Shamamen b.d.d. IV ghasyrdyng ortasynda alghashqy qauymdyq qúrylystan órkeniyetke ótken kezeng boldy. Osynyng negizinde adamdar újymdasyp ómir sýretin meken – qala payda boldy. Búl tarihy modifikasiya qoghamdyq damudyng týrli kezendik erekshelikterin qamtyghan órkeniyettik fenomen edi.

Qala fenomeni men onyng rólin zertteu kópsalaly sipatqa iye. Týrli dәuirler men aimaqtardaghy qalanyng tarihy damuy ghylymy tarihnamada búrynnan beri qarastyrylyp keledi. Qalanyng әleumettanuy, qalalyqtardyng ómir salty men psihologiyasyn zertteu degen úghymdar qalyptasyp, damyp ýlgerdi. Sonday-aq, orys әdebiyetinde shygharmashylyqqa qatysty «auyl prozasy» jәne «qala prozasy» degen terminder engizildi. Sonymen qatar jana arnauly gumanitarlyq pәn – «qalalyq zertteuler» pәnining payda bolghanyn da aita ketu qajet. Búl pәn tújyrymdamalyq jobalardy qoldanbaly aspektiler zerttemelerimen ýilestire otyryp, urbanistikanyng teoriyasy men tәjiriybesin baylanystyrady.

Ekinshi qyrynan alyp qaraghanda, qala fenomenin zertteu pәnaralyq teoriyalyq-әdisnamalyq bilimmen jýzege asady. Qazirgi qala órkeniyetting belgisi sanalady. Sondyqtan ekonomika, sayasat, әleumettik basqaru, mәdeniyet turaly barlyq bilim qazirgi sosiumnyng negizgi qonystanushylyq qúrylymy bolyp sanalatyn qalagha qatysty. Osylaysha, eger biz elita men tobyr nemese kópshilik әdebiyet fenomeni turaly sóz qozghaytyn bolsaq, ony da qala fenomenimen baylanystyra otyryp qarastyramyz.

Shyghysta qalagha qonystanu qala-memleket sipatynda oryn aldy. Múnday qalalardyng payda boluy tabighatqa etene jaqyn, tabighat zandylyqtaryn saqtay otyryp tirshilik etetin auylgha qarama-qayshy sipatta qabyldandy. Nemis filosofy O. Shpenglerding payymdauynsha, eger auyl «jany» otyryqshylyq ómirding simvoly retindegi sharua ýii beynesimen baylanysty bolsa, al qalanyng payda boluy, eng aldymen, jana jannyng – qala janynyng payda boluymen baylanysty [1, 114].

Qalalar geneziysi әleumettik kommunikasiyanyng jana formalaryn qalyptastyrumen, soghan oray, tózimdilikting qalyptasuymen baylanysty boldy. Osylaysha, qalalardyng payda boluy oilaudyng dialogiyalyq stiyli men janasha ómir saltynyng qalyptasuyna úlasty. «Qala» sózi etimologiyalyq túrghydan «qorshau», «dualmen qorshau» sózderimen baylanysty, yaghny jaudan qorghanugha arnalghan qúral ghana emes, sonymen qatar, keybir zertteushilerding pikirinshe, auyldyq mekennen oqshaulanu, tipti kerek deseniz, jerdi adamgha baghyndyru maqsatynda «jer-anagha» qarsy «býliktin» ózi.

Ortaghasyrlyq qalalardyng payda boluy europalyq qogham damuynyng manyzdy belesine ainaldy. Fransuz tarihshysy J. Le Goff búl turaly bylay deydi: «Ortaghasyrlyq Batys jabyq nemese ashyq ekonomika, auyldyq әlem nemese qalalyq, bir ortaq qamaldaghy ómir me, әlde әrkim bólek óz ýiinde ómir sýre me degen saualdardyng tónireginde tandau jasau ýshin on ghasyryn joghaltty» [2, 11]. Ártýrli qauym ókilderining – aqsýiekter, diny qyzmetkerler, sonday-aq, janadan qalyptasqan әleumettik qauymdastyq, ýshinshi qauym – qalanyng jaqtaushylary burjuazdar, burgerler men qalalyqtardyng yqpalymen tarihy tandau qalanyng paydasyna sheshildi. Qalalarda jekemenshik kapital iyeligi men jaldamaly júmys kýshin paydalanatyn jana óndiristik-ekonomikalyq qatynastyng óskinderi payda bola bastady, uaqyt óte kele osy nәrse óndiristing kapitalistik tәsilining negizine ainaldy.

