Altyn Ordagha qarasty Shyghys Europalyqtar, Kavkazdyqtar búrynnan hristian dinin ústanghan. Altyn Ordanyng negizin salushy Joshynyng bir әieli Bektútmysh kerey Túghyryl hannyng inisi Jaqakambudyng qyzy bolyp hristian dinin ústanghan.

Altyn Orda handarynyng alghashqylarynyng biri Sartaq ta nestoriandyq baghyttaghy hristian bolghan (1).

Keyingi Altyn Orda kóshpendilerining ýlken bóligin qúraghan qypshaqtardyng da birazy hristian bolghan，olardyng keybiri monghol joryghynan búryn, al keybiri joryqtan keyin hristian bolghan.

HIII ghasyrdyng basynda Tevton rysarlary kumandardy jene almay, Vengriya koroline qarasty ónirde tәuelsiz el qúrugha kiristi. 1238 jyly mongholdar Kumaniyagha shabuyl jasaghannan keyin Vengriya koroli Bela IV kuman halqynyng qalghan halqyna olardyng kósemi Han Kótenning basshylyghymen pana beretin boldy, olar onyng qarymtasyna 40 000 otbasymen (200 myng adam) hristian dinin qabyldaugha ant etti. Koroli Bela jana subektilerdi, sonyng ishinde qypshaq-kumandardy Vengriyagha qauip tóndirgen mongholdargha qarsy kómekshi әsker retinde paydalanbaq boldy (2).

Al Sartaqtyng hristiandar yqpalynda bolghandyghyn músylman tarihshylary da hristian tarihshylary da atap kórsetedi. V.V.Bartolid Sartaqtyng hristian dinine qatysy turaly tarihy derekterdi saralay kele, Sartaqtyng Batu hannyng kózi tirisining ózinde hristiandar yqpalynda bolghanyn, 1249 jyly oghan orys knyazdarynyng arnayy barghanyn, Edil ózenining tómengi aghysynda, batys jaghalaudan arnayy shirkeu saldyrtqanyn aitady (3).

Sartaqtyng hristian boluy óz iyeligi bolghan Qyrymda hristian dinining kýshengine eleuli yqpal etken boluy mýmkin. Búghan 1227 jyly Vengriya jerine baryp shoqynghan qypshaqtardyng da qatysy bar boluy mýmkin. Dese de hristian dini Shyghys Europada búrynnan taralghan din, Hazar memleketi dýniyedegi eng damyghan sauda memleketi boldy, onyng damyghan ekonomikasy men saudasyn qypshaqtar jalghastyryp Altyn Orda dәuirinde búl ýderis tipti de damydy. Shyghys Europa týrkilerding otyryqshylyqqa kóshkenderi negizinen hristian dinine kirgen oghyz-qypshaqtar boldy (4).

Vengriya koroli Ladislav IV, sonymen qatar Kuman Ladislaus degen atpen belgili. Ol ózining sýiikti kunderining kiyimin kiygen. Onyng anasy Vengriya patshayymy Elizaveta kun kósemining qyzy bolghan. (Chronicon Pictum, 1358 j)(5).

Qypshaq kiyiz ýii (6).

Vengriyadaghy shamandyq kumandardy hristiandandyru maqsatynda kuman tiline audarylghan búl dúgha TRT Derekti filimi Özü Türk baghdarlamasynda jazylghan:

Bizim atamız kim-sing kökte

Şentlensing sening adıng

Düşsün sening könglügüng

Neçik-kim cerde alay kökte

Bizing ekmegimizni ber bizge büt-bütün künde

İlt bizing minimizni

Neçik-kim biz iyermiz bizge ötrü kelgenge

İltme bizni ol camanga

Kutkar bizni ol camannan

Sen barsıng bu küçli bu çin iygi Tengri, amen (7).

Demek Altyn Orda zamanyndaghy hristian dinining damuy ol sol kezdegi otyryqshy órkeniyettin, әsirese sauda men mәdeniyetting damuymen tyghyz qatysty boldy.

Erte monghol biyligi kezinde basqaqtar mongholdar salatyn salyqtardy jinady, al salyqtan tek orys dinbasylary bosatyldy, orys tilinde baskachestvo dep atalatyn jýie de boldy (20). Orys diny qyzmetkerlerine berilgen artyqshylyq jarghylarda dan jәne poshlina terminderi beriledi, olar HIII ghasyrdyng ekinshi jartysyna qaray eng aldymen tatar alymyna qatysty boldy (8).

