Búdan 2000 jylday búryn Jang Chyan deytin bir qytaylyq saudager Qytaydyng torghyn-torqalaryn alyp, Shi-annan batysty betke alyp, jolgha shyghypty. Ol qúlan jortpas shól-shóleytterden ótip, asqar taulardan asyp, Betbaq dalany basyp, kórmegen mehnattardy kóre jýrip batys ónirge, Ortalyq Aziyanyng jaziraly alqaptaryna, sayyn-saharalaryna baryp sauda jasaghan eken.

Sodan bastap jibek búiymdaryn belgi etken shyghys mәdeniyeti batystaghylardyng nazaryn audara bastapty. Osylaysha, «Jibek joly» shyghys pen batystaghy últtardyng qarym-qatynasyna, barys-kelisine jol ashyp, baylanystyng jarqyn bolashaghyn aiqyndaydy: dýniyedegi bes bayyrghy mәdeniyet jibek jolynyng ashyluymen ózara toghysyp, әlem tarihynyng damuyna mólshersiz zor yqpal tudyrdy. Osyghan oray, búrynda-qazirde «Jibek joly» dýnie jýzi mәdeniyeti tarihyndaghy tartymdy taqyrypqa ainaldy.

Álemge әigili «Jibek joly» barlyq uaqytta, shyghys pen batystyng sayasi, ekonomikalyq jәne mәdeny baylanysynyng auys-kýiisin jedeldetip, jol boyyndaghy әr el túrghyndarynyng zamannan-zamangha jalghasqan dostyghyn nyghaytty.

«Jibek joly» degen atau qalay shyqqan? Múny germaniyalyq zertteushi ghalym Richhofen (F.Von.Richthofen) alghashqy bolyp ózining zertteu enbekterine osylay dep jazghan. Ol túnghysh ret Qytaydyng Shi-an degen jerinen bastalyp, Shynjang arqyly Ortalyq Aziyagha baratyn osy batys ónir jolyn «Jibek joly» dep ataghan eken. Osydan keyin-aq, germaniyalyq taghy bir ghalym A. German (A.Herman) «Jibek joly» sózining maghynasy men mәnin shalghay batystaghy Vaviloniya men Siriyanyng joldarynan da izdeuge bolady dep qarady. Búl pikir tez arada halyqaralyq dәrejede keng kólemdegi qoldaugha ie boldy. XIX ghasyrdyng sonynan XX ghasyrdyng basyna deyin, Ortalyq Aziya men Shynjangha kelgen jihankezder týgel osy ataudy paydalanghan. Mәselen, әigili jihankez, shvesiyalyq Sven – Gedin ( Sven Hedin) ózi jazghan kitabyn da «Jibek joly» dep ataghan.

Tariyhqa ýnilip, jýginer bolsaq, shyghys pen batysty jalghastyratyn osy jol búdan ýsh-tórt myng jyl búrynghy dәuirlerde onshalyqty gýldenip, kórkeymegen. Áygili búl jol Qytaydyng Han patshalyghy kezinde ghana órkendey bastaghan. Sebebi, Han memleketining patshasy Han Udy sol saudager Jang Chyandy batys ónirge eki ret jiberip, Ortalyq Aziyadaghy eldermen dostasugha peyildi bolghan sekildi. Jang Chyan qazirgi Ferghana, Samarqan jәne Balqash kóli siyaqty jerlerge deyin barghan. Búl Jang Chyannyng sapary tarihy joldy shyghys pen batys ýkimetteri arasyndaghy baylanys jolyna ainaldyrghan. Osyghan oray, kóptegen elding saudagerleri de jibek jolynda әr zamanda izin suytpaghan. Jang Chyan saparlaghan kezinde batys ónirlerge jәne Ortalyq Aziyagha Qytaydyng jibek ónimderin ala barghan, al elge qaytarynda barghan jerlerining týrli ónimderi men sol batys ónirining muzykasy siyaqty aluan mәdeniyetti alyp qaytqan. Jang Chyannyng jihankezdigi qytaylyqtardyng batys ónir men Ortalyq Aziyany keninen týsinuine mýmkindik berdi. Sol siyaqty, Jang Chyan barghan elderdegi túrghyndarda Qytaydyng ónimderi men mәdeniyetine qatysty týsinigin anaghúrlym terendetti. Osylaysha, búl jol gýldenip, kórkeye bastady. Shyghys pen batystyng aralyghyndaghy dәnekerge ainalyp, órkeniyetterdi ózara toghystyrdy. Osy joldy qorghau jәne damytu maqsatynda, Qytaydyng әr dәuirdegi patshalary jol boyyna qarauyl qoyyp, әskerler jinaqtaghan.

