Bizding jaqyn tarihmyzdyng qiyn kezenderi men qayghyly betterining biri - 1929-1933 jyldary Qazaqstanda, býkil KSRO-da bolghan újymdastyru nauqany. Újymdastyru – Qazaqstan halyqtary ýshin, eng aldymen, qazaq halqy ýshin eng qandy jәne qiyn drama boldy. Adamzat tarihynda qazaqstandyq apat siyaqty tragediyanyng boluy ekitalay, ol 2,5 millionnan astam adamnyng ómirin qidy, onyng 2,3 milliony qazaq halqyna tiyesili.

Újymdastyru nauqanynyng Qazaqstanda barlyq jerde jýrgizilui auyr zardaptargha әkeldi, biraq onyng joyqyn tabighaty kóshpeli jәne jartylay kóshpeli qazaq qojalyqtaryna airyqsha әser etti. 1928 jyly újymdastyrugha deyin Aqtóbe oblysynda halyqtyng 68 %-y qazaqtar bolghan (sol kezdegi múraghat qújattarynda Aqtóbe oblystyq múraghatynda búl últ kazaktar dep atalghan), 32 %-y basqa últ ókilderi bolghan.

Halyqtyng negizgi kәsibi auylsharuashylyghy boldy, búl jerde qazaqtar arasynda mal sharuashylyghy jәne orystardyng arasynda eginshilik basym boldy. 1917 jyly bizding oblysta 2 702 000 bas iri qara mal boldy (barlyq týrleri), 1925 jyly - 941 000, 1926 jyly - 1 200 000 jәne 1927 jyly - 1 758 000. Iri qara malynyng tabysy 1927 jyly 35% qúrady. 1917 j. qatysty. (1)

1928 jyly bizding oblysta qazaq halqynda otyryqshy sharuashylyqtardyng 28 % jәne jartylay kóshpeli sharuashylyqtardyng 72 % boldy. Sol jyly 80 baydan 14426 iri qara tәrkilendi, olar jeke sharua qojalyqtaryna (74,2 %), kolhozdargha (10,5 %), sovhozdargha jәne basqalargha (15,3 %) taratyldy. (2). 1929 jyly Kenes ýkimeti «bay» jәne «kulak» siyaqty úghymdardy naqty anyqtaghanyn atap ótu kerek. Búghan qazaq pen orys sharualary, sonday-aq sharuashylyq dengeyi ortasha dengeyden joghary basqa sharualar kirdi.

«Ortasha» úghymyn jergilikti biylik ózi aiqyndaytyn bolghandyqtan, naqty ólshemder bolmaghan kezde kez-kelgen qazaq nemese basqa sharua, eger onyng kiyiz ýii (ýii) kórshisining siyryna qaraghanda kóbirek sýt berse, ony bay nemese kulak retinde jikteuge bolady. Eger qojalyqta birneshe siyr nemese basqa januar bolsa, onda jaghday týbegeyli ózgeredi. Sonymen qatar, sol kezdegi zandargha sәikes, tәrkilengen barlyq baylyqtardyng tórtten bir bóligi kim kәmpeskeleuge qatysty.

Újymdastyrudyng barlyq ziyany men qatygezdigin, sonday-aq tәrkileu sharalaryn naqty suretteytin kelesi qújat Aqtóbe oblystyq múraghatynda saqtalghan, búl Aqtóbe oblysy Shalqar audany, Qarabútaq bolysynyng 11-shi auylynyng azamaty Úzaq Rasmahametovting ótinish haty.

Búl ótinishte búl azamat KASSR prokuroryna mynany jazady: «1928 jylghy 10 qyrkýiekte Ortalyq Atqaru Komiyteti men Qazaqstan Halyq Komissarlar Kenesining sheshimi negizinde, iri jartylay feodaldyq qazaq baylarynyng mýlkin tәrkileu jәne shygharyp jiberu turaly, Aqtóbe oblysy, Shalqar audany, Qarabútaq bolysynyng 11-shi aulynda. osy jarlyqtyng oryndaluy osy erejege jәne menshikke jatatyn adamdardyng tәrkilengen mýlikterining tizimine engizildi, atap aitqanda: júmysshy jylqy 60 bas, týie 4 bas, jas jylqy 30 bas, qoshqar 60 bas, 30 bas, búqalar 2 bas, siyr 3 bas, búzau 3 bas, 1 vagon, tarantas 1 jәne furgon 1 shirip jatyr, búl mýlik búrynnan sipattalghan jәne alynghan, al ýstimizdegi jyldyng 23 qyrkýieginen bastap komissiya osy iri qara malyn tapsyrugha kirisedi, dәlirek aitsaq taratu. Mening malym men mýlkimdi tәrkileu kelesi sebepterge baylanysty dúrys emes dep sanaymyn:

