Qazirgi tanda әlemde jappay qyryp-joy qaruyna ie 9 memleket bar. Solardyng biri Tayau Shyghysta ornalasqan Izraili memleketi. Izrailiding yadrolyq baghdarlamasy 20-ghasyrdyng ortasynda bastaldy. Onyng inisiatory evreyler memleketining birinshi premier-ministri Devid Ben-Gurionnyng ózi boldy. Múnday auqymdy, әri әdetten tys joba turaly oilanugha mәjbýrlegen jaghday – 1948 jyly Izraili memleketi qúryla sala bastalghan arab-izraili soghysy. Ben-Gurion arab kýshterining sany jaghynan basym túrghan jaghdayynda tek atom bombasy ghana evreyler elining tynysh ómir sýruine kepil bola alady degen qorytyndygha keldi. Ol birde býkilәlemdik evreyler kongresining preziydenti Naum Goldmanmen kezdesuinde: «Olar (arabtar) tek bir nәrseni ghana kóredi: biz kelip olardyng jerlerin tartyp alyppyz» degen әngimeni aitty.

Arabtar tarapynan údayy tónip túratyn qater, arabtardyng adamy resurstarynyng basymdyghy men ózara bir-birin jekkórushilik jaghdayynda yadrolyq toqpaqqa ie bolu - tiri qaludyng birden-bir mýmkindigi edi. Sol sebepten de ol, 1949 jyldyng basynda Parijden kelgen fiziyk-yadroshy Moris (Moshe) Surdinmen kezdesti jәne osy kezdesuden song yadrolyq fizika boyynsha janasha bilim alu ýshin izrailidik jas yadrolyq fizikterge Batys uniyversiytetterinde oqugha mýmkindik beretin baghdarlamany qarjylandyrugha tapsyrma berdi [1].

Qyrymda dýniyege kelip, Palestinada er jetken osy bir talantty ghalym erli-zayypty fizikter Frederik jәne IYren Jolio Kuriylerding ong qoly sanalatyn. Yadrolyq qarudyng qanday qúdireti bar ekenin de, ony dayyndaugha qanday tehnologiyalardyng qajet ekenin de Ben-Guriongha jaqsylap týsindirgen dәl osy Moris Surdiyn. Osydan song 1949 - 1951 jyldary Izraili yadrolyq qaru jasaugha qajetti uran qoryn tabu maqsatynda Negev shólinde geologiyalyq barlau júmystaryn jýrgizildi. Alayda urannyng aitarlyqtay qory tabylghan joq, nәtiyjesinde Izraili Negev shólinen tabylghan fosfattardan urandy bólip alu tehnologiyasyn jasaugha mәjbýr boldy [2].

1952 jyly qorghanys ministrligine qarasty atom bombasyn jasau ýshin qajetti tehnikalyq әleuetting qalyptasuy men qúryluyna tikeley jauapty «Atom energiyasy jónindegi komissiya» resmy týrde qúryldy. Komissiyagha kezinde fashistik Djermaniyadan Palestinagha qashyp kelgen kórnekti ghalym, organikalyq himiya salasynyng mamany Ernst Devid Bergman jetekshi bolyp taghayyndaldy. Býginde Izraili yadrolyq qaruynyng әkesi sanalatyn Bergman Izraili әskeri SAHAL-dyng ghylymiy-zertteu qyzmetin de qatar basqardy. Yadrolyq qaru jasaudyng teoriyalyq tehnologiyasy tez arada jasap shygharyldy. Alayda, teoriyany praktika jýzinde iske asyru aitarlyqtay qiyn bolyp shyqty. Eng ýlken qiyndyq – qajetti materialdardyn, qúral-jabdyqtardyng bolmauy jәne solardy satyp alugha qajetti aqshanyng joqtyghy boldy. 1955 jyly «Beybit maqsattaghy atom» baghdarlamasy ayasynda AQSh Preziydenti Duayt Eyzanhauerding syigha tartqan az quatty, bar bolghany 5 megavatt, reaktory eng bolmaghanda bir bombany jasaugha qajetti plutoniydi de alugha jetkiliksiz bolyp shyqty. Sonymen qatar, amerikandyqtar izrailidiktermen әskery maqsatta paydalanugha bolatyn yadrolyq otyn men jabdyqty bólisuden mýldem bas tartty. Qazirde kóptegen adamdar Izraili ózining atomdyq qaruyn amerikandyqtardyng kómegimen jasap aldy degen pikirde. Alayda múnyng qate ekenin osy jerden kóruge bolady. Izrailiding yadrolyq qaru óndirisi turaly alghashqy aqparattary Ortalyq Barlau Basqarmasynyng esebinde tek 1968 jyly ghana payda boldy. Amerikandyqtar kómektesuden bas tartqannan keyin bar ýmit Fransiya men Úlybritaniyada boldy. Sol kezde atalghan eki el de ózderining yadrolyq baghdarlamalaryn damytyp jatqan. AQSh-tyng kepildikterine sýiengen fransuzdar 1950 jyldardyng basyna deyin ózderining yadrolyq qarularyn jasaudy josparlamady. Parijding yadrolyq baghdarlamasy tek beybit zertteulermen ghana shekteldi. Áskery yadrolyq baghdarlamany bastau turaly sheshim 1954 jyly 26 jeltoqsanda Fransiyanyng Vietnamdaghy jenilisinen keyin ghana qabyldandy. 1957 jyly Fransiya Atom energiyasy jónindegi komissariatynyng kómegimen Izraili Dimonda reaktor salu turaly fransuz kompaniyasymen qúpiya kelisimge qol qoydy [3].

