Orystyng tarihshy ghalymy Evgeniy Yurievich Spisyn ózining ghylymy enbekterinde bylay deydi:

«Kezinde Deshti – Qypshaq dalasynan barghan, әigili qolbasshy Ámir Temirding nemeresi Babyr súltan, sol tústaghy Qasym han әskerining kómegimen Aughanstan men Ýndistandy jaulap alghanyn tarihtan bilemiz. Sóitip, úzaq jyldar biylik jýrgizip, osy ýndi elining biraz júrtyn ózi  ústanatyn músylman dinine kirgizedi. Keyingi ghasyrlarda osy músylman dinindegi ýndi halqynyng bóligi, Ýndistannan bólinip, jeke Pәkistan  memleketin qúrdy. Olardyng osy kýngi memlekettik tili Orda tili (yazyk  Urdu, kotoroe proizoshlo ot turkskogo *ordu, v rus­skom eto je slovo otrajeno kak «orda»). Sonymen, әri qaray: Álemdegi Qypshaq tili  memlekettik til bolyp sanalatyn,  tәuelsiz jalghyz memleket!».

Osylardy oqyp otyryp, qayran qaldym. Shynymen de, bizding әli  bilmeytindigimiz kóp eken-au. Eger naqtyraq aitsaq, búl elder de, kezindegi  Úly dalany mekendegen ata-babalarymyz qúrghan, Qypshaq imperiyasynyn  qúramynda bolghan elder ekendigi sózsiz shyndyq.

Sonymen, әri qaray kettik.

Endigi sóz qylayyq dep otyrghanymyz Kishi Aziyadaghy Qypshaq  imperiyasy jayynda bolmaq.

Shynghys hannyng nemeresi Tólening úly Qúbaghúl (Hulagu) 1253 jyly kýzge qaray, sol uaqyttaghy Kishi Aziyadaghy eng aibyndy jәne asa zor kýsh-quatqa ie músylman elderding biri jәne biregeyi Parsy júrtyna joryqqa attanady. Ony ispan jylnamashysy jәne elshisi Klaviho bylay dep jazady: «Ot straha pry etom soobsheniy v gorah nachinalisi zemletryaseniya, a serdsa koroley trepetaliy». Degenmen, osynau jaulap alu saparyna shyqpas búryn, Qúbaghúl әskeri ýlken dayyndyqtan ótedi. Úly han Mónkening jarlyghyna oray, Qúbaghúl armiyasyna Batyl (Batu) men Shaghatay iyeliginen qosymsha sany kóp qosyndar jinalady. Bәri aitarlyqtay tiyanaqty dayyndyqtan ótken son, úlan-ghayyr Deshti - Qypshaq dalasynan Kishi Aziyagha qaray bet alady.

Osy arada sheginis jasap, qysqa ghana bolashaq Kishi Aziya imperatory Qúbaghúl turaly aita keteyik.

Qúbaghúl bala kezinen óte ójet jәne tentekteu bolyp ósedi. Qasyndaghy tetelesterine qaraghanda  shapshan, dalada jattyghyp jýrgende: sadaq atudan  mergen jәne at ýstinde nayzalasqanda, qataryndaghylardy týsirip ketetin bolghan. Eshteneden onaylyqpen qaymyqpaytyn. Onyng bolmysyn keybir ghylymy enbekterde bylay dep kórsetedi:

«Kogda Chingiys-han vozvratilsya posle zavoevaniya sosedney Sredney Aziiy y doshyol do predelov svoiyh ord, k nemu vyshly navstrechu Kubilay (Qúbylay), kotoromu bylo odinnadsati let, y Hulagu (Qúbaghúl), kotoromu bylo devyati let. Sluchayno v eto vremya Kubilay podbil zaysa, a Hulagu dikui kozu v mestnosty Ala – goy (tegi Alakól bolar), na graniyse strany naymanov, bliz Imiyl-Kuchina. (qazirgi Abay oblysy, Ýrjar audanyndaghy Kishi Emil ózeni. Sonymen qatar, osy ózen men Jalanash kólding aralyghynda, tura Qytay shekarasyna jaqyn ornalasqan Shynghys han sayy bar. Múny jergilikti túrghyndar Shynghys hannyng Qytaydy shabugha bara jatqandaghy, damyldaghan oryny, - deydi jәne osy oblysta Shynghys tauy bar) po tu storonu reky Hile (Almaty oblysy, Ile ózeni), poblizosty ot oblastiy uygurov (Qashqar júrty ).

