Tәuelsizdik jyldary jariyalanghan derekterde kenestik biylikting alghashqy 1920- 1930-jyldarynda qazaqtar 4-4,5 mln. adamynan aiyrylghan. 1921-1922-jyldardaghy ashtyq kezinde 1 mln. 700 myng adam (ashyqqandargha kómek kórsetu komissiyasynyng tóraghasy Múhtar Áuezovting mәlimeti boyynsha), 1932-1933-jyldary 2 mln. 300 myngha juyq adam qúrban bolghan. Songhy mәlimetterde, «1920 jyldardaghy asharshylyqtan ólgenderding sany 2,3 mln. adamgha jetkeni», qazaq demografy Maqash Tәtimovting derekterinde «HH ghasyrda bolghan azamat soghysy, qoldan jasalghan asharshylyq, qughyn-sýrgin kezderinde, ekinshi dýniyejýzilik soghysta bas-ayaghy 3 million 850 myngha juyq qazaq qyrghyngha úshyraghany» aitylady.

Qazaq tarihynda «úly jút» (aghylsh. «Great Famine») atauymen qalghan 1920-30 j.j. asharshylyqtyng ekonomikalyq jәne demografiyalyq zardaptarynyng óte auyrlyghy dәleldeudi qajet etpeydi. Sol kezdegi qazaq ziyalylarynyng mәlimetteri boyynsha, asharshylyq apaty Altaydan Manghystaugha deyingi qazaq dalasyn týgel qamtyghan. Búl jyldary dәstýrli mal sharuashylyghy kýizeliske úshyrady, birden-bir tirshilik kózinen airylghan qazaqqa birjolata joyylu qaupi tóndi.

KSRO-da jýrgizilgen kýshtep újymdastyru nauqany Qazaq elin ainalyp ótpegeni belgili. Jappay tәrkileu qúryghyna sharualarmen qatar, dәuletti qazaq baylary men kezinde biylik tizginin ústaghan handardyng úrpaqtary ilikti.

Tәuelsizdik jyldary jariyalanghan derekterde kenestik biylikting alghashqy 1920- 1930-jyldarynda qazaqtar 4-4,5 mln. adamynan aiyrylghan. 1921-1922-jyldardaghy ashtyq kezinde 1 mln. 700 myng adam (ashyqqandargha kómek kórsetu komissiyasynyng tóraghasy Múhtar Áuezovting mәlimeti boyynsha), 1932-1933-jyldary 2 mln. 300 myngha juyq adam qúrban bolghan. Songhy mәlimetterde, «1920 jyldardaghy asharshylyqtan ólgenderding sany 2,3 mln. adamgha jetkeni», qazaq demografy Maqash Tәtimovting derekterinde «HH ghasyrda bolghan azamat soghysy, qoldan jasalghan asharshylyq, qughyn-sýrgin kezderinde, ekinshi dýniyejýzilik soghysta bas-ayaghy 3 million 850 myngha juyq qazaq qyrghyngha úshyraghany» aitylady.

Qazaq tarihynda «úly jút» (aghylsh. «Great Famine») atauymen qalghan 1920-30 j.j. asharshylyqtyng ekonomikalyq jәne demografiyalyq zardaptarynyng óte auyrlyghy dәleldeudi qajet etpeydi. Sol kezdegi qazaq ziyalylarynyng mәlimetteri boyynsha, asharshylyq apaty Altaydan Manghystaugha deyingi qazaq dalasyn týgel qamtyghan. Búl jyldary dәstýrli mal sharuashylyghy kýizeliske úshyrady, birden-bir tirshilik kózinen airylghan qazaqqa birjolata joyylu qaupi tóndi.

KSRO-da jýrgizilgen kýshtep újymdastyru nauqany Qazaq elin ainalyp ótpegeni belgili. Jappay tәrkileu qúryghyna sharualarmen qatar, dәuletti qazaq baylary men kezinde biylik tizginin ústaghan handardyng úrpaqtary ilikti.