Osylaysha, Izraili men Fransiyanyng yadrolyq әskery baghdarlamalary bir uaqytta derlik bastaldy. Múnday jaghdayda eki elding ghalymdarynyng kýsh-jigeri bir-birin tolyqtyra alar edi. 1950-1960 jyldary Fransiya Izrailige yadrolyq synaqtar kezinde alynghan mәlimetterimen bóliskeni anyq. Olar sol kezderi Fransiyanyng otary bolghan Aljirding Sahara shólinde synaqtar ótkizdi. Oghan Izrailiden kelgen sarapshylardyng qatysqany jasyryn emes.

Izrailidi sol kezde Fransiyamen jәne Úlybritaniyamen jaqyndastyrghan taghy sol sayasy jaghday. 1956 jyly әlemdik tariyhqa «Sues janjaly» degen atpen engen oqigha boldy. Ejiypet preziydenti Gamal Ábdel Naser Sues kanalyn nasionalizasiyalady. Búghan riza bolmaghan eski әri tәjiriybeli kolonizatorlar Ejiypetke jaqsylap sabaq bermekke bekindi. Olar jazalaushy róline Izrailidi tandady. Izraili óz kezeginde osy isting qarymtasyna aghylshyndardan qaru, fransuzdardan «yadrolyq kompensasiya» talap etti [4].

1956 jyly jasyryn franko-izrailidik kelisimge qol qoyyldy, oghan sәikes Parij Teli-Avivke tabighy uranmen júmys isteytin, quattylyghy 26 megavatt bolatyn auyr su reaktoryn syigha tartty. Búl naghyz izrailidikter izdegen «yadrolyq ótem» boldy. Osy sәtten bastap Izrailiding yadrolyq qarudy iyemdenu tarihynda jana bólim bastaldy. «Arnayy tapsyrmalar burosy» nemese qysqartylghan “LACAM” dep atalatyn jana qúpiya qyzmet qúryldy. Onyng mindeti yadrolyq baghdarlamanyng tolyq qúpiyalylyghyn qamtamasyz etu boldy. Ony Bendjamin Blumberg basqardy.

1957 jyly Fransiyanyng kómegimen Teli-Avivten 120 km qashyqtyqta Dimonda yadrolyq ortalyqtyng qúrylysy bastalyp, 1963 jyly ayaqtaldy. 1970 jyldary reaktor janghyrtylyp, onyng quattylyghy 75-150 megavattqa deyin ósti, al qaru jasaugha qajetti plutoniy óndirisi jylyna 7-8 kg-dan 20-40 kg-gha deyin ósti.