XVIII ghasyrda Batys Europa elderining әleumettik qúrylymynda týbegeyli ózgerister oryn aldy, sonyng saldarynan urbanizasiya ýderisi qarqyndady, qalalardyng sany artty, ony mekendeytin túraqty túrghyndardyng sany men qalalyq ómir saltynyng qoghamgha tiygizer әseri artty. XIX-XX ghasyrlardaghy industrialdy qoghamda qalalar iri óndiristik quat pen mol adam resursy shoghyrlanghan, kapitaldyng shektelui men kredittik-qarjylyq qatynastar jýzege asatyn ortalyqtargha ainaldy. Qalalarda memlekettik jәne aimaqtyq basqaru úiymdary ornalasty. Kórkem әdebiyette de qala beynesin suretteuge erekshe nazar audaryla bastady.

Qazaq әdebiyetinde Almaty turaly kóptegen poeziyalyq tuyndylar men prozalyq shygharmalar bar. Sebebi ótken ghasyrdyng ortasynan bastap Almaty qazaq elining bas qalasy retinde qalyptasyp, ózining órkeniyettik damu jolynda qazaq mәdeniyetining ortasyna ainaldy. Almatyda jazushylar men aqyndar, suretshiler men basqa da óner adamdary toptasty. Sonymen birge Almatyda jastardyng mol shoghyry jinaldy. Qaladaghy tanymal oqu oryndarynda myndaghan jas auyldy jerlerden kelip bilim aldy. Kóbi sol bas qalada túraqtap qalyp jatty. Mine, sol sebepti de Almaty qazaq elining aqyl-oyy jinalghan ýlken mekenge ainaldy.

Aqyn Kýlәsh Ahmetovanyng Almatygha arnalghan eki ólenine nazar audarsaq, eki ólende eki týrli oy berilgen. Alghashqy ólende aqyn Almatynyng әsem tabighaty men  onyng jangha jayly aua rayy turaly shalqy jyrlaydy:

Shaharym menin, shattyghym, әnim, shәrbatym,
shapaghattanyp jatasyn-au sen tanda tym.
Shildede – gýlge, aqpanda – qargha bólenip,
shәii búlttardan shәli baylaghan Almatym! [3].

Ekinshi ólende:

Ózgeristi bayqarmyz talay әli,
Basy bolghan nәrsening bar ayaghy.
Týnde jaughan appaq qar
Almatyda
Týske deyin týtinmen qarayady.
Súrqy týnde ýilerding súr balshyqtay,
Áynekteri jyltyrap túrghan shyqtay.
Aq kóilegin kýieuding kýnde juyp,
Aq jem boldy qos qolym sudan shyqpay [4], – dep, qala ekologiyasynyng mәselesin kóteredi. Yaghni, adamdardyng qolymen tabighatqa jasalyp jatqan qiyanat turaly aqyn lirikalyq sezimmen jyrlaydy.