1. «JÚT - JETI AGhAYYNDY»

Aua rayynyng asa qolaysyz qúbylystary, atap aitqanda, quanshylyq, jerdi kók múz basuy t.b. saldarynan bolatyn ekonomikalyq kýize­lis­ti ejelgi qazaqtar jút dep ýreylengen. Qazaq «jút - jeti aghayyndy sodyrmen segiz, salaqpen toghyz, olaqpen on» degen sózder de erteden kele jatyr. 19 ghasyrda qazaq dalasynda 20 iri Jút tirkelgen.

Mine, osynday dýrkin-dýrkin Júttan aman qalghan qazaq, bolishevikter biylikke kelgennen keyingi jaghdayda oghan tótep bere almady. Onyng basty sebebi, júmysshy men sharuanyng odaghyna negizdelgen proletariat diktatura­sy­nyng ornauy edi. Búl tónkeris bastapqyda «әlemdik sosializm» teoriyasyna sәikes Resey imperiyasyna «eks­periyment» retinde engizilgen-di. 1917 jyl­ghy ýzdiksiz revolusiyalar, sonyng ishindegi «so­sia­liys­tik revolusiya», «kenester» turaly V.IY.Leniyn: «Uaqytsha ýkimetpen, burjuaziya ýkimetimen qatar әli әlsiz, jana úryq salyp kele jatqan... ekinshi ýkimet - júmysshy jәne soldat deputattarynyng Sovetteri qúryldy. Búl ýkimetting sayasy sipaty qanday? Búl - revolu­siya­lyq diktatura, yaghny or­talyqtandyrylghan memlekettik ókimetting shy­ghar­ghan zanyna emes, ... búqara halyqtyng tó­men­nen bolatyn tikeley bastamasyna sýienetin ókimet» dep jazghan edi. Alayda, búl ókimet ortalyqtan shet jatqan Týrkistan siyaqty aimaqtarda Mús­tafa Sho­qay­dyng sózimen aitqanda, «... ólikter­ding ýstin­de ... әielder men balalardyng ólikterin qúr­ban­­dyqqa shalyp ornady». Biylik ýshin kýreste bolishevikterding tolyq jenisi nemese «sosia­listik revolusiyanyng saltanat qúruy» - azamat soghysynan keyin ghana mýmkin boldy. Kenes ókimetining 1920 jyldan bastalatyn derbes biyligi 1930 jyldary totalitarizm (lat. totalis - tútastay, týgeldey) jýiesin tughyzdy. «To­talitarizm ornaghan memlekette qogham ómiri­ning barlyq salasy biylikting baqylauynda bolyp, adam bostandyghy men konstitusiyalyq qúqyq­tary joyylady, oppozisiya men ózge sayasy oy ókilderi sayasy qughyn-sýrginge úshy­raydy. Onyng tarihy ýlgileri KSRO-da Staliyn, Qytay­da Mao Szedun, Soltýstik Koreyada Kim Ir Sen rejimi kezinde, sonday-aq fashistik Italiyada B.Mussoliny jәne Germaniyada A. Gitler túsynda ornady» /«Qazaqstan» últtyq ensiklopediyasy, 2006. - 704 b.-T.8.- B.458/.

Totalitarizm ornaghan KSRO-da 1920-30 j.j. baylar men kulaktardy tap retinde joy sharalary me­n auyl sharuashylyghyn kýshtep újymdas­tyru sayasaty jýzege asyryldy. Nә­tiy­jesinde qazaq halqy alapat asharshy­lyqqa úshyrap, jappay bosqynshylyqty bastan ótkerdi. Kenestik totalitarizm ziyaly qauym ókilderin últtyq sayasy ústanymdaryna oray «tap jaulary», «jat pikirdegiler» jәne «әleu­mettik qauipti elementter» retinde qudalady. A.Baytúrsynov, Á.Bó­key­hanov, M.Júmabaev, J.Aymauytov, Á.Bay­dil­diyn, D.Ábilov, M.Tynyshbaev, T.Rys­qúlov t.b. Alash arystary totalitarizmning qúrbany boldy.

