne әsirese oqu әdebiyetindegi keybir postulattardy aiqyn syngha aldy, óitkeni «olar orys patshalyghynyng anneksionistik-otarshyldyq rólin atap kórsetpeydi».

Sot 1952 jyly 2 jeltoqsanda ótti. «Ol ózining burjuaziyalyq-últshyldyq kózqarastaryn aqtau ýshin reaksiyashyl aqyndardyn, sonday-aq Kenes ókimetine qarsy kýresken halyq jaulary – Alashordashylardyng shygharmalaryn paydalandy» – búl sot qújattarynan ýzindi ghana. Sot QK-ning 58-10-babynyng 2-bóligimen 58-2-baptyng sanksiyasymen Ermúhan Bekmahanovty 25 jylgha bas bostandyghynan aiyru jazasyn týzeu lagerinde óteuge ýkim etti.

Osydan keyin ghalym Irkutsk oblysyndaghy Bodaybo qalasyna jiberildi. Azattyq mәselesin tarihshy Pankratova kóterdi. Alayda ghalymgha erkindik I. Stalin qaytys bolghannan keyin ghana Anna Pankratova N. Hrushevke ótinishpen jýgingen kezde berilgen. 1954 jyly 16 aqpanda KSRO IIM Lubyankada E. Bekmahanovqa isti toqtatqany turaly anyqtama beriledi. Onyng densaulyghy kýnnen-kýnge nasharlap, ózining songhy Jana jylyn, yaghny 1966 jylyn otbasymen qarsy aldy, sodan keyin birden auruhanagha týsti. E. B. Bekmahanov týrmeden shyqqan song doktorlyq dissertasiyasyn qayta qorghaugha mәjbýr boldy. Áriyne, búrynghy qateler «týzetildi». Keyingi enbekterinde ol «markstik-lenindik metodologiyadan auytqyghan joq».

Avtorlary Ermúhan Bekmahanov pen onyng qyzy Naylya Bekmahanov bolghan 7–8-synyptargha arnalghan «Qazaq KSR tarihy» oqulyghynyng «1837–1838 jyldardaghy Kenesary Qasymovtyng feodaldyq-monarhiyalyq qozghalysy» degen 29-paragrafy bir betke ghana syidy. Búl tarmaqta Kenesary Qasymovtyng «reaksiyalyq» qozghalysy «qazaq aqsýiekterining feodaldyq-monarhiyalyq qozghalysy» retinde berilgen.

«Búl qozghalys Qazaqstannyng Reseyge qosyluyna kedergi boldy» degen tújyrym «Pravda» gazetindegi sózben birdey boldy. Odan keyin oqulyq talay ret qayta basylyp, qazaqstandyq mektep oqushylarynyng bir buynnan astamy ony paydalana otyryp oqytyldy. «Halyq kóseminin» qaytys boluymen ghana onaltu bastaldy, al Bekmahanov qaytadan sýiikti isimen ainalysugha mýmkindik aldy.

Ózi qúrghan uniyversiytetting Qazaq KSR tarihy kafedrasy oghan qaytarylyp, ómirining songhy on jyly ol ýshin eng jemisti boldy. Onyng artynda «Qazaqstannyng Reseyge qosyluy» jәne «HIH ghasyrdaghy Qazaqstan tarihynyng ocherkteri», «19 ghasyrdyng 20-40 jyldaryndaghy Qazaqstan» syndy túghyrly monografiyalar, Qazaqstan tarihy boyynsha mektep oqulyqtary bar jýzden astam enbek qaldy. Ol respublikanyng jiyrmagha juyq aldynghy qatarly tarihshylaryna, myndaghan studentterine ýlken ghylymgha jol ashty, aspiranttar men jas izdenushilerding jaqsy ondaghan tomdyq enbekterining redaktory boldy, sol arqyly respublikamyzdaghy tarih ghylymynyng negizin qalady.

Qaysybir jyly Mәjilis deputaty Baqytbek Smaghúl Kenesary hannyng bas sýiegi men myltyghy Mәskeudegi múrajayda ekenin mәlimdedi.

Tarihi-antropologiyalyq, múrajaylyq jәne múraghattyq zertteuler keshenining nәtiyjesinde myltyq 100 payyz handiki, al bas sýiegi Kenesary hannyng bas sýiegi, túlghasy 90 payyzdan astam ekeni anyqtaldy. Baqytbek Smaghúl olardy Qazaqstangha qaytarugha shaqyrdy.

Eske salayyq, 2013 jyly jelide «Han Kenesarynyng bas sýiegining fotosy» jariyalanghan bolatyn. Búl rette BAQ fotosurette beynelengen bastyng Kenesary turaly filim týsiruge arnalghan mulyaj ekenin aitty.

El Preziydenti san ghasyrlyq tarihymyzdy tәrbiyeleu, oqytu, nasihattau arqyly últtyq-tarihy sanany qalyptastyrugha shaqyrady. Memleket basshysy últtyq mýddemen jazylghan shynayy tarih úrpaq sanasyn oyatyp, últ jadyn janghyrta týsetinin atap ótti. Últtyq tarihy tanym, tarihy jady, tarihy sana tәuelsizdikting ruhany tiregi ekenin eskersek. Qazaqstan Preziydenti otandyq tarihshylargha Qazaqstannyng jana akademiyalyq tarihyn jazugha kirisudi tapsyrdy. Biraq múny tarihy qújattarsyz jýzege asyru mýmkin emes.

Memleket tarihta jii bolghanday baylyghynan, qazynasynan aiyryluy mýmkin. Biraq múnyng bәrin uaqyt óte kele tolyqtyryp, qalpyna keltiruge bolady. Biraq joghalghan múraghattyq materialdardy qalpyna keltiru mýmkin emes. Sondyqtan múraghat – kórnekti túlghalardyng qoghamdyq-sayasy qyzmeti turaly biregey materialdar men tarihy oqighalardyng derekteri saqtalghan bagha jetpes derekkóz. Múraghattyng tarihy oqighalardy, materialdyq jәne ruhany mәdeniyet jetistikterin, әrbir halyqtaghy úrpaqtar arasyndaghy baylanystar sabaqtastyghy men qoghamdyq ómirding әleumettik progresin ghylymy tanym men әleumettik-filosofiyalyq úghynudyng qaynar kózi retindegi manyzy osynda.

Kerimsal Júbatqanov,

tarih ghylymdarynyng kandidaty, S. Seyfullin atyndaghy Qazaq agrotehnikalyq zertteu uniyversiytetining dosenti 

Abai.kz