Europanyng Balqan týbeginde ornalasqan shaghyn ghana Kosovo memleketining tәuelsizdikke jetu joly — HH ghasyrdyng sony men HHI ghasyrdyng basyndaghy halyqaralyq sayasattaghy eng kýrdeli әri taghdyrly oqighalardyng biri.

Aumaghy shaghyn, tabighy resurstary joqtyng qasy, tarihy taghdyry san týrli imperiyalar men memleketterding qúramynda ótken búl ónirding tәuelsiz elge ainaluy tek aimaqtyq emes, býkil әlemdik sayasattyng nazaryn audarghan manyzdy ýderis boldy. Kosovonyng tәuelsizdikke jetui — etnikalyq qayshylyqtar, tarihy әdiletsizdikter, halyqaralyq úiymdardyng aralasuy jәne geosayasy mýddelerding toghysqan túsynda qalyptasqan kýrdeli tarihy qúbylys.

Kosovonyng tarihyna kóz jýgirtsek, búl aimaq ghasyrlar boyy әrtýrli memleketterding biyliginde jýrgenin kóremiz. Orta ghasyrlarda Serbiya korolidigining manyzdy ortalyqtarynyng biri sanalghan Kosovo keyin Osman imperiyasynyng qúramyna ótti. Osman biyligi kezinde ónirding etnikalyq qúrylymy aitarlyqtay ózgerip, alban halqynyng ýlesi arta bastady. HH ghasyrdyng basynda Osman imperiyasy әlsiregen son, Balqan soghystary nәtiyjesinde Kosovo Serbiya qúramyna qosyldy. Osy kezennen bastap aimaqta serb jәne alban halyqtarynyng arasyndaghy etnikalyq jәne sayasy qayshylyqtar birtindep kýsheye týsti.

Ekinshi dýniyejýzilik soghystan keyin Kosovo Yugoslaviya Sosialistik Federativtik Respublikasynyng qúramynda avtonomiyalyq ólke mәrtebesin aldy. Yugoslaviya basshysy Iosip Broz Tito jýrgizgen sayasat kóp jaghdayda etnikalyq tepe-tendikti saqtaugha mýmkindik berdi. 1974 jylghy Konstitusiya Kosovogha keng avtonomiya berip, jergilikti basqaru organdarynyng qúqyqtaryn aitarlyqtay keneytti. Alayda búl jaghday úzaqqa sozylmady. 1980-jyldardyng sonynda Yugoslaviyada últtyq qozghalystar kýsheyip, sayasy túraqsyzdyq arta týsti. Serbiya basshysy Slobodan Miloshevich 1989 jyly Kosovonyng avtonomiyalyq qúqyqtaryn qysqartty. Búl sheshim alban halqynyng jappay narazylyghyn tughyzyp, ónirdegi shiyelenisti odan әri ushyqtyrdy.

1990-jyldardyng basynda Yugoslaviya ydyray bastaghan kezde, Kosovodaghy alban halqy tәuelsizdikke úmtylysyn ashyq týrde bildire bastady. Alban sayasy kóshbasshylary beybit qarsylyq jolyn tandaugha tyrysqanymen, uaqyt óte kele jaghday qaruly qaqtyghysqa úlasty. 1998–1999 jyldary Kosovo aumaghynda serb kýshteri men alban kóterilisshileri arasyndaghy qaruly qaqtyghystar kýsheyip, beybit túrghyndar arasynda ýlken shyghyndar oryn aldy. Búl oqighalar halyqaralyq qauymdastyqtyng nazaryn audaryp, NATO kýshterining aralasuyna sebep boldy.