Qoghamnyng postindustrialdy әri aqparattyq damu dengeyine enui qalanyng órkeniyettik statusyn týbegeyli ózgertti. J. Bodriyyardyng aituynsha, «Qala XIX ghasyrdaghyday sayasi-industrialdy poligon boluyn toqtatty, endi ol belgiler, búqaralyq aqparat qúraldary, kod poligonyna ainaldy» [5, 156].  Ghalymnyng payymdauy oryndy. Sebebi, J. Bodriyyardyng aityp otyrghan mәseleleri qazaq aqyn-jazushylarynyng shygharmalarynda aiqyn kórindi. Mysaly 1986 jylghy qazaq elining totalitarlyq jýiening búghauyn ýzuge baghyttalghan azattyq kýresi turaly kóptegen shygharmalar tudy. Mәselen, T. Sәuketaevtyng «Ay qaranghysy» (1998), «Jelqayyq» (2011), N. Quantayúlynyn «Qaraózek» (2002) romandary osynday taqyrypta jazylghan bolatyn. Ghalym G. Orda: «Jeltoqsan oqighasynyng ayaq astynan órship ketui, alangha shyqqan jastardy basyp janshu, olargha jýrgizilgen súraq-jauap prosesteri, qyspaqqa aludyng saldarynan qughyn-sýrgin qúrbandarynyng taghdyrdyng tauqymetine úshyrap qiyn-qystau kýn keshui, týrmege týsken jastardyng mezgilsiz qyrshynynan qiyluy – barlyghy da sol tústaghy el ómirindegi shyndyq. Búl romandardyng negizgi jetistigi – jetpis jyldan asa ómir sýrgen Kommunistik partiyanyng halyqqa jasaghan qiyanatyn bar bolmysymen kórkem shyndyqqa ainaldyruy. Myzghymas Kenester odaghynyng qúramyna engen qazaq halqyna jasalghan synaq tәjiriybesi qanshama jastyng qanyn suday aghyzdy. «Bas jarylsa, bórik ishinde» deydi atam qazaq, tәn jarasy jazylar, alayda aragha jiyrma bes jyl salghanmen jan jarasy jazylmaytyny anyq» [6], – dep, romandardyng jazylu tarihy men qala konseptisi ayasynda avtorlardyng basty keyipkerler arqyly bergen basty oiyn anyqtaydy. Búdan shyghatyn qorytyndy: qalada jinalghan qazaq jastarynyng últtyq tanymdary men qazaq bolmysy azattyqqa úmtylyp, óz oilaryn taysalmay bildiruleri, olardyng qalagha toptasyp, ortaq oi-tújyrym, ortaq pikirge keluleri dep te týsinuge bolady. 1986 jylghy kóterilisten keyin sol oqigha turaly jazylghan tuyndylardyng kóbi postmodernizm baghytynda bolghanyn eskersek, búl qozghalystyng әdeby ýrdiske tiygizgen әserin de baghamdaugha bolady.

Jalpy alghanda, qalalardyng tarihy dinamikasy men olardyng әlemdik órkeniyet damuyndaghy rólining ózgeruin sipattay otyryp, F. Brodeli úsynghan qalanyng diahrondy klassifikasiyasyn maqúldaugha bolady. Tanymal fransuz tarihshysy qalanyng ýsh negizgi tiypin atap ótedi. Birinshi tip – antikalyq ýlgidegi qala, «óz auyldaryna qashan da ashyq jәne olarmen birge adymdaydy». Ekinshisi – ortaghasyrlyq tiyp, «túiyqtalghan, shaghyn әri ózimen-ózi tirshilik etedi» [7, 480]. Ýshinshi tip – ortalyq biylikting qamqorlyghyndaghy qala tiypi. F. Brodeliding pikirinshe, memleket biyligine baghynatyn qazirgi tiptegi alghashqy qalalardyng sipaty osynday.

Qalalardyng sinhrondyq tipologiyasynda órkeniyet damuyndaghy shaghyn nemese ýlken qalalardyng statusyn qarastyru erekshe qyzyghushylyq tudyrdy. O. Shpenglerding aituynsha, shaghyn nemese ýlken qalalardyng arasyndaghy aiyrmashylyq jer men kóktey, ol tipti eng ýlken qala túrghyndaryn da bólip qarastyrudy talap etedi. «Barlyq ýlken qalalardyng bir búryshynda auyldaghy ómir saltyn saqtap, joldy kesip ótip, bir-birine qonaqqa baratyn adamdardyng ómir sýrip jatqany týsinikti deydi avtor. Olar endi qalalyq bolyp qalyptasyp kele jatqan auyl adamdary negizin qúraytyn piramida týzedi, ol piramidanyng basynda ruhany súranystary óteletin, kez kelgen jerde ózderin jayly sezinetin ýlken qalanyng naghyz túrghyndary túr» [1, 123].