«Jibek joly» is jýzinde ózgermeytin túraqty jol emes, qayta ol uaqyt talabymen ózgerip otyrdy. Degenmen, erte zamandaghy dәstýrli soraby ózgermegen: jol shyghysta Chan-annan (Qazirgi Shi-an) bastalyp, Tarym Oipatyn kóktey, Batys Aziyany kesip ótip, Jer Orta tenizining shyghys jaghalauyna deyin barady, jalpy úzyndyghy 7000 myng shaqyrymnan asady.

Aziyanyng orta bóligindegi Qytaydyng Shynjany Jibek jolynyng toraby bolyp esepteledi. Erte kezdegi Jibek joly Shynjannan 3 airyqqa bólingen. Tyani-Shani tauynyng soltýstigindegi ejelden bar dala joly: Jemsara, Ile ónirin basyp, Balqash ónirine barady, odan ary batys soltýstikke jýrgende Qara tenizding shyghys jaghalauyna jetedi. Ontýstik airyghy Krorannan (Lulan) shyghyp Kýnlýn tauynyng batysyn qaptaldap Jarkentke deyin barady, taghy ary jýrgende Pamirden asyp, Ortalyq Aziyagha, Batys Aziyagha, Europagha deyin sozylady. Krorannyng batys soltýstigindegi Kónshy ózenining jaghasyn boylap, Kýshardy basyp Qashqar, Janashar audanyna baratyn jol soltýstik airyghy sanalady. Búl jol da Pamirden asyp, Europagha deyin barady.

Keyin taghy ýsh airyq jol payda boldy. Yúimynnyng batys soltýstiginen bastalyp, qazirgi Qúmyl, Túrpan, Jemsary siyaqty jerlerdi basyp, búrynghy dala jolyna jalghasatyn jol, búl keyinirek «Soltýstik jol» dep atyldy. Túrpannan shyghyp, Tyani-Shani tauynyng ontýstigin qaptaldap, batysqa bettep, Qarashәr, Kýshәrdi basyp, búrynghy soltýstik jol airyghymen tútasatyn jol keyingi kezderi «Orta jol» dep ataldy. «Ontýstik jol» búrynghysymen úqsas.

VII ghasyrdyng ayaghyna taman teniz qatynas tasymaly damyghandyqtan «Jibek joly» birtindep ekinshi oryngha jyljydy, biraq XIII ghasyrgha deyin osy «Jibek joly» Shyghys pen Batys qatynasynda manyzdylyghyn joghaltqan emes. XIX ghasyrdyng basynda Ispaniyanyng elshisi Samarhannyng jaghdayy turaly bylay dep jazady: «Tónirekting tórt búryshynan kelgen tauarlar Samarhangha jinalypty. Qytaydyng torghyn-torqalary kóz jauyn alady». Ol Qytaydyng myng tuyelik sauda keruenin óz kózimen kórgeninde aitady.

Qytaydyng jibek matalary osy jolmen Ortalyq Aziyagha, Batys Aziyagha jәne Europagha tolassyz tasyldy, sonymen tút aghashyn ósiru óneri de batysqa tarala bastady. Sonday-aq, Shynjannan shyghatyn әk tasy, bylghary, jýn kórpesheler sekildi tauarlar men temir jәne farfor ydystary, shabdaly, órik, rauaghash jәne dәrshen siyaqty ónimderi Batys elderining bazarlaryn jaulap aldy. Biziding taghy bir aitarymyz, osy «Jibek joly» arqyly Qytaygha sol sekildi onyng manayyndaghy el-júrtqa ózge elderden ekonomikanyng týrli ónimderimen qosa, Otqa tabynu, Budda, Islam dini siyaqty dinder kelip jetti.