Mongholdar Orys pravoslavie shirkeuinen hannyng saulyghy ýshin dúgha etudi talap etti, al onyng ornyna olar shirkeuding amandyghyna kepildik jasap, onyng onan ary qaray damuyna yqpal etti. Sarayda orystar ýshin jәne Altyn Orda jәne Orys shirkeui men Vizantiya arasynda deldal bolu maqsatynda episkoptyq qúryldy. Handar shirkeuge aitarlyqtay salyq jenildikterin berdi, búl onyng shapqynshylyq kezindegi auyr jaghdaydan qútylyp, búrynghydan da jaqsy gýldenuine mýmkindik berdi. Dәl HIÝ ghasyrda shirkeuler men shoqynushy auyldargha sheshushi qadamdar jasady, mýmkin, sharualardy qonystandyrugha yntalandyratyn shirkeu jerlerine berilgen ekonomikalyq paydany tartugha baylanysty bolghan kórinedi. «Orda patshasy Petr turaly hikaya» HIÝ ghasyrda jazylghan. Onda Shynghys hannyng úrpaghy monghol Petrding qalay dindi qabyldap, Petrov monastyrynyng negizin qalaghany turaly aitylady. Petrding úrpaqtary handarmen baylanysyn paydalanyp, monastyrdy Rostov knyazdarynan jәne sol jerge balyq aulau qúqyghyn qalaghan kórshi orystardan qorghady. Shirkeuding mongholdardy beyneleui aralas jәne ynghaysyz boldy. Búl olardy apat jәne olardyng qamqorshysy retinde kórsetti. Búl qayshylyqty shirkeu mәtinderindegi handardyng beynesinen kóruge bolady. Músalarda handardyng esimderi jazylatyn jerde auyzsha dauystap oqugha arnalghan bos oryn bolatyn. Sonday-aq han men «tatarlardyn» arasyn úqypty bólu bolghan. Hagiograftar keyde handardy orys knyazdaryn óltirudegi rólinen bosatyp jiberdi. HIÝ ghasyrda handardyng biyligi әlsirey bastaghannan keyin Shirkeu orys knyaziderine tolyq qoldau kórsetti. Alayda mongholdardyng biyligi ayaqtalghannan keyin de, shirkeu olargha qalay qarau kerektigi turaly mysal retinde monghol ýlgisin qoldandy. HÝI ghasyrda shirkeu qyzmetkerleri Shirkeuge salyq immuniytetin beretin audarylghan monghol jarlyghyn taratqan (9).

Kumandar nemese qypshaqtar әsili Tәnirge senetin edi, Europada ómir sýrgen song olargha hristian dini taray bastaghan. 1242 jyly Mongholdyng joryghynan song Balqangha ketken 40 myng qypshaq hristian dinine kirgen.

Arada ghasyrgha juyq uaqyt ótken song Altyn Ordanyng batasynda hristian dini qanat jayyp hristian qypshaqtar kóbeye bastaghan. Ibn Batutanyng esteliginen: «... Búl dalada olar arbamen jýredi, jol jýru merzimi alty aigha sozylady, onyng ýsh aiy Múhammed Ózbek hannyng jeri. Biz búl gavanigha kelgenning ertesi kýni bizding joldastarymyzdyng arasyndaghy bir kópes sol dalada qypshaq degen atpen belgili halyqqa baryp, olardan at-arba súrap aldy. Olar hristian dinine senedi... biz at arbagha otyryp Kafa degen qalagha keldik, búl tenizding boyymen (Qara teniz) sozylyp jatqan ýlken qala. Onda kópshilik bóligi Genuezderden túratyn hristiandar, olardyng әmirining aty Elidemediyr. Biz múndaghy músylmandar meshitine toptaldyq» (10). Qyrym ghana emes Altyn orda astanasy Saray qalasynda da qypshaq, alan, orys, rimdik, genuyalyq t.b kóptegen hristiandar bolghan.

Kodeks-kumanikus.

Batutanyng sapary 1327-jyly bolghan eken, ol kezde Altyn Orda elitasy islam dinin qabyldaghan, biraq kóshpendilerge әli taramaghan bolatyn. Islammen bәsekeles hristiandar Altyn Ordagha hristian dinin taratty. 1303 jyly jazylghan «Kodeks-kumanikus» osy Altyn ordalyqtargha hristian dinin ýgitteytin kitap bolatyn.

