NOBEL SYILYGhY KIMGE KEREK? (Basy)
Shvesiyanyng astanasy – Stokgolimde Nobeli aptalyghy bastaldy. Qazannyng 6-sy men 13-i aralyghynda biylghy Nobeli syilyghynyng lauraettary anyqtalady.
Álemdegi әigili syilyqty arman etpeytin mәdeniyet, óner, ghylym adamy kemde kem. Alayda, songhy jyldardyng bederinde Nobelding beriluine sayasat aralasyp ketti degen әngime de jii aitylatyn boldy. Onyng bir sebebi, AQSh Preziydenti Barak Obamanyng әlemdegi beybitshilikti saqtaugha qosqan ýlesi ýshin Nobeli syilyghyn aluy bolsa kerek. Qalay bolghanda da, Nobeli – Nobeli!
Ár jyl sayyn dýniyening tórt búryshynan ataqty akademikter men Nobeli syilyghynyng laureattary jinalyp, ýmitkerlerding enbekterin qarap, dauys beru arqyly ýzdikterdi anyqtaytyn, jýlde qory 1 million dollargha juyq ataqty syilyq Qazaqstan jәne Orta Aziyagha әli kýnge deyin búiyrghan emes. Biraq, qazaq әdebiyeti men mәdeniyeti, óneri Nobelge qarap túrghan joq. «Qazaq әdebiyeti men óneri – әlemdegi kez kelgen elding óneri men әdebiyetinen bir kem emes. Artyq bolmasa!» degen pikir bizding qoghamdy әli bar. Berik ornyqqan. Biraq, Nobeli joq! Sonda Nobeli syilyghy kimge kerek? Búl saualdyng jauabyn әdebiyet synshysy Amangeldi Kenshilikúlynyng kólemdi maqalasynan tabasyz.
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Nobeli syilyghy! Talay mýiizi qaraghayday jazushylar men aqyndardyn armanyna ainalghan, ataghy әlemge anyz bolyp taraghan búl syilyqty aludy qanday qalamger qiyaldamaydy deysin. Nobeli syilyghy degende bizding kóz aldymyzgha, osy qúrmetti ataqqa ie bolghan, әlemdik әdebiyetting qaq tórinen oiyp túryp óz ornyn alghan Knut Gamsun, Bernard Shou, Tomas Mann, Ivan Buniyn, Uiliyam Folikner, Ernest Heminguey, Mihayl Sholohov, Yasunary Kavabata, Genrih Belli, Garsia Markes, Oktavia Pas, Kendzabura Oe syndy әigili aqyn-jazushylardyng shygharmalary elestep, sol kitaptardan alghan әserimiz sanamyzda qayta bir janghyrady emes pe? Mine, sondyqtan әdebiyet sýier qauym Nobeli syilyghyn «jýzden jýirik, mynnan túlpar» shyghatyn, dýniyejýzindegi eng úly shygharmalargha beriletin layyqty bagha dep qabyldap keledi. Nobeli syilyghyn alghannan son, aiy onynan tuyp, júldyzy janyp, baghy ashylyp, shygharmalary әlemnin kóptegen tilderine audarylyp, milliondaghan danamen basylyp shyghatyn jazushygha bәrimizding de qyzghanyshpen qaraytynymyz ótirik emes qoy. Jazushy ýshin jazghan shygharmannyng әlemning nazaryna iligip, adamzattyng ortaq qazynasyna ainaluynan artyq qanday baqyt bar, shirkin! Onyng syrtynda, әlemdegi aty darday halyqaralyq mәdeny birlestik deysiz be, adam qúqyn qorghau jónindegi qauymdastyq deysiz be, әiteuir ne kerek, dýniyejýzindegi belgili úiymdardyng qay-qaysysy da Nobeli syilyghyn alghan jazushyny óz qoghamynyng mýshesi qylugha tyrysatyny aiday aqiqat. Dýniyejýzindegi myndaghan jazushylardyng ishinen júldyzy janghan qalamgerdi, endi óz shygharmashylyghy turaly bir auyz pikir aitqyzu ýshin janyn salyp, ólermendikke sheyin baratyn aqyn-jazushylar qanshama. Bәrinen búryn Nobeli syilyghyn alghan qalamgerding jýzin kórudi armandaytyn milliondaghan oqyrmandardyng ystyq peyilin aitsanyzshy. Jyl sayyn milliondaghan oqyrman «búl joly kimning baghy