Yasauy tuyndylaryndaghy adamnyng ishki ruhany әlemimen tikeley ainalysatyn jan ghalymy jәne syrtqy ghylym salalarymen shúghyldanatyn tәn ghalymy turaly tosyn tanymynyng shyghu tórkinine nazar audarar bolsaq, búl tanymdardyng týp-tórkini әl-Faraby qalyptastyrghan ghylymdy klassifikasiyalaudyng negizine soghatyny anyq bayqalady.
Qoja Ahmet Yasauy shygharmalarynda úshyrasatyn osy jayly pikir úshqyny:
Ilim ekeudýr: jan men tәnge basshy túrar,
Jan ghalymy haziretine jaqyn túrar...
Tәn ghalymy zalymdargha úqsar-ermis, –

Yasauy tuyndylaryndaghy adamnyng ishki ruhany әlemimen tikeley ainalysatyn jan ghalymy jәne syrtqy ghylym salalarymen shúghyldanatyn tәn ghalymy turaly tosyn tanymynyng shyghu tórkinine nazar audarar bolsaq, búl tanymdardyng týp-tórkini әl-Faraby qalyptastyrghan ghylymdy klassifikasiyalaudyng negizine soghatyny anyq bayqalady.
Qoja Ahmet Yasauy shygharmalarynda úshyrasatyn osy jayly pikir úshqyny:
Ilim ekeudýr: jan men tәnge basshy túrar,
Jan ghalymy haziretine jaqyn túrar...
Tәn ghalymy zalymdargha úqsar-ermis, –
degen óleng joldarynda (A.Yasaui. «Diuany hikmet». Týrkistan, 1993, 74-bet) úshyrasatyn jan ghalymy, tәn ghalymy dep atalatyn teologiyalyq jәne filosofiyalyq maghynadaghy termindik mәni bar sózderding oryn aluy kimdi bolsa da oilandyrghanday. Búl atau sózderding tabighatyna bizder, yaghny qazirgi oqyrmandargha qúryq saldyra bermeytin syry beymaghlúm, býkpesi men qaltarystary mol, kiyeli úghymdar jatqanyn da sezinemiz. Ári búl pikirding aitylghan merzimi bizden toghyz ghasyrday alysta jatuy da tolghandyrmay qoymaydy. Oishyl Abaydyng 7-qara sózinde: «Dýniyening kóringen hәm kórinbegen syryn týgeldep, eng bolmasa denelep bilmese,  adamdyqtyng orny bolmaydy. Ony bilmegen son, ol jan adam jany bolmay, hayuan jany bolady», – dep oy tolghauynyng tórkini qayda jatqanyn anghartady.  Abay menzegendey tәn ghalymdary bizding zamanda dýniyening kóringen syryn týgendep biluge kýsh saldy da,  dýniyening kórinbegen syrynan qúralaqan qaldyq.
Yasauy jan men tәnge baylanysty ilim ekeu dep qadap aitady. Ekeuining zertteu nysanasy da eki týrli, yaghni  Abay aitatyn dinning kórinbegen syryn menzep túr. Biri – jan syry turaly ilim. Jan turaly tanymdy adamzat balasy kóne zamannan bermen qaray izdestiru, tanyp bilu talabynda keledi. San týrli pikir tanymdar  da aityldy. Pikir talasynyng qordasyna da ainaldy. Biraq naqtyly sheshimin taptyrmay-aq keledi. Osy qiyndyqtyng bolatyny Qúran Kәrimde de eskerilipti. «Isra» sýresining 85-ayatynda «... olar senen jan turaly súraydy. Ol Rabbymnyng әmirinen. Senderge óte az mәlimet berildi de», – dep jauap beresing deydi Alla taghala payghambarymyz Múhammedke. Týsine bilgen kisige búl onay eskertu emes. Shamang kelmese  búl salagha úrynbay jýru abzal degendey eskertu jasaydy. Mine, osy asa kýrdeli de   qiyn   mәselemen    ainalysatyn   jan   ghalymy   bolatynyn  bizge Yasauibabamyz habarlap otyr. Eki ilimning endi biri – tәn turaly ilim salasy. Osy eki kýrdeli  de meylinshe nәzik salanyng bolmysyn zerttep, tanyp  bilip, aqiqatyn aitatyndar – jan ghalymy men tәn ghalymy. Jan ghalymy aitar tanymy men pikirin Qúran Kәrimge sýiene otyryp, kóbinese, teologiya, psihologiya, filosofiya, fiziologiya ghylymdaryndaghy oi, tanymgha iyek artady. Múnda jetekshi pikirdi negizinen jan ghalymdary aitady.
Qazaq әdebiyeti tarihynda jantanu ilimining syrly bolmysy jónindegi asa kýrdeli oy tolghanystardy zamanynda Abay men Shәkәrim terennen qozghap, zor izdenister jýrgizdi. Oy alyptarynyng shygharmalarynda kórinis bergen jan syrynyng bolmysy haqyndaghy tanym-bilimderi olardyng da jan ghalymynyng ókili ekendigin  anghartady. Olar  – adam janynyn, ruhynyng keseldi, ziyandy jaghynan oqyrmanyn aulaq ústap, ruhany jaghynan ishtey týlep jetilu, kemeldenu jolyna ýndegen oishyldar. Abaydyng dýniyening kórinbegen syry dep otyrghany adamnyng ruhany әlemin núsqap otyr. Ol ruhany әlemdi tanyp bilushiler Yasauy aitatyn jan ghalymdary bolmaq.