Kodeksti Patter Noster oqidy:

Atamız kim köktäsiñ. Alğışlı bolsun seniñ atıñ, kelsin seniñ xanlığıñ, bolsun seniñ tilemekiñ – neçik kim köktä, alay (da) yerdä. Kündeki ötmäkimizni bizgä bugün bergil. Dağı yazuqlarımıznı bizgä boşatqıl – neçik biz boşatırbız bizgä yaman etkenlergä. Dağı yekniñ sınamaqına bizni quvurmağıl. Basa barça yamandan bizni qutxarğıl. Amen!(11).

Suret. Mitropolit Aleksiyding Jәnibekting әielin soqyrlyqtan sauyqtyruy.

Berdibek han 1359 jyly aghasy Qúlpanyng tónkerisi kezinde óltirildi. Qúlpanyng eki úly hristian boldy jәne olardyng slavyansha esimderi Mihail jәne Ivan boldy, búl Altyn Ordadaghy músylman halqynyng narazylyghyn tudyrdy. 1360 jyly Qúlpanyng inisi Nauryz bek hangha qarsy kóterilis jasap, ony úldarymen birge óltiredi. 1361 jyly Shibannyng (Joshynyng 5-shi úly) úrpaghyn keybir úlylar taqqa otyrugha shaqyrady. Hydyr Nauryzgha qarsy shyqty, onyng óz leytenanty oghan opasyzdyq jasap, ony ólim jazasyna kesuge tapsyrdy. Sol jyly Hydyrdy óz balasy Timur Hoja óltirdi. Ózbek hannyng úrpaqtary biylikti basyp alghansha Timur Hoja bes apta ghana biylik etti (12).

Keybir tarihshylar kazak halqynyng shyghys slavyandardan, týrikterden, tatarlardan jәne keng baytaq dalany qonystanghan basqa taypalardan shyqqan aralas etnikalyq tekti bolghan dep boljaydy (13). Keybir týrkologtar, kazaktar monghol shapqynshylyghynan kóp búryn ómir sýrgen Ukrainanyng jergilikti kundarynyng (kuman-qypshaq) úrpaqtary dep sanaydy (14). Keybireuler alghashqy kazaktardyng týrki tekti bolghanyn aitady (15), Sergey Plohiyding aituynsha, birinshi kazaktar slavyan emes, týrki tekti bolghan (16). HÝ ghasyrda kazak qoghamy kóbinese jergilikti әskerlerden qúralghan top bolyp, Polisha, Mәskeu, Qyrym handyghy siyaqty kórshi memleketterden tolyghymen tәuelsiz bolghan, әri tәuelsiz qauymdardyng erkin federasiyasy retinde sipattaldy (17). Búghan qaraghanda jogharyda Ibn Batutta aitqan hristian qypshaqtardyng úrpaghy keyin slavyandanghan halyq deuge negiz bar.

Mihaylo Grushevskiyding aituynsha, kazaktar turaly alghashqy derekter HIÝ ghasyrgha jatady, degenmen búl jerde týrki tektes, ne tekteri anyqtalmaghan adamdar turaly aitylghan (18). HIÝ ghasyrdyng basynda Ózbek hannyng islam dinin qabyldauyna baylanysty Joshy úlysyndaghy kóshpendiler ýsh topqa bólingenin kóruge bolady: 1-top ózbekter, olar islam dinin qabyldaghan kóshpendiler bolyp keyin ózbek, noghay, qazaq dep bólingen. 2-top hristian dinin qabyldap hristian tatar, kazak dep atalghan. 3-top ózderining dalalyq tәnir seniminde qalyp qalmaqtar dep atalghan.

Grushevskiy kazaktar әldeqashan úmyt bolghan Anttardan nemese qazirgi Rumyniyadaghy Brodnisiyding Berlad aimaghynan, sol kezdegi Úly Halych knyazdigining bir bóliginen shyqqan toptardan shyqqan boluy mýmkin ekenin aitady. Onda kazaktar kórshilerining shabuyldarynan qorghanu ýshin úiymdastyrylghan ózin-ózi qorghau qúramalary retinde qyzmet etken boluy mýmkin (19).

