30 tamyzda KSRO-nyng birinshi jәne songhy preziydenti Mihail Gorbachev 92 jasynda qaytys boldy. Osydan sәl búryn BAQ sayasatkerding densaulyghynyng nasharlap bara jatqanyn habarlaghan bolatyn. Gorbachev býireginen auyr dertke shaldyqqan jәne ony birneshe jyl boyy mәskeulik dәrigerler baqylaghan. Gorbachev Nobeli Beybitshilik syilyghynyng laureaty jәne tarihtaghy eng úzaq ómir sýrgen Resey biyleushisi boldy.

Mihail Gorbachev Soltýstik Kavkaz ólkesining Medvejensk audanynda (qazirgi Stavropoli ólkesi) qarapayym sharua otbasynda dýniyege kelgen. Ákesi orys, anasy ukrain edi. Eki atasy da 1930 jyldary repressiyagha úshyraghan. Mihail 10 jasta bolghanda, әkesi maydangha attandy. Batyr bolyp oraldy – eki Qyzyl Júldyz ordenin jәne «Erligi ýshin» medalin aldy.

Mihail Gorbachev bala kezinen enbekqor boldy: 13 jasynda kolhozda júmys istedi, 15 jasynan kombaynshynyng kómekshisi boldy. Al 1949 jyly mektep oqushysy kezinde astyq eginin ekpindi jinaghany ýshin Enbek Qyzyl Tu ordenimen marapattalghan. Gorbachev tynghylyqty oqyp, ústazdaryna ózi turaly jaqsy esep berdi.

Osynyng arqasynda onynshy synypta ol KOKP mýsheligine kandidat boldy - diyrektor men oqytushylardan úsynystar berildi. Gorbachev mektepti kýmis medalimen bitirip, ýkimettik marapattyng arqasynda Mәskeu memlekettik uniyversiytetining zang fakulitetine emtihansyz oqugha týsti. Eki jyldan keyin KOKP mýsheligine qabyldandy.

Gorbachev uniyversiytetti ýzdik bitirgennen keyin Stavropoli oblystyq prokuraturasyna joldamamen bardy, biraq onda nebәri 10 kýn júmys istedi. Osydan keyin ol óz bastamasymen jergilikti oblystyq komsomol komiytetining ýgit-nasihat bólimi mengerushisining bos túrghan orynbasary qyzmetine ornalasty. Kelesi jyly 1956 jyly Gorbachev Stavropoli qalalyq komsomol komiytetining birinshi hatshysy, al 1962 jyly oblystyq komsomol komiytetining birinshi hatshysy boldy.

Odan әri kóterilgen ýstine kóterilu... 1966 jyly Gorbachev KOKP Stavropoli qalalyq komiytetining birinshi hatshysy bolyp saylandy. 1967 jyly Gorbachev Stavropoli auylsharuashylyq institutynyng ekonomika fakulitetin agronom-ekonomist mamandyghy boyynsha syrttay bitirdi. Sol kýnderding ózinde jas Gorbachevty eng perspektivaly partiyalyq qyzmetkerlerding biri dep atady, Mәskeude olar onyng odan әri ósui turaly әbigerge týsti.

Sonymen birge Gorbachevting ózi «ghylymgha barghysy» keldi jәne tipti dissertasiya jazugha dayyn boldy. 1970 jyly Gorbachev KOKP Stavropoli ólkelik komiytetining birinshi hatshysy qyzmetine deyin kóterildi. 1971 jyly KOKP Ortalyq Komiytetining mýshesi boldy. Gorbachev KGB-gha eki ret, onyng ishinde tóragha orynbasary retinde de qaraldy.

Keyin ony KSRO Bas prokurory lauazymyna úsynady, biraq Gorbachevting kandidaturasy bekitilmedi. Oghan memlekettik josparlau komissiyasy tóraghasynyng auyl sharuashylyghy jónindegi orynbasary qyzmetin de úsyndy, biraq, shamasy, Mihail Gorbachev bas tartty. Jastar isteri jónindegi komissiyadan keyin, 1979 jyly Gorbachev zang jobalary jónindegi komissiyany, sodan keyin - syrtqy ister jónindegi komissiyany basqardy. 1979-1989 jyldar aralyghynda RSFSR Jogharghy Kenesining eki shaqyrylymynyng deputaty bolyp saylandy.

Gorbachev taghdyryndaghy betbúrys - 1978 jyly KOKP Ortalyq Komiytetining hatshysy bolyp saylandy.

«Menimen әngimesinde Brejnev Ortalyq Komiytet hatshysynyng bos orynyna yqtimal kandidattardy súryptay bastady jәne birinshi bolyp Gorbachevty atady», – deydi búrynghy KSRO Densaulyq saqtau ministri, kardiolog Evgeniy Chazov.

Gorbachev taghayyndalghannan keyin otbasymen Mәskeuge kóshti. Jana qyzmetinde ol auyl sharuashylyghy mәselelerin qadaghalady. Mansaptyq ósu jalghasty. KOKP OK Sayasy burosynyng mýshesi, KOKP OK Resey burosynyng tóraghasy, eng sonynda - KOKP Ortalyq Komiytetining Bas hatshysy boldy. 1985 jyldyng nauryzynda Gorbachev shtattaghy ekinshi adam boldy. Ony jana qyzmetke sol kezdegi Syrtqy ister ministri Gromyko úsynghan.