Yasauy zamanynan bizge jetken sopylyq tanymnyng uaqyt jýrisine qaray әrqily renkterge týsip, ózgerip otyrghan bolmysyn tanyp, ajyrata biluding ózi kimge de bolsa onaygha soqpaydy. Sopylyq  әlem bolmysyna, en  bolmaghanda, býkil músylman elderi jetik biletin qarapayym islamiyatqa  dayarlyghy tym mardymsyz qazirgi qazaq oqyrmandary ýshin odan da auyr soqpaq.
Tarihy túrghydan alyp qarasaq, Yasauy negizin qalap, qalyptastyrghan әri islamiyat pen kóshpeli ómir saltyn ústanghan týrik halyqtarynyng salt-sana, dýniyetanymdyq ereksheligimen sanasa otyryp, tabighy túrghydan ýilesimdi jol tapqan sopylyq tanymnyn  yasauiylik joly, negizinen, kóshpeli ómir saltyn ústanghan úly dala týrikterine baghyttalghan ózindik ereksheligi bar qaytalanbas sopylyq ilim bolatyn.
Al, XIV ghasyrda payda bolghan sopylyqtyng naqshbandiyalyq joly, negizinen alghanda, otyryqshy halyqtargha tәn, solardyng túrmystyq, sharuashylyq ómir saltyna say tuyndaghan sopylyq ilim. Osy sebepti olar eginshilik, qol-ónerlik kәsipke oray ishtey ýnsiz «jýreging Allada, qolyng iste bolsyn» degen dәstýrli,  ýndemey ishten salatyn zikir týrin ústanatyn. Biraq sopylyqtyn  búl eki salasy da óz zamanyndaghy qoghamdyq ghylymdar men teologiyalyq ilimdi tereng tanyp mengerudi, morali filosofiyasynyng negizinde ghasyrlar boyy qalyptasyp ekshelgen әdet-ghúryptardy boygha sinirip ústanudy aldaryna shart etip qoyatyn-dy. Sopylyq negizdegi praktikalyq ýrdister әbden qalyptasyp, endi sopylyq ilimning teoriyalyq-filosofiyalyq  ilimdik negizderi salynyp, intellektualdyq bilim dengeyi әldeqayda biyiktep sharyqtaghan túsy da Yasauy ghúmyr keshken zamangha oraylas keledi eken.
Asa kýrdeli ilimdik oi-tolghanystary negizinde jalpy sopylyq tanymgha ortaq múrat-maqsattardyng ózekti jelisi – әrbir pendening ishtey ruhany jaghynan týlep-jetilui arqyly pendelikting kәmalattyghynyng biyik túghyryna   kóterilu   maqsaty   jatatyn-dy.   Osy  tanym  túrghysynan kelip,
Yasauy jan ghalymynyng әreketin óte joghary baghalap, tәn ghalymynyng әreketin nәpsilik qúryghynan shygha almaghan «malgha dostyng múny joq maldan basqa» degendey pendelikting tómengi satysyndaghy tәn qúmaryna beyim qúbylys retinde qaraydy.
Bәlkim búl pikirdi oishyl sopygha óz zamanynyng ashy shyndyghy da aittyryp otyrghan bolar. Yasauy zamanyndaghy alhimikter әreketi, nemese adamdy jappay qyryp joyatyn atomdyq, biologiyalyq joyqyn qúral-jaraq jasau maqsatynda әr qily kenderdi qazu arqyly soghys qaru-jaraghyn jasau, kóbinese, qorghanys maqsatynda bolmay, ózge elderdi jaulap alu, qúldyqqa salu maqsatyn kózdegen suyq aqyldy serik etken tәn ghalymynyng әreketin kórgendey bolamyz. Búl әreket otarshyl Evropalyq memleketter tarihynan tanymaly nәrseler. Mysaly, AQSh memleketi sol jerdegi 12 mln jergilikti  túrghyndardy qyryp joyyp memleketin solardyng sýiegining ýstine qúryp otyr. Býginde jappay qyryp-joyatyn qaru jaraqty ýsti-ýstine jetildirip. Dýnie jýzine ýstemdik etu jolyna týsip otyr.
Tәn ghylymy salasyn damytugha basshylyq eter tәn ghalymdarynyng zertteu nysanasyna alynar ghylymdar, negizinen, Abay aitatyn zahiry ghylymdar men dýniyening kóringen syryn tanyp-bilude sýieu bolar dýniyening ghylymy jatatyn tәrizdi. Búl ghylymdar býginde qatty damyp, sala-salagha bólinip, balalap kóbeyip ketkeni kópshilikke ayan. Mine, osynyng bәri de tәn ghalymdarynyng nәpsilik maqsatty kózdep, qanaghat úghymynan maqrúm qalghan, qazirgi kýn maqsatyn ghana oilaudan kelip tuyndap jatqan qasiretti qúbylys boluy sebepti de, Yasauy babamyz «tәn ghalymy zalymdargha úqsar ermis» degen danalyq, kóregendik oy qorytyndysyna kelui alysty kózdep aitqan danalyq pikiri bolatyn-dy.