1999 jyly NATO Yugoslaviyagha qarsy әskery operasiya jýrgizip, nәtiyjesinde serb әskerleri Kosovodan shygharyldy. Osydan keyin Kosovo Birikken Últtar Úiymynyng uaqytsha әkimshiligining basqaruyna ótti. Búl kezende ónirde jana memlekettik instituttar qúru, basqaru jýiesin qalyptastyru jәne etnikalyq shiyelenisti bәsendetu jolynda júmystar jýrgizildi. Degenmen Kosovonyng týpkilikti mәrtebesi úzaq uaqyt boyy sheshilmegen problema bolyp qala berdi. Serbiya Kosovony ózining tarihy aumaghy dep sanap, onyng tәuelsizdigin moyyndaudan bas tartty.

2000-jyldardyng basynda halyqaralyq kelissózder birneshe ret ótkizilgenimen, taraptar ortaq kelisimge kele almady. Alban halqy tolyq tәuelsizdikti talap etse, Serbiya keng avtonomiya úsynumen shekteldi. Aqyry úzaqqa sozylghan sayasy talqylaulardan keyin 2008 jyldyng 17 aqpanynda Kosovo parlamenti tәuelsizdik turaly deklarasiya qabyldap, ózin derbes memleket dep jariyalady. Búl sheshim әlemdik sayasatta ýlken rezonans tudyrdy.

Kosovo tәuelsizdigin birqatar Batys elderi — AQSh, Úlybritaniya, Germaniya jәne basqa memleketter birden moyyndady. Alayda keybir elder, sonyng ishinde Serbiya, Resey, Qytay jәne birneshe memleket Kosovonyng tәuelsizdigin zansyz dep eseptep, ony moyyndamady. Osylaysha Kosovonyng halyqaralyq mәrtebesi belgili dәrejede dauly kýiinde qaldy. Soghan qaramastan, jyldar óte kele Kosovony moyyndaghan elderding sany artyp, ol halyqaralyq úiymdardyng birqataryna mýshe boldy.

Osy arada sheginis jasap, mynany aita ketkimiz keledi.
Kosovolyq albandar ýshin últtyq til problemasy sayasy jәne mәdeny qúqyqtarmen tyghyz baylanysqan. HH ghasyrdyng ekinshi jartysynda, әsirese Yugoslaviya qúramynda bolghan kezende, alban tilining bilim jýiesi, memlekettik basqaru jәne qoghamdyq ómirdegi qoldanyluy birneshe ret shektelip, keyin qayta keneytilip otyrdy. 1974 jylghy Yugoslaviya Konstitusiyasy qabyldanghannan keyin Kosovo avtonomiyasynyng qúqyghy keneyip, alban tili mektepterde, joghary oqu oryndarynda jәne jergilikti basqaru organdarynda keninen qoldanylatyn dengeyge jetti. Búl kezeng alban tilining institusionaldyq túrghydan nyghayghan uaqyty boldy.

Alayda 1980-jyldardyng sonynda Serbiya biyligi Kosovonyng avtonomiyalyq qúqyqtaryn qysqartqan kezde, alban tilining resmy qoldanys ayasy da taryldy. Kóptegen alban mektepteri men bilim jýiesi baghdarlamalary qysymgha úshyrap, alban tilindegi oqytu mýmkindikteri shektele bastady. Osy jaghday, Kosovodaghy alban qoghamynyng narazylyq qozghalystarynyng kýshengine, qaruly qaqtyghystargha sebep boldy. Intelliygensiya, múghalimder jәne studentter alban tilinde bilim alu men mәdeny qúqyqtardy saqtau ýshin týrli qoghamdyq bastamalar kóterip, beyresmy oqu jýielerin úiymdastyrugha deyin bardy.

1990-jyldardyng sonyndaghy sayasy ózgerister men keyingi halyqaralyq әkimshilik kezeninde alban tilining mәrtebesi qayta qalpyna keltirilip, tәuelsizdik jariyalanghannan keyin ol Kosovonyng negizgi resmy tili retinde bekitildi. Osylaysha kosovolyq albandardyng últtyq tilin saqtau jolyndaghy kýresi tek mәdeny qúndylyqtardy qorghau ghana demeyik, sonymen birge sayasy tendik pen últtyq ózindik bolmysty saqtau ýshin jýrgizilgen úzaq tarihy ýderisting manyzdy bóligi deuge keledi.