1. Tәrkileu OSK men Qazaqstan Halyq Komissarlar Kenesining mýlkin tәrkileu jәne qazaqtyng baylaryn shygharu turaly sheshimine qayshy keledi. Mening fermam jartylay kóshpeli aimaqqa tiyesili, onda biylikting osy búiryghyna sәikes 300-den astam malgha iri qara maly tәrkilengen. Mende bar bolghany 192 bas iri qara men úsaq mal bar ekeni anyq, búl barlyq mólsherdi ýlken mólsherge eseptegende odan da az bolady. Zang sanynyng jәne maldyng baryn salystyru komissiyanyng mening mýlkin tәrkileu jónindegi әreketi dúrys emestigin kórsetedi. Men sonday-aq patshalyq kezinde belgili bir lauazymgha ie bolghan adamdar sanatyna kire almaymyn (mysaly, volosti gubernatory), óitkeni men eshqashan qyzmet etken emespin nemese búrynghy súltandar men handardyng úrpaghymyn. Mening alty janúyam bar, olardyng ishinde men enbekke qabilettimin, al balalar jas. Men óz fermamdy 1915 jyldan beri ózim ósiremin, men eshqashan basqa adamdardyng jaldamaly enbegin paydalanghan emespin, jaz mezgilinen basqa, mening 2 mausymdyq baqtashym bolghan kezde (5 ai). Mal ósirumen qatar, men jeke ózim 3 t biday men tary egemin, al men shópti 6 danadan alamyn. Men antisovettik әrekette eshqashan bayqamappyn jәne men ózimning qay kategoriyagha jatatyn júmysshylardyng kýshin tolyq moyyndaymyn, óitkeni men ózimning jeke enbegimning arqasynda osy mýlikti ózime aldym, endi men ony mýldem alyp ketip, eshtene qaldyrmaymyn». (3)

Osylaysha, biz sizdermen әigili synyptyq tәsilding jәne onyng adamdardyng taghdyryna, tuysqandar retindegi qarym-qatynastaryna qalay әser etkenin kóremiz. Jogharyda aitylghanday tәrkileu revolusiyalyq ekspropriasiya jasaghan adamdargha ýlken diviydendter berdi. Mәselen, Aqtóbe oblysynyng № 25 auylynyng sharua qojalyqtarynyng biri «pikirsayys barysynda sóilesken tәrkilengen satyp alu sany jetkiliksiz, eger mýmkin bolsa, tәrkilengen satyp alu sanyn kóbeytu turaly ótinish beru kerek» dedi. (4) Bizding respublikamyzdyng sol kezdegi basshylyghy, Qazaqstandaghy stalindik újymdastyru sayasatynyng belsendi jýrgizushisi Goloshekin basqaryp, onyng mal sharuashylyghy audandaryna «újymdastyrudyng joghary qarqyny» enip, ony 1932 jyly ayaqtau mindeti qoyyldy.

«Auyldaghy újymshar qozghalysynyng negizgi formasy» barlyq ónimdi maldyng tolyq әleumettenui «bolatyn auylsharuashylyq arteli. Ortsaylaukom men KASSR Halyq Komissarlar Kenesining 1930 jylghy 1 aqpandaghy sheshiminde ol tolyq újymdastyru oblystarynda, kolhozshylar men kedey sharua jinalystarynyng sheshimderi negizinde, Qazaqstannyng jekelegen audandarynda jәne Aqtóbe oblysynyng sheginde qúlaqtardy, baylardy, jartylay jer iyelenushilerdi, jartylay feodaldardy kóshirip, qonystandyrugha qúqyq berdi. onyng mýlki tәrkilenip, kolhozdardan tys jerlerge janadan bólingen uchaskelerde, olargha qalghan uchaskelerdi basqaru ýshin qajetti eng tómengi mólsherde qalghan jerlerdi qospaghanda», (5) dep atalatyn aumaqtar ekonomikalyq jәne ekonomikalyq jospardaghy júdyryqtar, baylar jәne t.b. eng nashar boldy.