Qazaq ólkesin basqarghan F.IY.Goloshekin (1925-1933) eldi industriyalandyru jәne újym­­dastyru sayasatyn tezdetti. Oghan IY.Sta­linning 1928 jyly 15 qantar - 6 aqpan ara­ly­ghyndaghy Sibirge saparynda (Novosibirsk, Barnaul, Biysk, Rubsovka, Krasnoyarsk, Omby), Kras­noyarskide ót­kizgen «Shyghys kenesi» týrtki boldy. KSRO-nyng Birinshi adamy eldegi astyq daghdarysyna toqta­lyp, «eger 1927 jylghy qan­tarda 428 mln. pút dәndi astyq dayyndap ýl­gir­gen bolsaq, al 1928 jylghy qantarda dayyn­dalghan astyq 300 mln. pútqa әreng jetkenin, osy jetispeushilikting 128 mln. pút bolghanyn» /Omarbekov.T. 20-30 jyl­dar­daghy Qazaqstan qasireti: Almaty: Sanat, 1997. - 320 b. - B. 41/ tilge tiyek etti. Osy sózderdi qú­laghy shalghan jergilikti «shabarmandar» astyq dayyndauda «asyra silteulerge» jol berdi. Sonyng saldarynan qazaqtardyng dәstýrli mal sharuashy­lyghy kýizeldi, qazaq ziyalylarynyng mәlimet­teri boyynsha, sol kezde 40,5 mln.-day mal basy 4,5 mln-gha qysqarghany belgili. Onyng ýstine aua rayynyng qolaysyzdyghy men ashtyq­tan bosqan halyqtyng 24 payyzy, yaghny әrbir tórtinshi adam qazagha úshyrap otyrghan.

Osylaysha, bolishevikter jospargha negiz­del­gen ekonomikanyng negizderin qalady, óner­kә­sip pen auyl sharuashylyghyn damytuda san quyp ketti. Al, Qazaq dalasynda «papka ústa­ghan sholaq belsendiler» kóbeyip, kók aspanda «asyra silteu bolmasyn, asha túyaq qalmasyn» úran­dary samghady. Patshalyq biylikten múragha qal­ghan kenestik biylikting ózge últtardy otarlau sayasaty, qanshama halyqtyng kóz jasyn kól­detip, «jasandy» qasiretke dushar etti. Ábden, ashyq­qan qazaqtar shekaralas Qytay, Resey; Qyr­ghyz­stan, Ózbekstan, Týrkimenstan arqyly Mongho­liya, Aughanstan, Iran jәne Týrkiya siyaqty elderge asyp ketip jatty. Sol jyldary osy elderge taban tiremegen qazaq otbasy kemde-kem.

1928-1932 j.j. birinshi besjyldyq túsyn­da qazaq baylaryn tәrkileu sayasaty kýshine enip, kenestik biylikke qarsy «әleumettik qauipti elementterdi» izdestiruge, olardy kýsh­tep jer audarugha úlasty. Ásirese, qazaq baylary, qazirgi tilmen aitqanda qazaq mesenattary qudalandy.

Újymdastyru nauqanynda Jetisugha әigili iri auqatty әulet Maman otbasynan 1720 iri qara, 13 aq ýi, 13 aghash ýy tәrkilengen. Búl әuletting mýsheleri qazaqqa paydaly ister jasaumen tanylghan edi, aitalyq ghylym-bilimning qadirin úqqan Esenqúl Mamanov jaqsy roman jazghan adamgha bәige jariyalaghan bolatyn; Semey okruginen Qúnanbay - Abay úrpaghynan Shәkәrim, Túraghúl qudalanghany belgili. Sol kezde Túraghúldan nebәri 36 mal basy tәrki­lengen eken. Semey qalasyndaghy et jәne teri óner­kә­si­bining negizin qalaghan, 1918 jyly M.Áuezovting ótinishimen «Abay» jurnalyn shygharugha qar­jy­lay demeushilik tanytqan, iri qazaq baylarynyng biri Qarajan Ýkibaevtyng mýlki kәmpeskelenedi.

Batys ónirindegi auqatty adamdardyng biri, Syrym Datúlynyng shóberesi Salyq Omarov­tyng mal-mýlki tәrkilenip, ózi Jetisugha jer audarylady. Ol kezinde Jahansha Dosmúha­medov­tyng Sankt-Peterburgke oqugha týsuine qarjylay kómek kórsetip, Alash әskerine 200 jylqysyn bergen adam. Sol siyaqty Túraghúl Ibragimov alashordashy retinde Halel Ghab­basov, Músatay Moldabaevpen birge Sibirge jer audarylghan.