Kosovonyng tәuelsizdikke jetui — tek sayasy akt qana emes, sonymen qatar últtyq biregeylik pen ózin basqarugha degen úmtylystyng nәtiyjesi. Alban halqy ondaghan jyldar boyy sayasy qúqyqtarynyng shekteluin, ekonomikalyq artta qaludy jәne etnikalyq qysymdy bastan ótkergenin algha tartady. Al serb qoghamy Kosovony ózining tarihy jәne mәdeny ortalyghy retinde qarastyryp, onyng bólinip shyghuyn tarihy әdiletsizdik dep sanaydy. Sondyqtan, Kosovo problemasy býgingi kýnge deyin Balqan aimaghyndaghy eng kýrdeli geosayasy týiinderding biri deuge keledi.

Tәuelsizdik jariyalanghannan keyin Kosovo aldynda jana memleket qúrudyng kýrdeli mindetteri túrdy. Ekonomikany damytu, qúqyqtyq jýieni qalyptastyru, sybaylas jemqorlyqpen kýresu, halyqaralyq investisiya tartu — múnyng barlyghy jas memleket ýshin onay bolghan joq. Soghan qaramastan, Kosovo songhy jyldary memlekettik instituttaryn nyghaytyp, halyqaralyq arenada óz ornyn tabugha úmtylyp keledi. Europalyq odaqpen yntymaqtastyqty keneytu, kórshi eldermen qarym-qatynasty jaqsartu jәne ekonomikalyq reformalardy jýrgizu — elding negizgi damu baghyttarynyng qatarynda.

Kosovo tarihy halyqaralyq sayasattaghy bir manyzdy shyndyqty kórsetedi: shaghyn memleketterding taghdyry kóbine tek ishki jaghdaylargha ghana emes, iri derjavalardyng sayasy ústanymdary men halyqaralyq úiymdardyng sheshimderine de tәueldi. Eger 1999 jylghy halyqaralyq aralasu bolmaghanda, Kosovonyng tәuelsizdikke jetu joly mýlde basqasha órbui mýmkin edi. Sol sebepti Kosovo mysaly halyqaralyq qúqyq, últtyq ózin anyqtau qúqyghy jәne memleketterding aumaqtyq tútastyghy arasyndaghy kýrdeli tepe-tendik problemasy aiqyn kórsetedi.

Býginde, Kosovo moyyndalghan memleket retinde, is jýzinde tәuelsiz el retinde ómir sýrip keledi. Onyng tәuelsizdik tarihy — shaghyn halyqtyng úzaq kýresi, halyqaralyq sayasattyng yqpaly jәne tarihy ýderisterding toghysuynan tughan erekshe qúbylys. Kosovonyng tәjiriybesi әlemdegi basqa da aimaqtyq qaqtyghystardy zertteu kezinde jii mysal retinde qarastyrylady, óitkeni ol halyqaralyq qauymdastyqtyng aralasuy, etnikalyq qaqtyghystardy retteu jәne jana memleketterding qalyptasuy siyaqty manyzdy problemalardy qamtidy.

Qorytyndylay aitqanda, Kosovonyng tәuelsizdikke jetui — bir kýnde bolghan oqigha emes, ghasyrlar boyy qalyptasqan tarihy ýderisterding nәtiyjesi. Imperiyalar almasqan kezender, etnikalyq qayshylyqtar, sayasy reformalar, qaruly qaqtyghystar jәne halyqaralyq kelissózder — osynyng barlyghy shaghyn ghana ónirding tәuelsiz memleketke ainaluyna alyp keldi. «Kishkentay Kosovo» dep atalsa da, onyng tәuelsizdik tarihy әlemdik sayasattaghy eng manyzdy әri kýrdeli oqighalardyng biri retinde tarihta qalary sózsiz.

Beysenghazy Úlyqbek,

Qazaqstan Jurnalister Odaghynyng mýshesi

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