1930 jyldyng basynda Aqtóbe oblysynda újymdastyru, keybir derekterge sәikes, jalpy sany 1445,319 ga jerdi alyp jatqan Mәrtók audanynda 5480 qazaq ýy sharuashylyghy jәne basqa últtardyng 1850 ýy sharuashylyghy (múraghat qújatynda kórsetilgendey - europalyq) qatysty, Mәrtók audanynda - Jalpy audany 783 409 ga jerdi alyp jatqan 3 058 qazaq jәne 4 776 basqa últ ókilderi, al Aqbúlaqta - 2334 qazaq sharua qojalyghy jәne jalpy audany 640 958 ga jer uchaskesimen 4 620 basqa últ ókilderi. (6)

Ayta ketu kerek, sol kezdegi KSRO-da da, Qazaqstanda da újymdastyru sharua qojalyqtarynyn, mal sharuashylyghynyng da, eginning de jappay әleumettenui ýshin jaghdaylardy eshqanday әleumettik, psihologiyalyq, materialdyq dayyndyqsyz jýzege asyryldy. Sonymen, Yrghyz audanynda 1930 jyldyng basynda «tәrkileu kezinde mal alghan eki kooperativ boldy (70 bas), al ekinshisi bolmady. Bireui de, ekeui de jarghyny bilmeydi, olar ekonomikany bólek basqarady, әleumettenu jýrgizilmegen. (7)

Jogharyda atap ótkendey, astyqty satyp alu 1920-shi jyldardyng ayaghy men 1930-shi jyldardyng basynda. olar Qazaqstandaghy kóshpeli mal men otyryqshy auylsharuashylyq kәsiporyndary arasyndaghy dәstýrli tauar almasudy toqtatty, osylaysha qazaq auylynyng ekonomikalyq túraqtylyghyna aitarlyqtay ziyan keltirdi. Múraghattyq qújattar, mysaly, 1929 jyldyng sonynda Yrghyz audanynda «adam aghzasynyng (asharshylyq) qaupi halyqty qatty mazalaydy. Halyq búl mәselege qatysty dýrbeleng tughyzady». (8)

Shalqar audandyq atqaru komiyteti Aqtóbe audandyq atqaru komiytetine jasaghan bayandamasynda «nan beru mәselesi keybir sayasy astargha ie boldy, әsirese auyldardaghy birqatar sayasy jәne ekonomikalyq nauqandarda taptyq búrmalaular bolghan jaghdayda, kedeylerdi bólu túrghysynan manyzdy ról atqaruy kerek» dep jazylghan.

Nan taratu qaghidatty qatang saqtay otyryp jýzege asyryldy, eng aldymen, nan kedeyler men sharua qojalyqtaryna satyldy. (9). Astyq satyp alu boyynsha júmystardyng barysyna arnalghan Aqtóbe oblysy Aq-Búlaq audanynyng júmysshy-kedeyler konferensiyasynyng qararynda bylay aityldy:

«3. Konferensiya keybir kedey jәne orta sharualardyng qúlaqqa kedey jәne orta sharualardyng aulalarynda nan jabugha kómekteskenin kórsetti ». Olardyng jarlyghynda osy audandaghy fermerler - «s» tarmaghynda: «Baspana ýshin shygharudy, jer uchaskelerinen aiyrudy toqtatpay, erekshe jaghdaylarda Kenes ókimetinen ólim jazasyn qoldanudy súranyz» dep jazdy. (10) Apatty jaghday tuyndaghan kezde «tәrkilengen Yrghyz, Shalqar, Tabyn maldary» Jivsoizgha berilgen. (11)

Sharua qojalyqtaryn kolhozgha biriktiru osynday qysqa merzimde óreskel zorlyq-zombylyq arqyly jýzege asyryldy. Sonymen, Qobda audanynda  milisiya qyzmetkerleri «qyzmettik jaghdayyn jeke maqsatta paydalanyp, rúqsatsyz tintu jýrgizdi. Tәrkilengen mýlikti iyemdenu, jaramsyz ónimder men mýlikti zansyz tәrkileu (may jәne et), zansyz tútqyndaumen qatar, «sonymen birge kolhozdarda júmysshylardy júmystan shygharu». (12)