janady eken?» dep, Nobeli syilyghy iyegerining esimin tózimi tausylyp, taghatsyzdana kýtedi. Jyl sayyn әlemdegi bilikti de, bilgir synshylar mýiizi qaraghayday aqyn-jazushylardyng shygharmashylyghyn sóz qylyp, osy jolghy Nobeli syilyghyn alugha kimning layyq ekendigin aityp, bilek sybanyp, qyzu aitys-tartysqa toly maydannyng bel ortasynda jýredi. Bәlkim, jyl sayyn osy syilyqtyng kimge berilu kerektigin sheshetin Shved akademiyasyndaghy talqylaulardyn dau-damaygha úlasyp jatatyndyghynyng sebebi de sondyqtan bolar. Ásirese, songhy jyldary osy daular janjalgha úlasyp, Nobeli syilyghy berilgen shygharmalardyng kórkemdik dengeyine kónili tolmaghan Shved akademiyasyndaghylardyng ishinde, jyly ornyn suytyp, óz erkimen júmysynan ketkenderding sany kóbeygen ýstine kóbeye týsipti. Múnyng sebebi ne? Rasynda da Nobeli syilyghynyng bedeli uaqyt ótken sayyn tómendep bara ma, әlde múnyng biz bilmeytin basqa da «saytaniy» syrlary bar ma?
Osydan birneshe jyl búryn Shved Akademiyasy әdebiyet salasyndaghy Nobeli syilyghyn alugha, týrik jazushysy Orhan Pamukty layyq dep tapty. Sol jyly jazushy ózine tiyesili 1,1 million dollar syiaqysyn aldy.
1952 jyly Ystambul qalasynda dýniyege kelgen Orhan Pamuk әdebiyettegi postmodernizm aghymynyng bedeldi ókilderining biri. Reseyde onyng birneshe kitaby jaryq kórdi. Óz romandarynda ol kóbinese Shyghys pen Batystyng arasyndaghy qarym-qatynasqa qatty kónil bóledi.
Degenmen Orhan Pamuktyng әlemge atyn shygharghan jazushylyqtan góri, sayasy shataqqúmarlyghy desek esh qatelespeymiz. Orhan Pamuk - óz elindegi biyliktin armyandar men kýrdterge qatysty sayasatyna ashyqtan-ashyq qarsy shyqqan birden-bir týrik qalamgeri. Shveysariyalyq «Tages Anzeiger» basylymyna bergen súhbatynda jazushy: “Búl jerde otyz myng kýrdter men milliondaghan armyandar óltirildi, biraq menen basqa eshkimning de múny aitugha batyly jetpeydi”, - dep Týrkiyanyng resmy biyligining ashu-yzasyn tughyzghan mәlimdeme jasaghan. Búryn-sondy kózge ilinbey jýrgen jazushygha, osy aty shuly mәlimdemeden song әlemning nazary audy.
Jazushynyng baspasóz betinde ashyq bildirgen osy pikirine qatty narazy bolghan Týrkiya ýkimeti ony sotqa berdi. Osydan keyin Ystambuldyng qalalyq soty Týrkiyanyng qylmystyq kodeksi boyynsha Orhan Pamuktyng 6 aidan 36 aigha deyin qamaugha alynyp, jauapqa tartyluyn talap etken shaghym-aryzdy qarady. 2006 jyldyng shilde aiynda Ystambuldyng soty “týrki últyna moralidyq ziyan keltirdi” degen, aiyp taghylghan jazushyny aqtap aldy. Orhan Pamukqa qatysty búl oqighany Europa odaghy múqiyat qadaghalap, jazushynyng ýstinen jýrgizilgen búl sot prosesining adam qúqy jónindegi Europa konvensiyasynyng sharttaryn búzu bolyp sanalatyndyghyn Týrkiya ýkimetine ashuly keyipte, qadap túryp, qatang eskertti. Onyng syrtynda Orhan Pamukke әlemge aty әigili Joze Saramago, Gabriyeli Garsia Markes, Gunter Grass syndy Nobeli syilyghyn alghan jazushylar da ýlken qoldau bildirdi.
Búl әngimeni tilge tiyek qylyp otyrghanymyz- songhy jyldary Nobeli syilyghyn belgili bir sayasy toptardyng mýddesin qorghau ýshin beru qalypty jaghdaygha ainaldy. Áytpese, әlemde osy syilyqqa layyqty Orhan Pamuktan basqa jazushy tabylmay qalghan joq emes.