Elding erekshe, aituly róli onyng bas qalasy – astanasyna tiyesili bolady, sebebi ol sayasi, qarjylyq-ekonomikalyq, mәdeni, aqparattyq, bilim beru, ghylymy ómirining ózegi. Sonymen qatar provinsiyalyq qala túrghyndary osy ómirdi aiqyndaytyn kýshting tútqyny bolyp shyghady, eger qalasa búl kýshter tútas elding ómir saltyn týbegeyli ózgerte alady. Sondyqtan elding tabysty damuy ýshin astananyng ornalasqan jeri turaly mәsele qashan da ózekti. Astanalardyng migrasiyasy týrli faktorlargha negizdeledi jәne naqty әleumettik-tarihy jaghdaylar men biylik úiymdarynyng koniukturalyq tújyrymdaryna tәueldi. Mәselen, qalanyng geografiyalyq jaghdayy, onyng kommunikasiyalyq mýmkindikteri, geosayasy jaghdaylar jәne t.b. AQSh-ta astanany belgileu ýshin arnayy okrug – Kolumbiyanyng qúryluy beker emes. Al Týrkiya Respublikasynyng astanasy elding ishki aumaghynda ornalasqan Ankaragha keyin kóshirildi, oghan deyin Ottoman imperiyasynyng astanasy aldymen Andrianopoli, keyinirek Konstantinopoli bolghan. Óz kezeginde, XX ghasyrda Qazaqstannyng astanasy – Orynbor, Qyzylorda, Almaty, Aqmola boldy. Aqmolanyng atauy 1998 jyly Astana dep ózgertildi. Astanalar migrasiyasynyng aimaqtyq órkeniyet damuynyng geosayasy jaghdayymen baylanysty ekeni anyq. Qazaq elining astanasyn auystyrghan sәtten bastap, jana Astana turaly dýniyege kelgen kórkem tuyndylardyng tәuelsiz elding asqaq shygharmalary bolyp shyqqanyn da bayqaugha bolady. Alayda, Astana qalasynyng tez ósui onyng infraqúrylymyna da birshama kýsh týsirip, halyqtyng tyghyz ornalasa bastauyna jәne kóptegen adamy mәselelerding tuuyna sebep bolyp otyrghanyn kórsetetin kórkem tuyndylar da jazyla bastady. Sebebi búl әleumettik dinamika men postindustrialdyq qogham mәseleleri. Damyghan qalalardyng barlyghy da búl ýrdisti basynan ótkizgen.

Qazirgi futurologiyalyq boljamdar arasynan qoghamdyq damudyng ózara yqpaldastyghynyng eki tendensiyasy aiqyn kórinedi: jahandanu jәne postindustriyalyq órkeniyetke ótu. Búl tendensiyalardyng jýzege asuy sosiumnyng qonystanushylyq qúrylymynyng ózgeruine әkep soghady, al onyng saldary әrtýrli boluy mýmkin. Shamasy, qala әleumettik dinamikadaghy kóshbasshylyq rólin saqtap qalady, alayda ol róli ózgerui de mýmkin. Mәsele tek jana qalalardyng payda boluy men bar qalalardyng kólemining úlghangy mýmkin ekendigi turaly emes, sonymen qatar qalalardyng qalalyq aglomerasiyagha – birneshe eldi mekenning jinaqtalyp, qarqyndy óndiristik, transporttyq jәne mәdeny baylanysy bar, halyq kóp qonystanghan bir jýie retinde biriguinde bolyp túr. Sonday-aq, postindustrialdyq qoghamgha ótu ýderisi kezinde qala túrghyndarynyng ómirindegi eski mәseleler ushyghyp, jana mәseleler tuyndaydy. Mәselen, tabighy ortanyng adam densaulyghyna keri әseri, medisinalyq-ekologiyalyq mәseleler, әleumettik-psihologiyalyq jaysyzdyq, túrghyndardyng «tyghyz ornalasuy» jaghdayyndaghy strestik oqighalar men G. Zimmeli «syrtqy jәne ishki әserlerding jyldam әri ýzdiksiz auysatyndyghynan tuyndaytyn ómirding asa kýigelektigi» dep ataghan qala ómirining tym shapshang yrghaghy» [8]. Qalalyq ómir saltynyng kemshiligi retinde adamdar arasyndaghy qatynas pen aralasudyng sharttylyq sipaty basym ekenin, qalalyq kenistikting alypsatarlyq kapitalmen jekemenshiktelgenin, túrghyn ýy qúrylysy sharuashylyghy qyzmeti kommersiyalanyp, soghan oray túrghyndarynyng әleumettik jaghdayynda aiyrmashylyqtar aiqyn kórine bastaghanyn aita ketu kerek.