Sonymen, totalitarlyq әkimshilik-әmirshildik jýiening sol kezdegi KSRO-da qalyptasqan sharualargha qarsy sayasaty últtyq shekaralardy bilmedi, ol qazaqtyng sharuasyna da, orys sharuasyna da, auylsharuashylyq enbekpen ainalysatyn basqa adamdargha da baghyttalghan. Múnday újymdastyru Qazaqstannyng selo men auyldarynda 1929-1933 jj. jәne oghan ilesetin sharalar - nan men et tәrkileu sharalary respublikamyzdyng auylsharuashylyghyna jәne, eng aldymen, onyng mal sharuashylyghyna ýlken zalal men ziyan keltirdi.

Búl stalindik újymdastyrudyng bәrin aldyn-ala oilastyrylghanyn jәne sodan keyin qazaq halqynyng kópshiligining ashtyq arqyly qúrtu ekenin týsinu ýshin kóp aqyl qajet emes. Búl milliondaghan adamnyng qaytys boluyna әkeldi, onyng 94 % kóshpendi nemese jartylay kóshpeli mal sharuashylyghynyng arqasynda ómir sýrdi, onda negizgi azyq-týlik ónimderi – et jәne sýt boldy.

Újymdastyru boyynsha alghashqy әreketter revolusiyadan keyin birden kenes ýkimeti tarapynan jýrgizildi. Degenmen, sol kezde kóptegen manyzdy problemalar boldy. KSRO-da újymdastyrudy ótkizu turaly sheshim 1927 jyly bolishevik kommunistik partiyasynyng HY-shi sezinde qabyldandy. Újymdastyru sebepteri, eng aldymen:

1. KSRO-gha industriyalandyru ýshin iri kapitalgha salynghan investisiyalardyng qajettiligi;
2. 1920-shi jyldardyng sonynda kenes biylikting «astyq jinau daghdarysymen» kýresu.

Stalinning qoly qoyylghan qauip-qaterleri bar diyrektivalar, birinshi kezekte partiyalyq basshylargha «partiya úiymdaryn kóterudi» talap etip, «qúlaq qauipine qarsy kýresti kýsheytudi» talap etti. Búl sóz azamattyq soghys uaqytynan beri bolishevik partiyalyq qyzmetkerleri men úiymdary tarapynan aitylmaghan edi.

Qazaqstan ekonomikasyna eng kýshti soqqy kóshpeliler men malshylardyng túrmys jaghdayyna mәjbýrlep kóshiru sayasatynan tuyndady, alayda kóshpeli ekonomika ózining ekonomikalyq әleuetin әli tolyq paydalanbaghan jәne Qazaqstandaghy negizgi ekonomika boldy. Soghan qaramastan, mәjbýrli qonystandyru sayasaty jәne qonystanghannan keyin olardy újymdyq sharuashylyqtargha tartu mýmkindiginshe tezirek jýzege asyryldy.

1932 jyldyng aqpan aiyna deyin Qazaqstanda kolhozdardyng 87 % jәne jeke qojalyqtardyng 51,8 % mal basyn tolyq joghaltty. 1933 jyldyng 1 qantaryndaghy jaghday boyynsha elimizding shyghysynda iri mal sharuashylyghy bazasy bolyp sanalatyn aimaqta újymdastyru qarsanyndaghy 40 million bastan 4 million bas iri qara mal qaldy. Múraghattyq derekter arqyly men stalindik sayasattyng barlyq qatygezdigi men adamgershilikke jatpaytyndyghyn anyqtadym, óitkeni ghasyrlar boyy qalyptasqan últtyq mentaliytet pen minez búzylyp, gomo sovetikus nemese sovok dep jana top payda boldy.

Ol býkil kenestik jýie men onyng ekonomikalyq jýiesining qúly boldy, ol ózining júmysynda eshqanday yntalandyrumen ainalyspady, ol HH ghasyrdyng 80-shi jyldarynyng ortasynda býkil kenestik jýiening daghdarysyna jәne tútastay alghanda ekonomikalyq daghdarysyna әkeldi.