Orhan Pamuktyng Nobeli syilyghyn aluy dýniyejýzinde armyandardyng lobbiyining sheshushi ról atqaratyndyghyn әigilep berdi. Eger de avtoritarlyq memleketterde barlyq mәseleni bir adam sheshse, demokratiyalyq elderde bir mәselege qatysty problemanyng týiinin lobbiyler sheshedi. Kýlbiltelemey sóilesek, Nobeli syilyghynyng kimge berilui kerektigine nýkte qoyatyn Shved akademiyasy, komissiyanyng qarauyna kelip týsken jana tuyndylardy saraptau barysynda, Orhan Pamuktyng shygharmashylyq qabiletinen góri, armyan últyn qyzghyshtay qorghaghan sózine basty nazar audarghan sekildi. Áytpese, týrki әleminde shygharmashylyq qabileti Orhan Pamuktan anaghúrlym joghary jýzdegen jazushylardy múrnynan tizip bere alamyz. Aua jayylyp ketpes ýshin, әzirshe biz Orhan Pamuk turaly әngimemizdi osymen tәmamday túrayyq. Reti kelip jatsa, maqalamyzdyng sonynda әngimemizge qaytyp oralamyz.
2005 jyly da әdebiyet salasy boyynsha beriletin Nobeli syilyghyna ýmitkerlerding shygharmasyn talqylau Stokgolim qalasynda óte qyzu pikirtalas jaghdayynda ótkeni ayan. Tipti әdebiyet salasyndaghy syilyqqa qay jazushynyn layyqty ekenine baylanysty bir sheshimge kele almaghan Shved Akademiyasynyng keybir mýsheleri shu shygharyp, óz narazylyqtaryn bildirgen. Sol joly da әlemdik әdebiyetting qaynaghan qazanynda ne pisip jatqanyn jiti baqylap, qyzu aitys-tartystyng kórigin qyzdyryp jýrgen myndaghan әdebiyetshilerding ýkili ýmiti aqtalmay, Nobeli syilyghy Angliyadaghy kóp jazushylardyng biri Garolid Pinterge búiyrghan.
Áriyne, eger de biz Garolid Pinterdi ortanqol jazushylardyng biri desek, kópe-kórneu ótirik aitqan bolar edik. Últy evrey Garolid Pinterding «Kolleksiya», «Ýige oralu» atty dramalyq tuyndylary rasynda da jaqsy shygharmalar. Kezinde onyng jazghan ssenariyleri boyynsha «Satqyndyq», «Kýzetshi» atty kinofilimder de týsirildi. Tipti, Garolid Pinterding ataghyn aspangha shygharghan, әlemning aldynda tanymal etken, jazushylyqtan góri, onyng akterlik qabileti edi. Biraq soghan qaramastan, әlemdik әdebiyette, janashyldyghymen nemese taqyrypty iygeru jaghynan Garolid Pinterdi jolda qaldyryp ketetin Nobeli syilyghyn ala almay jýrgen jýzdegen jazushylar bar. Endeshe nelikten 2005 jylghy әdebiyet salasyndaghy Nobeli syilyghy orys Valentin Rasputiyn, ispan Abeli Posse nemese tipti, qazaq Oljas Sýleymenov sekildi talantty aqyn-jazushylardyng talanyna búiyrmay, Garolid Pinterding qanjyghasyna baylandy. Sóz joq, eger de 2005 jylghy әdebiyet salasyndaghy Nobeli syilyghy osy ýsh qalamgerding bireuine búiyrsa, milliondaghan oqyrmandardyng aldynda onyng baghasynyng da, bedelining de arta týsetindigi adamnan bolsa da, Alladan jasyra almaytyn shyndyq. Olay deytin sebebimiz, japon әdebiyetining asa kórnekti ókili, Nobeli syilyghynyng iyegeri Kendzabure Oe osydan bes jyl búryn Reseyding bedeldi basylymdarynyng birine bergen súhbatynda Valentin Rasputindi býgingi uaqyttaghy әlemdegi eng úly eki-ýsh jazushynyng qataryna jatqyzyp, onyng shygharmashylyghyna qyzyghushylyqpen qaraytyndyghyn jasyrmapty. Al, osydan birneshe jyl búryn “Inostrannaya liyteratura” atty әdeby basylymda jaryq kórgen ispan jazushysy Abeli Possening “Júmaqtyng tóbetteri” («Rayskie psy») romanyn men әlem әdebiyetindegi songhy on jyldyng ishinde dýniyege kelgen eng ýzdik tuyndylardyng qataryna qosar edim. Qazaq aqyny Oljas Sýleymenovtyng “Yazyk pisima” atty tuyndysynyn, myndaghan kitaptardy aqtaryp jazghan, týrki әlemindegi airyqsha qúbylys bolghan tuyndy ekendigine eshkim talasa qoymas. Soghan qaramastan 2005 jylghy Nobeli syilyghy nelikten aghylshyn jazushysy Garolid Pinterge búiyrdy? Qanday enbegi ýshin?