Óitkeni, 1932 jyly Oraz Isaevtyng Stalinge joldanghan hatynda jazylghanday: «...Bay­lar­dyng kóptegen audandarda belgili bir tabysqa jetkenin moyyndau kerek. Búl 1930-1931 jyldary baylardyng Altaydan Manghys­taugha deyin edәuir iri-iri kontrrevolusiyalyq bas kóteruler úiymdastyra alghanynan erekshe aiqyn kórindi» /Qazaq qalay ashtyqqa úshy­rady?. Almaty, 1991. - 206 b. - 26 b./.

Al, últtyq ziyaly qauym ókilderi, mate­rial­dyq jaghynan shirigen bay bolmasa da, ruhany jaghynan óte bay adamdar retinde qoghamgha asa qauipti sanaldy, olar újym­das­tyru nau­qanynda tәrkileuding ekinshi tobyna engizil­di. Osylaysha, 1930 jyldary bastal­ghan baylardy tap retinde joy nauqany, 1918-20 jyldardan bastau alatyn sayasy qughyn-sýrgindi odan әri órshitti. Tәrki­leuge tartylghan adamdar 3 kate­goriyagha bólingen edi: Birinshisi konsentra­siya­lyq lagerlerge jabyldy; ekinshisi shalghay jerlerge jer audaryldy; ýshinshisi kolhozdardan tys jerlerge qonys audaryldy. Jappay tәrkileuding azabyn ózge últ ókilderi de tartty.

Qazaq dalasynda «ottay laulaghan» ashar­shy­­lyq turaly kórnekti qazaq ziyalylary Túrar Rysqúlov, Smaghúl Sәduaqasov, Nyghmet Núr­maqov, Oraz Isaev, Súltanbek Qojanov jәne t.b. Mәs­keuge resmy hattar dayyndady. BK (b) P OK-ning Bas hatshysy IY.V.Stalin men Qazaq ólkelik partiya komiytetining birinshi hatshysy F.I. Golo­she­kinge joldanghan T.Rys­qúlovtyng «Stalinge hattary», Gh.Mýsirepov, M.Ghatauliyn, M.Dәulet­qaliyev, E.Altynbekov, Q.Quanyshev jazghan «Be­seu­ding haty» jәne t.b. hattarda qazaqtyng «qara shybynday» qyryluy men ýdere shetel asuynyng negizgi sebep­teri, ekonomikalyq jәne demogra­fiya­lyq shy­ghyndy aighaqtaytyn naqty mәlimet­ter berildi. Sol kezdegi resmy mәli­met­terde 1933 jyly Qazaq­stan­nyng 104 audanyn­daghy 206 myng adam azyq-týlik kómegine zәru bolghan. Alayda, ortalyq asharshy­lyq­qa úshyra­ghan audandargha kómek beru júmys­taryn jýieli úiymdastyra almaghan, esh­qanday janashyrlyq tanytpaghan.

Dәl osynday resmy hattar 1918-1922 jj. ýz­dik­siz jýrgen asharshylyq kezinde de jazyl­ghan. «Obrashenie kirgiz k Leninu» /Qazaq­tardyng V.IY.Leninge haty/ dep atalatyn hatty, qazaq delegasiyasy ortalyqqa qabyldata almay, Kavkazda jýrgen Mústafa Shoqaygha jet­kiz­gen, kóp keshikpey, búl hattyng mәtini «Bo­riba» gazetinde /Tbilisi, 1921/ týsindirme­lermen jaryq kór­gen. Qújatta adamdardyng «itting etin jeuge» deyin jetkendigi, olargha eshbir medisinalyq kómekting kórsetilmeui jalpy qazaq qoghamyna teris kózqarastan tuyndap otyrghany, Orta­lyq­tyng ókilderi men jer­gi­likti halyqtyng arasynda ózara týsinis­tikting joqtyghy, partiya, ke­nes qyzmetker­lerining kópshiligining otarlyq ruhpen ulan­ghandyghy jóninde sóz qozghalady. /K.Esma­ghamb­etov. M.Shoqay qazaqtardyng ashar­shy­lyq­qa úshyrauy turaly» QazÚPU, №2 (29), 2011. 107-114 bb./. Al, 1932-1933 j.j. asharshylyqtyng zar­daptary búdan da zor bolghan edi. Búl kezde it emes, adamnyng etin jeu faktileri jii oryn alghan. Osy tústa Tileu Kólbaevtyng «Últ ziyalylary ashar­shylyq túsynda» maqalasynda jariyalanghan Iliyas Jan­sýgirovting «Jút - jeti aghayyndy» ólenin keltirudi jón kórdik:

Bolghanda aqtabandy shúbyryndy,

Qazaqqa kese kelip kim úryndy?

Orta joldan men kelip kiyligip em,

Túmsyghy qazaghynnyng tújyryldy.

Aytpayyq, Oral menen Ishki Ordasyn,

Semeydi, Aqmoladay joldasymen.

Elin oiran, jerin shang topyraq qyp,

Qayyrshy qylyp qoydy qatyryp, basy, miyn».

Alayda, qazaq oqyghandarynyng әr­týrli janrdaghy janayqayyn estiytin qúlaq bol­mady, tyndausyz qaldy. Onyng aqy­ry nemen ayaqtalghany, barshamyzgha mәlim.

Býginge deyin Qazaqstandaghy újym­­dastyru nauqany men asharshylyqqa qarsy boy kóteruler turaly az ja­zyl­ghan joq. Qazaq jerinde 1929-1931 jyl­dardaghy 80 myng adamdy qamtyghan 372 sharualar kóterilisi talqandaldy. OGPU (Birikken Memlekettik Sayasy Bas­qar­ma) mәlimetteri boyynsha, 1930 jyly qantar-sәuir ailarynda KSRO-da 1,8 mln. adamdy qamtyghan 6 mynday sharualar kóterilisi bolghan. Sonyng ishin­de Qazaq dalasyndaghy iri kóteri­lis­ter: Sozaq, Yrghyz, Qaraqúm, Qara­qal­paq (basma­shy­­lyq kóterilis - Taq­ta­kópir), Aday, Abyraly, Shyn­ghystau, Batpaq­qara (Tor­ghay - Ábdi­ghap­par han), Balqash, Jetisu, Sarqand, Qorday.

Guver múraghatynan tabylghan 6-6,5 bettik «Osman batyr kóterilisi» (býrkenshik esim boluy mýmkin - B.A.) turaly qújatta belgisiz avtor, Qorday tauly asuynan shyqqan Osman batyrdyng shyn esimi Badry Minafarar Kariym. Ol 1914 jyly Stambul institutyn bitirgen. 1917 jyly Muhtariattyng mýshesi, 1922 jyly Týrkislamhukumat qúramyna kirgenin» jazady./ Burkitbay Ayaghan. Krasnye y chernye (materialy Guverskogo arhiva). - Almaty, 2005. - 240 s. - S.82-89/. Qalay bolghanda da, múnday faktiler sharualar kóterilisin bedeldi adam­dardyng basqarghanyn aighaqtaydy.

2. BATYSTYQ SARAPShYLAR NE DEYDI?

1920-1930 jyldardaghy újymdastyru men asharshylyq turaly alghashqy enbekter sheteldik basylymdarda jaryq kórgeni belgili. Solardyng ishinde britandyq tarihshy Robert Konkvesting 1986 jyly shyqqan «Jatva skorbi: sovetskaya kollektivizasiya y terror golodom» (aghylsh. Robert Conquest. The Harvest of Sorrow: Soviet Collectivisation and the Terror-Famine) enbegi erekshe. R.Konkvest «Qazaq­stan­daghy asharshylyq qoldan jasaldy, basqasha aitqanda 1921 jylghy tәsilmen qaytalanghanyn, taza iydeologiyalyq qy­symmen, oilastyrylmay jýrgizilgen újym­das­tyru sayasatynyng nәtiy­je­sinde tuyndaghan. Biraq, Qazaqstandaghy ashar­shy­lyq Ukrainamen salys­tyr­ghanda әdeyi úiym­dastyryldy deuge bolmaydy. Óitkeni, Kenes ókimetining qoghamnyng barlyq salasyn­daghy әreketi, ózara baylanysty: kulaktardy tәrkileu, újymdastyru jәne auyldaghy jasandy asharshylyq» degen tújyrym jasaydy.