Uashington men Teli-Aviv arasynda da strategiyalyq seriktestik ornatylyp, Amerika Qúrama Shtattary atom ónerkәsibi ýshin arnayy jabdyqtar men materialdardyng negizgi kózine ainaldy. Keyde qajetti komponentter zandy týrde satyp alyndy, alayda olardyng naqty qajettiligi turaly kýdik tughyzbas ýshin, kóbinese bólikter týrinde jәne әrtýrli óndirushiler tarapynan tapsyrystar jasaldy. Keyde aldaugha, tipti úrlaugha da tura keldi. Birde tipti, FBR agentteri amerikandyq atom elektr stansiyalaryna yadrolyq otyn jetkizetin NUMEK kompaniyasynyng qoymalarynan shamamen 300 kg bayytylghan urannyng tapshylyghyn anyqtady. Korporasiyanyng iyesi, ataqty amerikandyq fizik Solomon Shapiro Izrailiding arnayy tapsyrmalar jónindegi burosynyng ókili Abraham Hermoniymen kelisip, urandy Izrailige zansyz tasymaldaghany belgili boldy.

1969 jyldyng qyrkýieginde AQSh preziydenti Richard Nikson Izraili premier-ministri Golida Meyrmen kezdesti. Keyin Genry Kissindjer dәl sol kezde kelesidey mәmile jasaldy dep jazdy: «Teli-Aviv ózining yadrolyq qaruyn moyyndaudan bas tartady, al Uashington Izrailiding yadrolyq әleuetin bayqamaghanday bolady» [1].

Izrailiding seriktesteri arasynda 1970 jyldary ózining yadrolyq bombasyn jasaghan Ontýstik Afrika Respublikasy erekshe oryn aldy. Yntymaqtastyq ózara tiyimdi boldy. Pretoriya Izrailidi qajetti uranmen qamtamasyz etti, al Teli-Aviv tehnologiya, qúral-jabdyqtar jәne mamandarmen bólisti. Kóptegen sarapshylar 1970-shi jyldardyng ortasynda Ontýstik Afrikanyng atom bombasyn izrailidikter jasaghan yadrolyq qúrylghy dep tújyrymdady. 1979 jyly 22 qyrkýiekte AQSh sputniygi Ontýstik Afrikanyng Prins-Eduard araldary ornalasqan Ontýstik Atlantika aimaghynda eki ret berilgen әldebir jarqyldy tirkedi [6].  Qazirgi kezde, әlem elderi Izraili men Ontýstik Afrika sol kezde birigip yadrolyq synaqtar ótkizdi degenge esh kýmәndanbaydy. Búl jarqyldar arnayy izrailidikter jasaghan quaty 5 kilotongha deyingi zaryadtar boldy dep sanalady.

1990 jyldardyng basynda, aparteid jýiesin bólshekteuge kelgen jәne óz elinde qayta qúrudyng ózindik týrin bastaghan, Ontýstik Afrika Respublikasynyng Preziydenti Frederik de Klerk yadrolyq qarudan bas tartyp, olardy joi turaly sheshim qabyldady. Búl atom bombasyn jasap alghan memleket onda óz erkimen bas tartqan әlemdegi alghashqy jәne jalghyz jaghday. Asylynda, kóptegen sarapshylar Ontýstik Afrika Respublikasy aq nәsilderding ornyn basatyn qara nәsildilerding kópshilik ýkimetining qolyna qauipti oiynshyqty týsirmeu ýshin yadrolyq oq-dәrilerdi izrailidikterge qaytaryp berdi dep sanaydy [4].

Qazirgi tanda Izraili ózining yadrolyq qarugha ie ekenin resmy týrde moyyndamaghan әlemdegi jalghyz memleket. Sondyqtan da, ol yadrolyq qarudy taratpau turaly eshqanday da halyqaralyq kelisimderge qol qoymaghan. Tayau Shyghysta tek Izrailiding ghana yadrolyq qarugha iyelik etui - onyng kórshileri men aimaqtyq derjavalardy bey-jay qaldyra almaydy. Sol sebepten de evreyler elining dәstýrli baqtalas memleketterining de yadrolyq qarugha úmtylu niyeti bar ekenin bayqaugha bolady. Aytalyq, 2019 jyldyng 24 qyrkýieginde Niu-Yorkte ótken BÚÚ Bas Assambleyasynyng 74-shi sessiyasynda sóz sóilegen Týrkiya Preziydenti Redjep Tayyp Erdoghan: «Yadrolyq qarugha iyelik etuge barlyq elderge rúqsat etilu kerek ne bolmasa barlyghyna birdey tyiym salynuy kerek. Keybir memleketterding ghana iyelenui әdiletsizdik» dep atady [7]. Izraili osy uaqytqa deyin arab elderimen resmy týrde 4 ret soghysqa baryp, bolghan qaqtyghystardyng tórteuinde de jeniske jetti. Býginde tek Tayau Shyghystaghy ghana emes, әlemdegi ghylymy men tehnikasy jaqsy damyghan memleketterding biri. Áytkenmen de, óz qaruyn jasap shygharu ýshin 30 jylday uaqyt ketti jәne kóptegen qiyndyqtarmen keldi.

