Otbasy qúndylyqtary degen úghymdy sóz etkende, halyqtyng demografiyalyq ósimining qazirgi ahualyna toqtalmay kete almaymyz. Halyqtyng sany onyng últtyq immuniytetine, ekonomikasyna әserin tiygizer birden-bir faktor. Demografiyalyq sayasat әlemning әr elinde әrtýrli jýrgiziledi. Jahandyq túrghydan qarasaq, ótken ghasyrda jer planetasynyng júrty búryn-sondy bolmaghan ósimdi bastan keshti. Búl әlemge jana mýmkindiktermen qosa qiyndyqtaryn da ala keldi. Sondyqtan sayasatkerler tiyimdi demografiyalyq sayasat úsynugha baryn saldy. Demografiyalyq sayasattyng mәni resurstardy bólu, әleumettik damu jәne ekologiyalyq túraqtylyq siyaqty mәselelerdi sheshuge baghyttalghan.

Qazaqstannyng demografiyalyq sayasaty: baghyty men syn-qaterleri

Demografiyalyq ózgerister Qazaqstannyng bolashaghyn anyqtauda manyzdy ról atqarady. Jahandyq syn-qaterler jaghdayynda qarqyndy ósu tiyimdi demografiyalyq sayasatty talap etedi. Memleket basshysy Qasym-Jomart Toqaev ózining kezekti halyqqa Joldauynda elimizdegi demografiyalyq ahualdyng kónil kónshitpeytinin aityp, Ýkimetke birqatar tapsyrma bergen.  «Otbasylyq-demografiyalyq ahual – zor alandaushylyq tudyryp otyrghan mәsele. Ókinishke qaray, Qazaqstanda әrbir altynshy otbasy bala sýie almay otyr. Saualnama kórsetkendey, otandastarymyzdyng 20 payyzgha juyghy múny ajyrasugha negiz bolatyn eleuli sebep dep sanaydy. Birikken Últtar Úiymynyng elimizdegi halyq sanynyng ósimine qatysty boljamy Ortalyq Aziyadaghy kórshiles memlekettermen salystyrghanda kónil kónshitpeydi. Ýkimetke 2021 jyldan bastap «Ansaghan sәbi» arnauly baghdarlamasyn jýzege asyrudy tapsyramyn. Ekstrakorporalidy úryqtandyru baghdarlamalary boyynsha bólinetin kvota sanyn 7 myngha deyin, yaghny 7 ese kóbeytu qajet», – degen edi Preziydent.

Qazir eldegi halyq sany 20 milllion adamgha juyqtaghan. Onyng 12 188 601-i – qala, 7 552 682-si auyl halqy. Áyelder sany – 10 106 665, erler sany – 9 634 618.

Ghalym Janna Áubәkirovanyng aituynsha, eger halyq sanynyng ósuin 1 men 16 payyz aralyghynda baghalaytyn bolsaq, onda Almaty, Pavlodar, Aqtóbe, Qaraghandy, Jambyl, Týrkistan, Batys Qazaqstan oblystaryndaghy ósim jaqsy deuge bolady. Al Pavlodar, Qaraghandy oblystarynda adam azayghan. Halyq sany ortasha dengeyde ósip otyrghan Qyzylorda jәne Atyrau oblystary eken.

Halyq tyghyz ornalasqan aumaqtarda el sanynyng ósui memleketting aldyna kóptegen әleumettik jәne ekonomikalyq mindetter qoyyp otyr. Halyq sanynyng azangy eng joghary kórsetkishti kórsetip otyrghan Soltýstik Qazaqstan oblysy eken.

Tәuelsizdik alghan jyldary qazaqtardyng sany bar bolghany 7 millionnyng ýstinde boldy. 2012 jyly 10 millionnan asty. 1991-2023 jyldar aralyghynda 1 million 107 myng qandas tarihy mekenine oralghan. Sarapshylardyng pikirinshe, Ýkimet 2011 jylghy qabyldanghan Demografiyalyq sayasat tú­jy­­rymdamasymen júmys istep otyr.  Atalghan qújattyng býgingi tanda merzimi bitken, janartudy qajet etedi. Biraq jana tújyrymdama әli jasalghan joq. Sonymen qatar elimizde demografiyalyq sayasatqa bagha berip, baqylaytyn birde bir memlekettik organ joq.

Egemendik alghan jyldary memleket aldynda halyq sanyn arttyru degen basty mindet túrsa, býgingi tanda әleumettik, ekonomikalyq t.b. manyzdy mindetter algha shyqty. Sondyqtan elding demografiyalyq sayasatyn damytyp, janartatyn uaqyt keldi, dep sanaydy sarapshylar.