Obychay je kipchakov takov, chto v pervyy raz, kogda malichiky ohotyatsya, iyh bolishomu palisu [na ruke] delaiyt smazku, to esti ego natirait myasom y jirom. Chingiyz-han samolichno smazal ih palisy. Kubilay  vzyal bolishoy pales Chingiyz-hana legoniko, a Hulagu shvatil krepko. Chingiyz-han skazal: Etot poganes prikonchil moy pales!».  Mine, bala Qúbaghúldyng tabighaty osynday bolghan.

Alayda, osy úly joryq bastalmay túryp, aldyn-ala biraz uaqyt búryn jiberilgen elshiler, qalyng әsker jýretin joldardaghy býkil jayylymdardy búlar ýshin saqtaugha jәne tiyispeuge shartarap elderine habar taratady. Eger múny orys tilindegi núsqasynda aitatyn bolsaq: «Vo vseh stranah ot Turkestana do Horasana y vploti do Ruma (Malaya Aziya) y Gruziy trava byla vnesena v zapretnuy kategorii: «nikto ne doljen podhoditi k etoy trave». Emiry y mestnye praviytely byly otvetstvenny za obespechenie prodovolistviyem voinov. Tysyachy kitayskih injenerov soprovojdaly ekspedisii, chtoby soorujati katapulity, ognemety y mashiny dlya streliby ognennymy strelami; ony byly spesialistamy v osadnyh operasiyah. Kezindegi dala qypshaghy Shynghys han dinastiyasynyng kýshi jәne ýstemdigi degen osy emes pe! Úly daladan joryqqa shyqqan Qúbaghúl armiyasy (ony dvinulisi v pahod s Jeltoy ravniny, - deydi  ghylymy enbekterinde Hilda Hukhem),(tegi, búl Saryarqa boldy ghoy)  aldymen ózderinen kóp alys emes Almalyq qalasyna keledi. Osy arada at suytqan olar, kóp bógelmey, ary asady. Biraq, olar joryq jolynda bolghanymen, sondaylyq asygha qoymaghan sekildi. 1255 jyldyng jazynda Samarqandtyng qasyndaghy Qany – Gýl jaylauyna kelip, auadaghy ystyq basylghansha edәuir uaqyt damyldaydy. Osy arada Maverannahrdyng әmiri búlardy qúshaq jaya qarsy alyp, shatyr qúrady. Orysshasynda bylay deydi: «palatku iz zolotyh y shelkovyh tkaney, kotoraya byla pokryta belym voylokom y pochty sorok dney ony byly v takom sosedstve y postoyannom pirovaniy y dobryh otnosheniyah». Odan әri, biraz jyljyp, keyingi ghasyrda tughan Ámir Temirding eli sanalatyn Shahrisiyabz qystauynda bir ay shamasynda bógeledi. 1256 jyly jolyndaghy Amudariya ózeninen ótip, Persiyanyng shekarasyna enedi. Aldymen ózderine alghashqy bolyp shabuyl jasaghan Ismail әskerin tas-talqanyn shygharady. Búlar, XI ghasyrdyng ekinshi jartysynda әl – Hasan patshanyng arnayy qúrghan músylman sektasynyng qalyng sarbazdary bolatyn. 1258 jyly sol kezdegi asa iri Baghdad qalasyn jaulap alady. Sóitip, biyliktegi Abbasidter halifatyn tútasymen ózderining iyeligine alady. Halifattyng ózin kilemge orap, tepkilep óltiredi. Kezindegi dala qypshaqtarynyn  dәstýrinde, han nemese patsha túqymyn baqilyqqa jibererde, olardyng qanyn shashpay, ne buyndyryp, nemese osynday tәsilmen qanyn tókpey orap, kýshtep óltirgen. Sonymen, Kishi Aziyadaghy kóshpeli qypshaqtardyng jana memleketi payda bolady. Dәlirek aitqanda, búl imperiyagha: qazirgi batysyndaghy Irak aumaghy tútasymen, sonday-aq, ontýstiginde Fars, shyghysynda Horasan, soltýstiginde Medee atyraby (yaghny aitqanda, osy kýngi Ázirbayjan, Armeniya jәne Gruziyanyng jartysy) qamtylady.