Eger de siz danqy әlemge tarap, daqpyrty jer jaratyn qúrmetke layyq bolghan qalamgerding 1970 jyldan beri shygharma jazudan góri, sayasatpen qatty shúghyldanyp jýrgenin esinizge týsirseniz, ne sebepten Shved Akademiyasynyng búl syilyqqa layyq ýmitkerlerding arasynan Garolid Pinterdi tandaghandyghy ózdiginen týsinikti bola qalady...
Qatelesken joqsyz. Dúrys taptynyz! Shved akademiyasynyng 2005 jylghy әdebiyet salasyndaghy Nobeli syilyghyn Garolid Pinterge beruining artynda jәy ghana emes, Europa elderining ýlken geosayasy maqsaty jatyr.
Iraktaghy soghystan keyin Europa elderi men Amerikanyng arasyndaghy qarym-qatynastyn biraz suyp ketkenin bәrimiz jaqsy bilemiz. Garolid Pinter bolsa Amerika men Úlybritaniyanyng sayasatyna ashyqtan-ashyq qarsy shyghyp, sayasy minberlerden búl turaly batyl pikirler aityp jýrgen sanauly qalamgerlerding biri. Jazushygha Nobeli syilyghy tabys etilgende Batystyng jәne Reseyding búqaralyq aqparat qúraldary «Garolid Pinterge Nobeli syilyghyn әperu arqyly Europa, Amerikagha jeng astynan júdyryq kórsetip, ses tanytty» dep, te jazdy.
Garolid Pinterding sayasy publisistikalyq maqalalarymen birshama tanys bolghandyqtan, men de onyng Iraktaghy soghysqa baylanysty Amerika men Úlybritaniyanyng sayasatyna tizesin batyra aitqan pikirlerin tolyq quattaymyn. Onyng azamattyq pozisiyasyna qúrmetpen qaraymyn. Alayda soghan qaramastan Europa elderindegi sayasy kónil-kýige bola, ataghy dýniyejýzine belgili Nobeli syilyghyn sayasy maqsattyng qúrbandyghyna shaludyng qanday jóni bar. Óner degen qasiyetti әlemde eng aldymen shygharmashylyq adamynyng qabileti men onyng tuyndylarynyng kórkemdik ereksheligi eskerilmeytin be edi? Óz basym osy syilyqty Garolid Pinterge tabys etken Shved akademiyasynyng músylman elderine jany ashyp, ylghy da olargha býiregi búryp túratynyna bir mysqalday da senbeymin. «Nege?» deysiz ghoy.
Masqara! 1989 jyly Shved akademiyasy әdebiyet salasyndaghy Nobeli syilyghyn islam dinin mazaqtaghan shygharmalar jazghan, jaratushy Allanyng atyna qara kýie jaqqan Salman Rushdiyge ústata salugha shaq qaldy. Tipti osyghan oray Nobeli komiytetinde soraqy jaghday oryn aldy. Nobeli syilyghy, islam sekildi qasiyetti dindi qorlap, ony mazaq qylghan Salman Rushdiyding paydasyna sheshilmegeni ýshin búlqan-talqan bolyp ashulanghan Shved akademiyasynyng ómirlik akademikteri Kerstin Ekman men Lars Gullenstan júmystaryn tastap, óz erikterimen otstavkagha ketip, jyly oryndaryn suytqan. Alayda keleshekte Shved Akademiyasy Salman Rushdiyding ataghyn aspangha bir-aq shygharyp, oghan Nobeli syilyghyn qúrmetpen tabys etse, tang qalmanyz. 2006 jylghy Nobeli syilyghyna ýmitkerlerding tiziminde Haruky Murakamy sekildi shyn maghynasyndaghy japon әdebiyetining kórnekti ókilderimen birge Salman Rushdy de bolypty.