«Býginimiz ben keleshegimizding demografiyalyq boljamyn naqty jasamay, ekonomikalyq damudyng da joramalyn jasay almaymyz. Keyingi onjyldyqta Qazaqstan halyq sanynyng ózgerui jana syn-qaterlermen betpe-bet kelip otyr. El ónirle­rin­de­gi halyqtyng sany men әl-auqaty el demografiyasynyng damuyna әser etip otyr. Mәselen, bir-birine qarsy baghyttalghan – soltýs­tik-shyghys pen ontýstik-batys ssenariyi jýrip jatyr. Olardyng әrqay­sysy әleumettik-ekonomikalyq jәne qoghamdyq-sayasy tәuekelder men qater­ler keshenin qúraydy»,-deydi ghalym Janna Áubәkirova.

Sonymen Qazaqstannyng býgingi demografiyalyq sayasatynyng negizgi baghyttaryn toptap kóreyik:

1. Tuu koeffisiyenti jәne otbasy sayasaty. Qazaqstannyng demografiyalyq sayasatynyng negizgi aspektilerining biri – joghary tuu koeffisiyenti men otbasylardy qoldau. «Qoljetimdi baspana», «Auyl – el besigi» sekildi memlekettik baghdarlamalar otbasylarda tuudy arttyru jәne otbasylardyng әl-auqatyn qamtamasyz etu ýshin jenildikter men qarjylyq qoldau kórsetuge baghyttalghan.

2. Kóshi-qon sayasaty. Qazaqstan elding ekonomikasy men әleumettik damuynyng qajettilikterin eskeretin kóshi-qon sayasatyn әzirlegen. Joghary bilikti mamandardy tartu, enbek kóshi-qonyn qoldau jәne kóship-qonushylardy integrasiyalau ekonomika men qoghamdy nyghaytugha yqpal etetin sayasattyng manyzdy baghyttaryna ainaldy.

3. Bilim beru jәne densaulyq saqtau. Qazaqstannyng demografiyalyq sayasaty bilim beru men densaulyq saqtau jýiesin damytudy da qamtidy. Búl baghyt halyqtyng ómir sýru sapasyn jaqsartugha, sapaly bilim men medisinalyq qyzmetke qoljetimdilikti qamtamasyz etuge, sonday-aq balalar men jastardy qoldaugha baghyttalghan.

Qazaqstannyng demografiyalyq sayasatynyng syn-qaterlerine mynalardy jatqyzamyz:

1. Halyqtyng qartangy. Kóptegen damyghan elderdegidey, Qazaqstan da halyqtyng qartang problemasyna tap boldy. Ómir sýru úzaqtyghynyng artuy jәne tuudyng tómendeui qoghamnyng demografiyalyq qúrylymynyng ózgeruine әkeldi, búl agha buyndy qoldau jәne olardyng qoghamdyq jәne ekonomikalyq ómirge qatysuyn qamtamasyz etu ýshin sayasatty beyimdeudi talap etedi.

2. Ónirlik aiyrmashylyqtar. Qazaqstan demografiyalyq jaghdayy eleuli ónirlik aiyrmashylyqtargha tap boldy. Keybir aimaqtar halyqtyng ketuimen, birkelki damymauymen jәne tuu dengeyining tómendigimen sipattalady. Búl mәselelerdi sheshu tensizdikti azaytugha, teng mýmkindikter jasaugha jәne aimaqtarda damudy yntalandyrugha kýsh saludy talap etedi.

3. Halyqaralyq kóshi-qon. Qazaqstan Halyqaralyq kóshi-qon ýshin tartymdy el bolyp tabylady. Alayda, kóshi-qon aghyndaryn basqaru jәne migranttardyng integrasiyasyn tiyimdi qamtamasyz etu kýrdeli júmys. Osyghan baylanysty Qazaqstan joghary bilikti kadrlardy tartugha yqpal etetin jәne eldegi әleumettik túraqtylyqty qamtamasyz etetin sayasatty damytuy tiyis.

Qazaqstannyng demografiyalyq sayasaty elding bolashaghy ýshin manyzdy. Bala tuudy yntalandyru, otbasylardy qoldau, kóshi-qondy tiyimdi basqaru jәne bilim beru men densaulyq saqtau jýiesin jaqsartu osy sayasattyng negizgi aspektileri bolyp tabylady. Alayda, halyqtyng qartangyna, ónirlik aiyrmashylyqtargha jәne kóshi-qondy basqarugha baylanysty syn-qaterler Qazaqstannyng túraqty jәne gýldengen bolashaghyn qamtamasyz etu ýshin túraqty taldau men tiyisti sharalar qabyldaudy talap etedi.

Suret: ghalamtordan

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