Degenmen, Batystyq tarihnamada kenestik újymdastyru mәselesine erterek qalam tartqan avtorlar: 1934 jyly U.H.Chamberlen (Chamberlin, William Henry), 1936 jyly Amanda Evalid (Ammende, Ewald), 1964 jyly Dalrimpl Dana (Dalrymple, Dana) boldy. Al, Robert Konkvest (Robert Conquest) búl taqy­ryp­qa 1968 jyldan bastap kirisken. Jalpy, osy mәselege batystyq ghalymdardyng qyzyghu­shylyghy HH ghasyrdyng 80-jyldarynan bastap artty. Sol kezdegi kóptegen derekterde KSRO-daghy sayasy «qughyn-sýrgin» men «jasandy asharshylyq», «genosiyd» retinde kórsetiledi. Birqatar batys­tyq zertteushilerding pikiri «Stalindik sayasat qazaq, ukrain jәne ózge últtardy etnos, tap re­tin­de joi ýshin әdeyi jasalghan» degenge sayady.

«Ministerstvo inostrannyh del y Golod» atty kitaptyng avtorlary Marko Karinnyk, Yu. Lubomir men Luchik jәne Bogdan S. Kordan (Marco Carynnyk, Lubomyr Y. Luciuk; Bohdan S. Kordan) Resey, Batys Sibir, Qazaqstan jәne Edil jaghalauy boyynda beleng alghan ashar­shylyq turaly Úlybritaniya Syrtqy Ister ministrligi (SIM) múraghatynan alynghan qú­jat­tardyng auqymdy toptamasyn jasady.

Imperiya jónindegi Marketingilik Kenesting ókili, auyl sharuashylyghy boyynsha kanadalyq sarapshy, әri baqylaushy Endru Kernsting (E.Carns) esebining qúndylyghy joghary. Ol 1932 jyldyng kóktemi men jazynda KSRO-nyng Batys Sibir, Qazaqstan, Edil jaghalauy, Ukraina, Qy­rym jәne Soltýstik Kavkaz siyaqty astyqty ai­maqtaryn aralaghan. Búl derekter aua rayy­nyng keybir qolaysyzdyghyna qaramastan, «ke­nes­tik agrarlyq sayasattyng saldarynan ashtyq­tyng tolyq qoldan jasalghanyn» aighaqtaydy.

Amerikandyq sarapshy Marta Brill Olkott (Martha Brill Olcott) «Kollektivizasiya v Kazahstane» atty enbeginde: «kenestanushy ýshin eng ýlken problema, 1930-jyldardaghy oqiy­­gha­lardy týsinu jәne dúrys týsindiru» eken­digine nazar audarady. Qazaqtar da ukraiyn­dyq­tar siyaqty, Stalinning agrarlyq sayasatyn genosid retinde qarastyruyna bolady, óitkeni újymdastyru­dyng maqsaty uk­raiyn­dyqtar men qazaqtardy ata-qony­synan alastatu arqyly orystardy qonys­tandyru, sóitip eginshilikting jana, újymdyq týrin úiym­das­tyru boldy. Degenmen, avtor zertteu barysynda Qazaq­stan­daghy újym­das­­tyru saya­saty­nyn, et­niy­kalyq top­tardy joiy maqsatyn kózdegen KSRO-daghy kez kelgen basqa oblystarmen teng keletin qú­jat­tardy eshqashan kezdestir­megenin» atap ótedi.

1997 jyly «Chernaya kniga kommunizma: prestupleniya, terror, repressii» atty alghash­qy irgeli anyqtamalyq basylym jaryq kórdi. S.Kurtua, N. Vert, J-L Panne, A. Pachkovskiy, K.Bartoshek, J-L Margolen siyaqty halyq­ara­lyq tarihshy ghalymdardyng újymy, 1932-1933 jyldardaghy asharshylyqty tereng týsinu ýshin, memleket pen sharualar arasyndaghy «ekonomiy­kalyq qatynastardy» taldaghan. Respublika kóleminde eki jylda mal basynyng 80 payyzy joyylghany, mal-mýlkinen airylghan 2 mln. asa qazaqtar asharshylyqqa úshyrap, elden tys­qary jerlerge bosyp ketkeni, milliongha juyghy Ortalyq Aziyagha, myndaghan adamdar Qytaygha qashyp ketkeni turaly bayandalady.