Qaladaghy adam ómirining búl erekshelikteri tanymal tehnika filosofy L. Memfordtyng sózimen aitqanda «túlghagha ziyan keltiredi». Býgingi kýnde, – deydi ol, «alystaghymyz dәl janymyzgha keldi, endi ótpeli de ómirlik siyaqty baghaly». Jyldam baylanysa alu mýmkindigi bolghandyqtan, tәulik qarqyny artty, alayda ómir yrghaghy bólshektenip, ýzik-ýzik bolyp qaldy: radio, telefon, gazetter jan-jaqtan shulap, bar nazardy ózine audartady, osynsha mol u-shudyng ortasynda adamgha qorshaghan orta turaly oilanu, ony týsinu óte qiyn, al múnday ómir saltymen ózindi jayly sezinu tipti qiyn» [9, 239]. Sondyqtan urbanizasiya tendensiyasymen qatar ruralizasiya tendensiyasynyng da oryn aluy tanqalarlyq jayt emes, ruralizasiya degenimiz – auyldyq jәne qala many adamdarynyng ómir saltynyng qúndylyqtaryn qalpyna keltiru. Ruralizasiyanyng oryn aluy da óte manyzdy, sebebi urbanizasiya iri qala manyndaghy eldi mekenderge, solargha jaqyn jatqan auyldargha teris әserin tiygizedi. Ruralizasiyanyng saldarynan adamdardyng ómir salty ózgerui mýmkin – shaghyn әleumettik toptargha tәn ózara qarym-qatynas qayta ornaydy, yaghny toptanyp emes, túlghalyq jaqyndyq, túlghalyq syrlasu jýzege asady. Búl adamdar arasyndaghy qatynastyng adamy qasiyetin arttyrady.

Qoghamnyng órkeniyettik damuyndaghy qala róli birjaqty emes. Bir qyrynan alyp qaraghanda, «әlemdik tarih – búl qala adamynyng tarihy. Halyqtar, memleketter, sayasat pen din, ónerding barlyq týri, barlyq ghylym salasy adamzat ghúmyrynyng kóne fenomeni – qalada negizdelgen» [1, 113]. Ekinshi qyrynan alyp qaraghanda, dәl sol avtordyng aituynsha, «órkeniyet qalanyng jenisi, biraq ol ózi ónip shyqqan topyraqtan jyraqtap, ózin-ózi ajalgha aidaydy» [1, 136]. Sondyqtan qalanyn, sonymen birge qoghamnyng bolashaq damuyna kepildik joq degen ssenariy kóptegen antiutopiyada kórinis tapty. Al shyndyghyna kelgende, barynsha mol tabys tabudy maqsat tútqan neoliyberaldy ekonomika songhy otyz jylda qalagha zor ziyanyn tiygizdi, qala qúrylysynyng últtyq dәstýrlerin de, qala qúrylysyndaghy tarihiy-mәdeny qúndylyqtardy da eskerusiz qaldyrdy. Osyghan oray, qazirgi kezde qalada bolyp jatqan ýderisterdi dúrys baghamdap, baqylaugha alu qajet. Búl tek memleketting ghana emes, negizin qala órkeniyetinen alatyn qazirgi azamattyq qoghamnyng missiyasy.

Ádebiyetter

1. Shpengler O. Zakat Evropy: Ocherky morfologiy mirovoy istorii. T. 2. Vsemirno-istoricheskie perspektivy. – Minsk, 1999. – 718 s.
2. Le Goff J. Sivilizasiya srednevekovogo Zapada. – M., 1992. – 376 s.
3. Ahmetova K. Almaty. URL: https://www.zharar.com/kz/olen/27369-kulaw.html (qaraldy: 15.04.2024).
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5. Bodriyyar J. Simvolicheskiy obmen y smerti. – M., 2000. – 387 s.
6. 6. Orda G. Shynayylyqpen beynelengen shygharma. URL: https://adebiportal.kz/kz/news/view/gulzahan-orda-synaiylyqpen-beinelengen-sygarma__14120 (qaraldy: 15.04.2024).
7. 7. Brodeli F. Materialinaya sivilizasiya, ekonomika y kapitalizm, XV-XVIII vv. T. 1. Struktury povsednevnosti: vozmojnoe y nevozmojnoe. –M., 2007. – 592 s.
8. 8. Zimmeli G. Bolishie goroda y duhovnaya jizni. URL: https://magazines.gorky.media/logos/2002/3/bolshie-goroda-i-duhovnaya-zhizn.html (qaraldy: 15.04.2024).
9. 9. Memford L. Mehanicheskiy ritm jizny // Inostrannaya liyteratura. – – № 1. – S. 239-240.

Maqala Qazaqstan Respublikasy Ghylym jәne joghary bilim ministrligining Ghylym komiyteti qarjylandyratyn AP19176500 «Qazirgi qazaq әdebiyetindegi qala beynesi jәne keyipkerler tipologiyasy» ghylymy jobasy ayasynda jazyldy.

Móldir Amanghazyqyzy,

A.Q. Qúsayynov atyndaghy Euraziya gumanitarlyq  institutynyng dosenti, filosofiya doktory (PhD)

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