Keshegi kenestik biylik túsynda el biyleu jýiesinde oblystyq, qalalyq, audandyq, tipti sovhoz ben kolhoz nemese joghary oqu oryndarynyn  basshylaryna deyin tútastay tәn ghylymynyng ókilderin basshy oryngha qongdyng astarynda jay adam tanyp, bile bermeytin súmdyq zúlymdyq maqsatty kózdegen astyrtyn úly derjavalyq pighyldan tuyndaghan astarly da qaterli sayasat jatatyn-dy.
Kenestik totalitarlyq jýie kýiregenmen, ol endirgen el biyleudegi eski jol sol qalpynda ózgerissiz qaldy dese bolghanday. Óitkeni, el biyleudegi býkil biylik apparatynda 99% tәn ghylymynyng ókilderi otyrghany jasyryn syr  emes. Halyq mýddesin atoy salyp qorghaytyn qoghamdyq ghylymnyn  ókilderi biylikten syrt qalatyn.
Qoghamdyq ghylym ókilderi nemese Yasauy sózimen aitsaq, jan ghalymynyng ókilderi sanalatyn qoghamdyq ghylym ókilderi shetke qaghylyp, biylik túghyryna kóteriluden syrtta qaluda.
Úly oishyl babamyz Yasauy tәn ghalymdary әreketine qarama-qarsy ne sebepti «jan ghalymy haziretine jaqyn túrar» degen asa kýrdeli gumanistik maghynadaghy oy baylamyna kelgen? Áriyne, búl kýrdeli damu jolynan  ótken morali filosofiyasynyng ózekti jelisin onyng damu tarihynyn  jolynan beyhabar adamnyng úghyna aluy ekitalay. Jan ghalymynyn  ainalysar negizgi
zertteu nysanasy býkil sopylyq oy tanymynyn, sopylyq gumanistik baghyttaghy ilim jolynyng ózekti arnasy – adamnyng ishki ruhany әlemining ishtey jetilip, kemeldenuining joly bolmaq. Býkil sopylyq tanymnyng júrt tanyghan tórt satysynyng eng biyik túghyry – haqiqatqa jetu joly. Osy jolda jýrip, azapty jetilu ótkelekterinen ótip, maqsatqa úmtylar ýmitting sýienish bolar tiregi jәuanmәrtlik ilimine kelip tireledi eken. Jәuanmәrtlik ilimining shyghar kózi bastau alar týp-tórkinining bir arnaly búlaghy úly Túran jerinde tuyndaghan qúbylys dep shamalaymyz. Sebebi nendey zat bolmasyn, nemese janadan payda bolghan ghylym salasy bolsyn, osyny jasaghan halyq oghan at berip, aidar taghuyna qúqyly bolyp keledi. Osy túrghydan qarar bolsaq, jәuanmәrtlikting o bastaghy maghynasy kóne týrik tilining «zomart» degen sózinen shyqqandyghy ghylymy túrghydan anyqtalyp otyr. Zomart sózining qazaq tilindegi qoldanysy jomart sózining balamasyna keledi. Arabtarda búl sóz «aqi» dep atalady. Kóbinese, úsaq qolónershil kәsipkerler ortasynda qoldanysqa týsetin kәnigi adamgershilik mýddeni kózdegen úghym ekendigin songhy jyldary týrik tilinde shyqqan kitaptar aighaqtap otyr.
Osy jәuanmәrtlik ilimining týrik halyqtary әdebiyetindegi tórkini 1069 jyly Shu ózeni boyynda jazylghan ataqty Jýsip Balasaghúnnyn  «Qútadghu bilik» dastanyndaghy basty tórt keyipkerding oi-tanymy, qimyl-әreketi arqyly kórkemdik tәsildi qoldanyp, shartty týrde jasalghan obrazdar arqyly beynelengenin qazir anyq tanyp otyrmyz. Jәuanmәrtlik ilimi, әsirese, sopylyq aghymnyng túsynda barynsha jetildirildi. Sopylyq ilimning ózi әr kezenning jaghdayyna qaray әr qily salalargha bólinip otyrghan. Al, olardyng әrqaysysy sopylardyng ústanar tariqatyna oray  jәuanmәrtlikting etiyketterin ózgertip, ózderining kýndelikti praktikalyq әreketterinde jetildirip, qoldanyp otyrghan. Múnyng kórinisin, әsirese, «Qabúsname» dep atalatyn kitaptyng 44-tarauyndaghy Merv pen Kuhistannyng jansyz barlaushylarynyng әreketi de aighaqtaydy. Sopylyqtyng basty múrat-maqsaty – Allagha ghashyq bolu – Abaydyng «Allanyng ózi de ras, sózi de ras» dep atalatyn óleninde aitylghanday  Allany sýyde jatyr. Allagha ghashyq bolu jolynda onyng pendesi ruhany jaghynan qaraghanda   ishtey týlep-jetilu jolynda ózining jan dýniyesin kemeldendirude  sopylyq ilimge sýienbey túra almaydy. Al, ol ilimmen ainalysushylardy Yasauy sózimen aitar bolsaq, jan ghalymdarynyng ózi bolyp shyghady. Yasauiyding jan ghalymynyn  kósh basshysy, sol ilimning ghalymy ghana emes, oza shapqan hakimi boluy sebepti de, Áziret Súltan   atalyp   ketkeni   jay    nәrse   emes.  Ataqty  Dulat  aqyn  da  Yasauy Áziret Súltan dep tanuy sebepti:

Áziret qonghan Qaratau
Asa almaghan odan jau,–

dep madaqtay kóteruinde kóp nәrsening syry jatyr. Adamnyng dýniyetanymyn jetildirip, jarym adam, jarym molda, jarym músylmangha ainalghan qiyanatshyldyq jolyndaghy adamdardyng jan jarasynyng emin tauyp, tolyq adam  qataryna  qosylushylardy  jan  ghalymy dep bilemiz. Býgingi tanym  túrghysynan qarasaq, búlar gumanitarlyq ghylym salasynyng ruhany әlemdi yaghny dýniyening kórinbegen syryn tanyp bilu jolyndaghy jan ghalymynyng ókilderi bolyp shyghady. Osy sebepti de Yasauiyding jan ghalymyn tәn ghalymynan joghary baghalauynda kóp mәselening biz bile bermeytin syrly mәni jatyr. Búl mәsele – býkil adamzat balasyna ortaq qúbylys. Býgingi kýnning talabyna da jauap bere alatyn danalyq oidyng adastyrmas baghyt-baghdary dep úghyna alsaq qana, úly babanyng danalyq jolynda bolmaqpyz. Búdan bet búrsaq boldy janymyzdy tәn qúmary biylegen, nәpsining arsyz jolynan shygha almaghan dýniyeqonyzdyng ózine ainalamyz. Úly Abay  aitqanday eki úday kónil kýiine týsip, ar oilamay payda oilaytyn jolgha týskenimizdi sezbey qalamyz da:

Men kórdim dýnie degen itting kótin,
Jep jýr ghoy bireuining bireu etin.
Qyzyq joq oily adamgha búl jalghanda,
Kóbining syrty býtin, ishi týtin,–

deytin ashy shyndyqtyng kermek dәmin tatumen bolamyz.

«TÝRKOLOGIYa» jurnaly, № 1-2, 2008 jyl

Mekemtas MYRZAHMETÚLY