Áleumettik tarihshy, kenestanushy, Chikago uniyversiytetining professory Sheyla Fispatrik (Sheila Fitzpatrick) «Povsednevnyy stalinizm. Sosialinaya istoriya Sovetskoy Rossiy v 30-e gody: gorod» atty enbeginde: «Asharshy­lyq uaqyt­sha qúbylys bolatyn, al azyq-týlik pen tútynu tauarlarynyng tapshylyghy olay emes-tin. Marks­shilder sosializmning baylyq­qa kenel­tetinine senim artty, biraq kenestik biylik jagh­dayynda sosializm men tapshylyq bir-birinen ajyraghysyz bolghanyn» algha tartady.

Nikolas Vert (Nicolas Werth) «Raskulachivanie kak massovoe nasiliye» atty maqala­synda «KSRO-nyng basym bóligin qúraytyn sharua­lar­dyng ekonomikalyq artta qaluy men olar­dyng sayasattan alastatyluy - kenestik biylikting osal túsy bolghanyn» kórsetedi.

«Gody goloda: Sovetskoe seliskoe hozyaystvo 1931-1933gg.» atty kitaptyng avtorlary R.U.Devis y S.G.Uitkroft (R.W.Davies and Stephen G.Wheatcroft) 1930 jyldardaghy sayasy oqighalardy qújattyq derekter men este­likter negizinde KSRO-nyng agrarlyq saya­saty­nyng toptamasyn - egin eguden bastap 1931 jylghy josparlau kezenine deyin kórsetuge tyrysady.

Batystyq zertteushilerding kóbi IY.V. Sta­liyn­­ning «újymdastyru sayasaty ukraiyn­dyqtar men ózge últtyq toptargha qarsy әdeyi jýr­gizilgen» degen tújyrym jasaydy. Búl mә­se­lege AQSh Kongresining sheshimimen Ukraina­daghy asharshy­lyq faktilerin zertteu isi jónindegi arnayy komissiya qúrylghannan keyin janasha kózqaras qalyptasty. Osy komissiya­nyng atqarushy diyrektory Djeyms Meys bastaghan toptyng qory­tyn­dysy: búl qasiret «aqyryna deyin jasandy asharshylyq bolyp qalady» jәne «1932-1933 jyldary Stalin men onyng tóniregindegiler ukraindyqtargha qarsy genosid úiymdastyrdy» degenge keledi.

Avstraliyadaghy Meliburn uniyversiytetining tarih professory S.Uitkrofttyng (Stephen G.Wheatcroft) «Sovetskiy golod 1931-33: politichesky namerennaya ily ekonomicheskaya katastrofa?» atty enbeginde Europalyq jәne Eu­ra­­ziya­lyq zertteuler ortalyghynyng qoldauy­men ashar­shylyqqa qatysty kenestik derevnya­lardaghy qasi­ret turaly jana mәlimetter beriledi. Ashar­shylyq apatynyng ekologiyalyq sebepteri bol­ghan­men, әlemdik tәjiriybedegi qazirgi ashar­shy­lyqtyng sebepterin salystyrmaly zertteulerde, - deydi avtor, - ashar­shy­lyqtyng kóbi azyq-týlik tapshylyghynan emes, naryqtaghy tepe-tendikting búzyluynan tuyndaytyn problemalarmen baylanysty. Onyng kózqarasynsha, kenestik ashar­shy­lyq múnyng eshqaysysyna qosylmaydy.