Qorytyndy. Jalpylay alghanda, yadrolyq qarugha iyelik etu – búl eng aldymen psihologiyalyq faktor. Oghan qol jetkizu óte qymbatqa týsedi, әri kóptegen jyldardy qajet etedi. Sondyqtan da, aimaq elderining ishinde tek Iran ghana yadrolyq ambisiyasyn bildirdi. Týrkiya NATO-nyng mýshesi retinde óz territoriyasyndaghy Injirlik bazasynda AQSh-tyng yadrolyq oqtúmsyqtaryn saqtap otyr. Biraq ony Týrkiya óz betimen paydalana almaydy. Al Iran yadrolyq qarugha iyelik etse, onyng basty qarsylasy Saud Arabiyasy da yadrolyq qaru baghdarlamasyn qolgha almaq. Múny arty jantalasa qarulanu dәuirine әkeletinin eskersek, Irannyng joyqyn qarugha qol jetkizuin onaylyqpen jýzege aspaytyn joba retinde qarastyrugha bolady. Oghan qosa Izraili aimaqta taghy bir yadrolyq derjavanyng payda boluyna tózbeydi. Aytalyq, kezinde Saddam Huseyn yadrolyq qaru jobasyn qolgha alghan kezde, 1981 jyly Izraili Iraktyng salynyp jatqan yadrolyq zauyttaryna әueden shabuyl jasap joyyp jiberdi. Sondyqtan da, Izraili qolynda joyqyn qaruy túrghanda, qazirgi kýni de, jaqyn bolashaqta da aimaqtyng negizgi geosayasy oiynshysy bolyp qala beredi jәne odan óz erkimen bas tartuy mýmkin emes.

Paydalanylghan әdebiyetter

1. Cohen Avner. Israel and the Bomb. N-Y.: Columbia Univercity Press, 1998. 26.
2. Efstafiev Dmitriy, Orlov Vladimiyr. Regionalinye osobennosty mejdunarodnogo rejima yadernogo nerasprostraneniya. V kn. Orlov Vladimiyr, Sokov Nikolay (red.) Yadernoe nerasprostraneniye. T.1. M.: PIYR-Sentr, 2002. S.177.
3. Naumkin Vitaliy, Evstafiev Gennadiy, Novikov Vladimiyr. Blijniy y Sredniy Vostok. V kn.: Arbatov A., Dvorkin V. (red.) Yadernoe orujie posle «holodnoy voyny». M.: «Rossiyskaya politicheskaya ensiklopediya» (ROSSPEN), 2006. S. 448.
4. «Yadernyy «posoh» Izrailya». URL: https://zvezdaweekly.ru/news/t/201811261542-Vgbh9.html [Elektronnyy resurs] = (data obrasheniya: 16.11.2019)
5. Norris Robert S., Arkin William M., Kristensen Hans M., and Handler Joshua. Nuclear Notebook. Israeli nuclear forces, 2002. Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists. 2002, September/October. R. 73.
6. “When America Caught a Nuclear Violator Red-Handed—But Stayed Silent”. URL: https://foreignpolicy.com/2019/09/22/blast-from-the-past-vela-satellite-israel-nuclear-double-flash-1979-ptbt-south-atlantic-south-africa/ [Elektronnyy resurs] = (data obrasheniya: 16.11.2019)
7. “Turkey's Erdogan says nuclear power should either be free for all or banned”. URL: https://www.reuters.com/article/un-assembly-turkey/turkeys-erdogan-says-nuclear-power-should-either-be-free-for-all-or-banned-idUSKBN1W924L [Elektronnyy resurs] = (data obrasheniya: 16.11.2019)

Oralbek J. Óteghúlov,

filolog, sayasattanushy.

Aqtóbe qalasy.

Abai.kz