1988 jyly Gorbachev KSRO Jogharghy Kenesi prezidiumynyng tóraghasy boldy jәne memlekettik jәne partiyalyq iyerarhiyadaghy eng joghary lauazymdardy biriktirdi. Sol jyly Konstitusiyadaghy ózgeristerge baylanysty prezidium tóraghasynyng qyzmeti joyylyp, 1989 jyly Gorbachev Jogharghy Kenesting tóraghasy bolyp saylandy. 1990 jyly Mihail Gorbachev KSRO preziydenti boldy.

Ol halyq deputattarynyng kezekten tys sezinde saylandy. Sol kýni Kremli Sezder sarayynda ótken sezd otyrysynda ant qabyldap, bayandama jasady. 1991 jyldyng jeltoqsanyna deyin Gorbachev bir mezgilde KSRO Qorghanys Kenesining tóraghasy jәne KSRO Qaruly Kýshterining Jogharghy qolbasshysy qyzmetterin atqardy.

Qayta qúru dep atalatyn kezeng Gorbachev esimimen tyghyz baylanysty. Eldi dýrliktiru maqsaty bolghan búl prosesting basty bastamashysy sanalatyn - Mihail Gorbachev. Ýsh úran jariyalandy: «qayta qúru», «jariyalylyq nemese glasnosti», «adam faktory».

«Búl elimizding әleumettik-ekonomikalyq damuyn jedeldetu, qoghamnyng barlyq salalaryn jaqsartu baghyty», - dedi KSRO-nyng jas basshysy. Jariyalylyq sheshim qabyldaudaghy ashyqtyqty jәne aqparatqa erkin qol jetkizudi bildirdi.

Keybir sarapshylar KSRO-nyng ydyrauynda dәl osy prosess basty ról atqardy - janashyldyq illuziyasy qalyptasqan jýieni búza bastady dep sanaydy. Qayta qúru kópshilik ýshin syy boldy: aqyrynda kóp nәrseni ashyq aitugha mýmkindik berildi. Batyspen qarym-qatynas jaqsardy, jarqyn bolashaqqa senim payda boldy. 1990 jyly «Baspasóz turaly» zang qabyldanyp, memlekettik senzurany joydy.

1985-1990 jyldary Gorbachev birinshi auqymdy alkogolige qarsy nauqandy basqardy. Ýsh jyl boyyna KSRO-da barlyq alkogoli óndirisi eki ese azayyp, araqtyng baghasy kóterildi, ol tek saghat 14:00-den 19:00-ge deyin satyldy. Al mas kýiinde ústalghandar partiyadan shygharyldy. «Jiberilgen qatelikterding kesirinen iygi is abyroysyz ayaqtaldy», - dep eske aldy Gorbachev keyin sol kezendi. KSRO budjeti orasan zor shyghyngha úshyrady.

1991 jyly tamyzda memlekettik tónkeris nәtiyjesinde Gorbachev KSRO basshysy qyzmetinen uaqytsha shettetildi. Bolashaq preziydent Boris Elisin Gorbachevting biylikten ketuin «onshyl, reaksiyalyq, konstitusiyagha qarsy tónkeris» dep atady. Tórt aidan keyin, sәikes deklarasiya qabyldanghannan keyin, KSRO birtútas memleket retinde ómir sýruin toqtatty.

Atap ótu kerek, Gorbachevting qayta qúruymen 1986 jyly jeltoqsanda «KSRO-daghy jariyalylyq jәne demokratiyalandyru» sәuletshisi beybit jәne senetin student jastardyng úrandaryna qarsy qandy repressiyalar jasaghandyghymen әigili boldy. Jeltoqsandaghy Almatydaghy narazylyq Ortalyqtyng dәstýrli komandalyq is-әreketi men Gorbachevting qayta qúruynyng jariyalanghan demokratiyalyq qaghidalary arasyndaghy aiqyn qayshylyqtan tuyndady. 1986 jylghy jeltoqsannyng sebebi - Qazaqstannyng jogharghy basshylyghynyng auysuy boldy.

Alayda, búl demokratiyalyq jolmen bolady dep kýtilgen, sondyqtan adamdar odan әri oqighalardy Gorbachev biyligining ózderining jariyalaghan qaghidalaryn búzuy retinde qabyldady. 1986 jyly Almatydaghy Jeltoqsan oqighasy Gorbachevting býkil Kenes Odaghynyng sayasy ómirin demokratiyalandyrudyng katalizatory bolghanyn jәne KSRO halyqtary ýshin de, býkil әlem ýshin de manyzdy tarihy manyzy baryn atap ótken jón. Sonymen qatar, búl búrynghy KSRO aumaghynda qalyptasqan sayasy jýiege qarsy alghashqy demokratiyalyq kóterilis boldy, ol qazaq halqynyng tәuelsizdik pen egemendikke qol jetkizuine jol ashty.

Gorbachevtyng taghy bir ong ýlesin aitugha bolady – jariyalylyqtyng arqasynda, stalindik újymdastyru kezinde Qazaqstan men Ukrainadaghy jan týrshigerlik Golodomordyng býkil shyndyghyn ashudyn, sonday-aq, KSRO-da 1924-1953 jyldardaghy stalindik jappay sayasy qughyn-sýrgin turaly bar shyndyqty ashu.

Stalindik újymdastyru jәne Qazaqstanda, Ukrainada  t.b. bolghan Golodomor, sodan keyin 1937-1938 jyldarda stalindik sayasy qughyn-sýrgin sayasaty HH ghasyrdyng birinshi jartysynda bizding halyqtardyng tәuelsiz memleket men halyq boluyna ýlken kedergi jasady.

Kerimsal Júbatqanov

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