Qalay desekte, kezindegi Parsy eli biylik jýrgizgen aimaqtardyn, dәlirek aitqanda, sol tústaghy auyl sharuashylyghy aitarlyqtay joghary dәrejede damyghan bolatyn. Sonymen qatar, búl ólkelerde qala salu, bolat qorytu, ózge de qol óner kәsibi shama-sharqynsha ilgeri damyp,  ósip-jetilip, órkendeui jaghynan kәri qúrlyqtan әlde qayda alda túrghan kezi edi. Taghy da aiyryqsha eskerte keterimiz, jaulap alynghan osy elderde, ózenderge bóget salyp, onyng suyn egis alqaptaryna shygharyp, maqtalyq jәne kókónis alqaptaryn sugharu, ondy jolgha qoyylghan bolatyn. Qypshaq dalasynan kelgen, Qúbaghúldyng shapqynshylyghynan keyin, búl damyghan aimaqtar biraz uaqytqa daghdarysqa úshyrady. Degenmen, Qúbaghúldyng shóberesi Qazan (Gazan) hannyng túsynda, atasy qúrghan imperiya kóptegen jetistikterge jetip, shynymen de joghary dәrejede órkendeydi. Ásirese, qúrlyq aralyq sauda-sattyq mýmkindiginshe shapshang damyp, Úly qaghanattyng kýsheyip, jetiluine asa zor yqpal etedi. Múnymen qosa, óz uaqytynda qypshaq dalasynan kelgen qalyng әsker de, jergilikti túrghyndarmen jaqyn aralasyp, kele-kele biyleushisi Qazan han sekildi, músylman dinin qabyldaydy. Osy Qúbaghúldyng shóberesining túsynda, búl elde qarjylyq reforma jýrgizilip, shygharghan aqshalary birneshe tilde jazylghan bolatyn jәne ol osy elding aitarlyqtay tabysqa jetuine ýlken mýmkindik tughyzdy. Biraq, Kishi Aziya aumaghyn tútas alyp jatqan imperiyanyng әlsireuine әsirese onyng qúramyndaghy shaghyn Ázirbayjan eli qatty әser etedi. Nege deseniz, kezinde Qúbaghúl joryqqa shyghardyng aldynda biraz qosynyn qosqan Altyn Orda imperiyasynyng keyingi handary, Qazannan, kezinde bergen kómekterining óteuine damyghan, bay Ázirbayjan elin berudi talap etedi. Sonday-aq, búl shaghyn ghana el, eki zor qaghanattyng tura shekarasyna ornalasqan edi. Biyligindegi memleketting әlsirep qaluyna jol bergisi kelmegen úly hannyng shóberesi onaylyqpen kónbeydi. Óstip, dalalyq qypshaqtardyng qúrghan eki iri imperiyasynyng arasynda jaulyq payda bolyp, keyinnen bitispes soghysqa ainaldy. Taghy bir eskerte keteyik, Kishi Aziya aumaghyna ornalasqan búl quatty qaghanattyng әlsireuine, kórshisi Siriya jәne Mysyr memleketin biylegen mәmlýk súltandarynyn, búlardyng jasaghan birneshe joryghyna týbegeyli toytarys berip, aitarlyqtay shyghyn keltiredi. Qaytyp búlardyng Mysyr baghytyna ayaq basuyna shekteu qoyady. Osylaysha, óz uaqytynda negizin Deshti – Qypshaq dalasynyng kóshpeli túrghyndary qúrghan úly imperiyanyng aqyrghy biylik iyesi Ábu – Seyit (Abu – Sayiyd) dýniyeden ótken son, bir kezderi qylyshynan qan tamghan aibyndy imperiya jeke-jeke shaghyn elderge bólinip, tarap ketti.

Beysenghazy Úlyqbek6

Qazaqstan Jurnalister Odaghynyng mýshesi

Abai.kz