2004 jyly Shved Akademiyasy әdebiyet salasyndaghy Nobeli syilyghyn sýrensiz, ortanqol ghana shygharmalar jazyp jýrgen Elifirda Eliynek syndy eshkim tanymaytyn avstriyalyq jazushygha beru arqyly júrttyng ýstinen jay týsirgendey qyldy. Sol joly osy syilyqtyng Elifrida Eliynekke búiyrghanyna narazy bolghan Shved akademiyasynyng qúrmetti akademikterining biri Knut Anlund óz erkimen otsavkagha ketip, “búl sheshim Nobeli syilyghynyng qúndylyghyna ýlken kólenkesin týsirdi” degendi mәlimdegen. Alayda Shved akademiyasynyng hatshysy Gorasiy Engdeli osy oryn alghan kelensizdikke oray búqaralyq aqparat qúraldaryna bergen týsiniktemesinde: “Knut Anlundtyng búl әreketi Shved akademiyasynyng isine kólenkesin týsire almaydy”, - dep Nobeli syilyghynyng bedelin janyn salyp, qyzghyshtay qorghaghan edi.
Shyndyghynda solay ma? Rasynda da Shved akademiyasy taghayyndaghan Nobeli syilyghy “jýzden jýirik, mynnan túlpar” shyqqan, әlemdegi eng ýzdik tuyndylargha ghana berilip kele me? On jyldan astam uaqyttan beri basqasyn aitpaghanda Batystyng azuly synshylarynyng ózderi Nobeli syilyghynyng bedelining tómendep, onyng kim-kóringenge búiyryp jatqanyn ashyna jazsa da, Shved akademiyasy týk sezbegendey, bylq eter emes. Tipti kóp jaghdayda osy aitylyp jatqan syndardy qaperine de ilmeydi. Jauap berudi qajet dep te sanamaydy. Bir qyzyghy Nobeli syilyghyn alghan Elifrida Eliynek ýshin de búl oqigha kýtpegen janalyq bolypty. Ataghy darday syilyqty alam degen oy onyng ýsh úiyqtasa da týsine kirmepti. Basqasyn aitpaghanda, batystyng bilikti synshylarynyng ózderi jazushy Elifrida Eliynektin shygharmalarynda eshqanday da kórkemdikting joqtyghyn, onyng romandarynyng jýiesiz qúrylghan sózderding jiyntyghy ekendigin talay synaghan. Osydan son Shved akademiyasyndaghy sarapshylardyng talghamynyng biyiktigine qalay senesiz, Nobeli syilyghy boyyndaghy darynyn satpaghan shyn talanttargha berilip jatqanyna qalay ilanasyz?
Bir qyzyghy, Elifrida Eliynekting shygharmasy boyynsha týsirilgen “Pianist” atty kórkem filim, júrtshylyqtyng nazaryn ózine qatty búrghan kórinedi. Ádebiyettegi bilgir synshylardyng aituynsha, Nobeli syilyghy Elifrida Eliynekting paydasyna sheshilgende Shved akademiyasy kópshilikting kónilinen shyqqan, osy filimge qatty nazar audarghan. Jazushynyng shygharmashylyq qabileti tasada qalyp, talantynyng dengeyi mýlde eskerilmegen.
Esime basymnan keshken bir oqigha týsip otyr. Jarty jyl búryn Abylay han men Abay kóshesining qiylysyndaghy kitap dýkenine kirgenimde Nobeli syilyghyn alghan jazushy Elfrida Eliynekting “Ólgenderding balalary” (“Dety mertvyh”) dep atalatyn romany kózime ottay basyldy. Nobeli syilyghy iyegerining shygharmasy bolghandyqtan ba, baghasy uday qymbat eken. Eki myng tenge. Baghasyna qaramastan kitapty satyp aldym. Ýige kelgennen keyin arqan jútqanday qinalyp, jazushy shygharmasynyng on betin әzer oqydym. Shved akademiyasynyng arqasynda aty әlemge mәshhýr bolghan Elifrida Eliynekting janynda, «HH ghasyrdyng halturshiygi» dep jýrgen, qazaqtyng bir qalamgerining ózi Qúdayday jazushy eken ghoy degen oigha qaldym.
Amangeldi Kenshilikúly, synshy halyqaralyq «Alash» әdeby syilyghynyng iyegeri
(jalghasy bar)
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