S.Uitkroftting «Sovetskaya statistika o prodovolistviy y smertnosty v period goloda 1917-1922 y 1931-1933gg.» atty enbeginde kenes mem­le­ketin statistikalyq mәlimettermen qam­ta­masyz etu jәne әleumettik-ekonomikalyq jospardy is­ke asyru maqsatynda qúrylghan, memle­ket­tik sta­tiys­tikalyq jýiening ereksheligi qaras­tyrylady. Alayda, josparlau prosesi sayasat­kerlerding shamadan tys is-әreketterinen qirady, biraq búl josparlaushylar men sanaqshylardyng biliksizdigi nemese jasampaz­dyghynyng kórinisi bolghan joq. Múraghat mәli­metterine sәikes, sa­naq­shylar kenes memleketi­ning sayasy jetek­shi­lerin birneshe ret shyndyqqa shaqyrugha tyrys­qan dey kelip, avtor «1922 jylgha qaraghanda, auyldyq jerlerdegi keybir tamaqtanu kórset­kishteri, 1933 jyly tómen bolghan» degen qorytyndy jasaydy.

Újymdastyru nauqany men asharshylyq nәu­betine qatysty Nikolo Pianchiolo (Nicollo Pianciola) «Golod v stepi. (Kollektivizasiya selis­kogo hozyaystva y kazahskie krestiyane)», fransuz tarihshysy Izabeli Ogayonnyng «Sedentarizasiya kazahov SSSR pry Staliyne. Kollektivizasiya y sosialinye izmeneniya (1928-1945 g.g.)», N.M.Ney­marktyng (Norman M. Naimark) «Genosidy Stalina», Sheyla Fispatrik (Sheila Fitzpatrick) - «Stalinskie krestiyane: sosialinaya istoriya Sovetskoy Rossiy v 30-e gody: derevnya», Dana Dalrimplding (Dana G.Dalrymple) «Sovetskiy golod 1932-1934 godov» zertteu enbekteri men maqalalary shyqty. D.Dalrimpl Kenes Odaghynyng ózge aimaqtaryna qaraghanda, qazaq halqy adam shyghynynyng orny tolmas zardabyn tartqanyn algha tartady. 1932-34 jyldardaghy asharshy­lyq ózining auqymy, merzimdik úzaqtyghy, qar­qyndylyghy men sebep-saldary jaghynan, barlyq әlemdik asharshy­lyq­tyng ishindegi eng auyry boldy sanaydy. Ashar­shylyq saldarynan milliondaghan adamdar kóz júmdy. 20-gha juyq әrtýrli derektik mәlimet­terde, adam shyghyny­nyng ortasha esebi 5,5 mln.-dy qúraghan.

IY.V.Stalin biyligi túsyndaghy (1924-1953 j.j.) Qazaqstandaghy újymdastyru men ashar­shy­lyq tarihyna qatysty batystyq tarihna­malyq zertteulerge taldau jasay otyryp, mynaday oi-qorytyndylargha keldik:

1. Qoldanystaghy tarihnamalyq zertteuler negizinde alghashqy sheteldik irgeli zertteuler 1980 jyldardyng ortasynda jaryq kórgen;

2. Sheteldik әdebiyetterde KSRO tarihy­nyng ózekti mәseleleri, atap aitqanda kýshtep újym­dastyru kezindegi (1928-1932 j.j.) sha­rua­­lar­dyng jappay qysymgha úshyrauy, 1937-1938 jyldardaghy «ýlken terror», Qazaqstan men Ukrainadaghy asharshylyq tarihynyng nәtiyjeleri obektivti qarastyrylghan;

3. 1920-1930 j.j. asharshylyq nәubeti men sayasy qughyn-sýrginge Kenestik biylikting qaty­na­syn keshendi taldau ýshin sheteldik dereknamalyq-tarihnamalyq zertteulerding auqymyn keneytu qajet.

Sóz sonynda Memleket tarihy instituty­nyng ghalymdary tarapynan biyl 1932 jylghy nәubetke 80 jyl toluyna oray «1932-33 jyl­dar­daghy Asharshylyq aqiqaty» (Pravda o Golode v 1932-33 godov) dep atalatyn ghylymiy-kópshilik qauymgha arnalghan eki tildegi (qazaq, orys) kitapty baspadan shygharugha dayyndap jatqanyn aita ketkendi jón sanadyq.

Býrkitbay AYaGhAN, tarih ghylymdarynyng doktory, professor.

"Egemen Qazaqstan" gazeti