Kazaktar turaly alghashqy halyqaralyq derekting biri 1492 jyly Qyrym hany I Menligerey Litvanyng Úly Gersogi Aleksandr Yagellongha Kiyev pen Cherkasskiyden kelgen kazaktar Qyrym tatarlarynyng kemesin tonady dep habarlaghan kezde aitylady: «Gersog ózining «ukraindik» (shekara jerin bildiredi) dep aitady, sheneunikter olardy tergep, kinәlilerdi jazalap, hangha layyqty jauap berdi) - deydi (20). Bir kezderi yaghny HÝI ghasyrda Kiliya manyndaghy kazaktar turaly aitylymdar bar eski ukrainalyq Holota turaly ballada payda boldy (21).

Zertteushi Putkov ózining «kazak» atauy atty maqalasynda :«Gruziya aimaghynda 1480 jyldardan beri kóship jýrgender bizge kazak atymen belgili» - deydi.

Orys tarihshysy Karamziyn: «1480 jyly Altyn Ordanyng songhy hany Ahmetke Shibandyq Ibaq 100 myng kazakpen shabuyl jasady, noghaylyq Janbyrshy myrza 15 myng kazakpen shabuyl jasap Ahmet handy óltirdi», - deydi. Búndaghy kazak kimder? Kóshpendi erkin halyqtardy aityp otyrghany anyq, búghan keyingi bizding qazaq pen kazaktardyng da qatysy bar ekenin joqqa shygharugha bolmaydy (22).

Altyn Ordada hristian dinine sengen kóshpendilerde biyliktegi aqsýiekter de az bolmaghan, búl ashy bolsa da shyndyq. Sonymen birge, Edil Búlghariyasy men Altyn Orda dәuirinde bir bólim týrki-monghol feodaldarynyng hristian dinin ústanatyny anyq bolghanyna qaramastan, al keyingi kezendegi tatar aqsýiekterining bir bóligi de pravoslavie dinin qabyldaghany anyq (23). Keyingi kazaktarda tegi týrik tildes qypshaq әskeriylermen slavyandardyng aralasuynan qalyptasty.

Islam dinimen salystyrghanda Altyn Ordada jalpy halyq sany jaghynan hristiandar neshe ese kóp boldy, bir ghana orystardyng ózi 10 millionnan asatyn, oghan qypshaq, alan, armyan t.b halyqtardy qosqanda tipti 12-15 milliongha deyin baruy mýmkin edi. Altyn Orda qalalarynda da hristiandar kóp bolghan. Mysaly: «Ás-Saray qalasy – eng jaqsy qalalardyng biri, kólemi sheksiz, jazyq jerde ornalasqan, túrghyndarynyng kóptigimen aty shyqqan, jaqsy bazarlary men keng kósheleri bar. Bir kýni qalany ainalyp ótip, onyng kólemin bilgimiz kelip, onyng jetekshilerining birimen jolgha shyqtyq. Qonatyn jerimiz onyng bir shetinde boldy da, odan tang ata jolgha shyqtyq, al týsten keyin ekinshi shetine jettik. Onyng túrghyndarynyng arasynda әr týrli toptar bar; búlargha osy elding túrghyndary jәne onyng súltandary bolyp tabylatyn mogholdar, al olardyng keybireuleri músylmandar, odan keyin ózge músylmandardan astar (alandar) bar. Qifdjak (qypshaq, kumandar), jarkalar (cherkester), ruslar (orys) jәne Rum (Rimdikter) bar – olar (barlyghy) hristiandar (24).

Keyingi Ámir Temirding joryghynan keyin hristian monghol-tatarlar men qypshaqtar orystar jaghyna óte bastady da keyingi Resey imperiyasynyng bas kóterip shyghuyndaghy manyzdy sebepterding biri deuge bolady. Olardyng úrpaqtary keyin orystanyp ketti, orys-kazak, hristian tatarlar solardyng úrpaqtary. Sondyqtan Resey imperiyasy belgili túrghydan Altyn Ordagha múragerlik sipatta qúryldy, ordanyng ekige nemese ýshke bólinui de osy úqsamaghan dinge sengenderding biylikke talasynan kelip shyqty.

Hristian ne ýshin elitalyq din bola almady?