«Jibek joly» tek qana sauda-satyqty ghana emes, memleket pen elderding arasyndaghy dostyq jәne beybitshilik qatynastardy da joghary dengeyge kóterdi. Ol dýnie jýzi órkeniyetin toghystyryp, adamzat qoghamynyng damuyna ólsheusiz ýles qosty.

Jibek matasyna baylanysty anyz

Talay júrttyng qúmaryna ainalghan jibek matalary Qytaydyng bayyrghy mәdeniyet belgilerining aiyryqsha týri deuge de bolady. Tipti, osy jibek matalarynyng óte sapaly «K-tay» dep atalatyn týri Aziya men Europada asa keninen súranysqa ie bolghan. Keyinnen osy matanyng atauymen Hansular dep talay ghasyr atalyp kelgen júrt, kele-kele Qytay eli dep atala bastady. Sóitip, matanyng atauy tútas bir elding atyna ainaldy. Qytaylyqtar jibek qúrtyn ósiru, jibek týtu әri kezdeme toqu siyaqty ónermen búdan tórt myng jyl búryn analysa bastaghan eken. Búl elde jibek sharuashylyghynyng qalay shyqqany turaly anyz bar.

Bir kýni patsha Shuan Yuanshy men toqaly Ley Zu aulada tamaq iship otyrady. Samal jelding terbeuinen qasyndaghy tút aghashynyng basynan keselerine jylan pishindes bir qúrt týsedi. Ley Zu qúrtty alyp, alaqanyna salady. Iship otyrghan tamaqtary ystyq bolghandyqtan, kelinshekting qoly ystyqqa shydamay qúrt qaytadan ydysqa týsip ketedi. Ley Zu qoly kýiip qalmau ýshin, tyrnaghymen aqyryn ghana qúrtty alyp tastamaq bolady. Degenmen, bayqausyzda tyrnaq qúrttyng qabyghyn jaryp ketedi de, ishinen bir tal jibek shyghady. Kelinshek qayran qalyp janaghy jipti tarta bastaydy. Ol tartqan sayyn úzara týsedi. Sonan, Ley Zu jibekting bir ýshin sausaghyna orap, qúrttyng ishindegi jibek tausylghansha tarta beredi. Jarqyldaghan әp-paq jipti kórgende Ley Zu ózining kendirden toqityn kezdemesin osy jippen toqudy oilaydy. Sonymen qatar, jibek qúrtynyng qaydan týskenin izdeydi. Sonan onyng tút aghashynda ósetinin bayqaydy. Artynan osy qúrttardyng túrmys-tirshiligin múqiyat baqylay kelip, jibek qúrtyn ósiruge tәuekel etedi. Keyinnen bastaghan isi nәtiyje berip, kelinshekting týrli-týsti matalaryn ainalasyndaghy túrghyndar qyzyghushylyqpen satyp ala bastaydy. Óstip, jibek óndirisi jolgha qoyylady.

Jana eradan búrynghy 221 jyly Chin handyghynyng patshasy – Chin Shyhuan Qytaydy birlikke keltiredi. Soltýstiktegi kóshpeli Ghún júrtynyng ontýstikke jasaghan shapqynshylyghyn bógeu ýshin, patsha soltýstikte salynghan ishinara qorghandardy óz-ózine jalghastyru búiryghyn shygharady. Ol tústaghy qorghannyng jalpy úzyndyghy bes myng shaqyrymgha jetken eken jәne sol zamannan bastap «Úly Qorghan» dep atala bastady. Qytaylar men Ghúndar arasyndaghy ghasyrdan-ghasyrgha jalghasqan soghys, búl Úly Qorghandy batysqa qaray sozdyryp, naqty úzyndyghy mólshermen on myng shaqyrymgha jetkiziledi. Osy arada erekshe kónil audaryp aitarymyz, Qytay eline orasan zor payda әkelip jatqan ataqty Jibek jolynda, kóshpeli júrttyng tolassyz joryqtarynan saqtap turu kerek boldy.

Sóitken, «Jibek joly» qazirgi kýnderi jana zaman ekonomikasynyng basty donory bolyp sanalatyn sauda-satyq pen mәdeniyetting ýlken kýre tamyryna ainaldy.

Beysenghazy Úlyqbek,

Qazaqstan Jurnalister Odaghynyng mýshesi

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