Búnyng birneshe sebepteri bar:

1. Sauda-ekonomika jaghynan alyp qaraghanda músylman saudagerlerding Qytay-Europa-Orta Shyghys arasyndaghy yqpaly joghary boldy;

2. Bilim, mәdeniyet túrghysynan alyp qaraghanda da hristian әlemine qaraghanda islam әlemi alda boldy;

3. Býkil dýniyeni sharpyp, 200 mln. adamnyng ómirin jalmaghan oba auruynyng aldy-artynda hristian әlemi daghdarystargha tap boldy, kóp halyqtyng búl dinge degen senimi azaydy.

Ádebiyetter:

1. Early in 1253 a report reached Acre that one of the Mongol princes, Sartaq, son of Batu, had been converted to Christianity", Runciman, p. 280.
2. Vásáry, István (2022), "Taxation in the Jochid Ulus", in May, Timothy; Hope, Michael (eds.), The Mongol World, London: Routledge, pp. 468–483
3. Evraziya men qazaq dalasyndaghy diniy-ruhany ýderister tarihy. Zikiriya Jandarbek. 152-bet. Orhon baspasy. Almaty. 2024
4. Boĭkova, Elena Vladimirovna; Rybakov, R. B. (2006). Kinship in the Altaic World. Otto Harrassowitz Verlag. ISBN 978-3-4470-5416-4.
5. https://en.m.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cumans&wprov=rarw1#/media/File%3AChronicon_Pictum_P128_IV._L%C3%A1szl%C3%B3_kun_viseletben.JPG
6. https://en.m.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cumans&wprov=rarw1#/media/File%3AIvan_Bilibin_177.jpg
7. "TARİH VE ARKEOLOJİ: Kuman Duası " Babamız Kun" ve Codex Cumanicus". August 17, 2014.
8. Vásáry, István (2022), "Taxation in the Jochid Ulus", in May, Timothy; Hope, Michael (eds.), The Mongol World, London: Routledge, pp.465
9. Vásáry, István (2022), "Taxation in the Jochid Ulus", in May, Timothy; Hope, Michael (eds.), The Mongol World, London: Routledge, pp. 476
10. Halperin, Charles J. (1987). Russia and the Golden Horde: The Mongol Impact on Medieval Russian History. Indiana University. 113-115
11. Tarih adamzat aqyl-oyynyng qazynasy. 3-tom. 51-bet. Foliant baspasy. Astana. 2005
12. https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Codex_Cumanicus
13. Vernadsky, George (1953), The Mongols and Russia, New Haven, CT: Yale University Press،246-bet
14. Neumann, Karl Friedrich (1855). Die völker des südlichen Russlands in ihrer geschichtlichen entwickelung (The Peoples of Southern Russia in its Historical Evolution). Leipzig: B.G. Teubner. p. 132. Retrieved 2015-10-25
15. Newland, Samuel J. (1991). Cossacks in the German Army, 1941–1945. Portland: Routledge; Frank Cass. ISBN 978-0-7146-3351-0. Archived from the original on 2016-05-21. Retrieved 2015-10-25.
16. Breyfogle, Nicholas; Schrader, Abby; Sunderland, Willard (2007). Peopling the Russian Periphery: Borderland Colonization in ... p. 43.
17. Serhii Plokhy (2012). The Cossack Myth: History and Nationhood in the Age of Empires. p. 31.
18. Christoph Baumer (2023). History of the Caucasus: Volume 2: In the Shadow of Great Powers. p. 122.
19. "Cossacks". The Columbia Electronic Encyclopedia (6th, out of print ed.). Columbia University Press. 2001-2004.
20. Hrushevsky, M. (2003). Illustrated History of Ukraine. Donetsk: BAO. ISBN 966-548-571-7.
21. Plokhy, Serhii (2015). The gates of Europe: a history of Ukraine. Basic. ISBN 978-1-5416-7564-3. OCLC 1333156632
22. Duma pro kozaka Golotu – Narodni dumy (Ballad about Cossack Holota). ukrlib.com.ua. National ballads (in Ukrainian). Archived from the original on 5 October 2015. Retrieved 23 August 2015.
23. Nyghymet Mynjan. Qazaqtyng qysqasha tarihy. 21-bet. Almaty. Jalyn baspasy. 1994
24. Tatarskaya ensiklopediya: V 5 t., – Kazani: Institut Tatarskoy ensiklopediy AN RT, 2006. – T. 3., str. 462.
25. Gibb 1962: 515–516; Mackintosh-Smith 2002: 136; in part Bukharaev 2013: 155.

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