Ghylym әleminde tanymal amerikandyq tarihshylar Robert Konkvest, Marta Olkot jәne basqalar osy mәselege ýlken mәn berip, múqiyat zerttedi. Qazaqstanda búl halyqtyng tragediyasy turaly alghash ret Qazaqstandaghy tanymal tarihshylar Manash Qozybaev, Júldyzbek Ábilqojiyn, Maqash Tatimov jazdy, olar 1989 jyly KSRO-nyng basty tarihy jurnalynda - «Tarih mәseleleri» - «Qazaqstandyq qayghyly oqigha» maqalasynda jariyalaghan edi.

1992 jyly Qazaqstan Respublikasynyng Jogharghy Kenesining Prezidiumy janynan qúrylghan komissiya ashtyqtyng mәn-jayyn jәne sebepterin zertteude ýlken júmys jasady. Kóptegen zertteuler orys jәne qazaq tilderinde jaryq kórdi.  2012 jyldyng mausym aiynda Astana qalasynda - Qazaqstannyng astanasynda - asharshylyq qúrbandaryna arnalghan eskertkish ashyldy. 2 580 000 qazaqtar qaza tauyp, 800 myngha basqa elderge qonys audardy.Respublika túrghyndarynyng 11 % ukraindyqtardyn, 6 % orystardan, 8 % ózbekterden, 13 % úighyrdan, 10 % tatarlardan, 11 % nemisterden ashtyqtan qaza tapty.

Astanada 2012 jyly bolyp ótken «Qazaqstandaghy asharshylyq: halyqtyng qayghysy men tarih sabaqtary» atty halyqaralyq ghylymy konferensiyada QR Bilim jәne ghylym ministrligining Ghylym komiytetining Memleket tarihy institutynyng diyrektory B. Ayagan 1926 jyly respublikadaghy qazaqtardyng sany - 3 628 000 adamdy qúrady dep aitty. Kelesi halyq sanaghy 1939 jyly ótti jәne qazaq halqy 1 300 000 adamdy joghaltqanyn kórsetti, yaghni, barlyghy shamamen 36 %. Ghalymnyng aituynsha, 1929 jyldan 1931 jylgha deyin, Qazaqstanda kenes ýkimetine men onyng jýrgizgen újymdastyru sayasatyna qarsy 372 kóterilis boldy, onda 80 mynnan astam adam qatysty. Ashtyq 1938-1939 jyldargha deyin sozyldy.

B. Ayaghan bylay dedi: «Búl qayghynyng auqymy sonshalyqta súmdyq bolghanyn, ony genosid sayasatynyng kórinisi retinde tolyq moralidyq jauapkershilikpen belgiley alamyz. Múnday mәlimdeme genosid qylmysyn boldyrmau jәne jazalau turaly halyqaralyq konvensiyada bekitilgen halyqaralyq qúqyqtyng qatang normalarynan tuyndaydy. «1932-1933 jyldardaghy ashtyq turaly shyndyq» újymdyq monografiyasynda «1930-shi jyldardaghy úly ashtyq» dep atap kórsetti. Qazaqstanda 1926-1939 jj. qazaq halqy men basqa da halyqtar tarihynda búryn-sondy bolmaghan últtyq qayghyly apat retinde bilemiz. Qorytyndylay kele, Ukrainadaghy asharshylyq siyaqty, Qazaqstanda úly asharshylyq resmy týrde AQSh, Kanada, Avstraliya jәne kóptegen Latyn Amerikasy men Shyghys Europa elderinde genosid dep tanyldy». (13)

Stalindik újymdastyru jәne Qazaqstanda, Ukrainada  t. b. bolghan ashtyq, sodan keyin 1937-1938 jyldarda stalindik sayasy qughyn-sýrgin sayasaty HH ghasyrdyng birinshi jartysynda bizding halyqtardyng tәuelsiz memleket men halyq boluyna ýlken kedergi jasady.

HH ghasyrdyng basynda osy eki halyqta ózderining últtyq-patriottyq intelliygensiya men últtyq-demokratiyalyq sayasy partiyalary bolghan edi, bizding jaghdayda, Alash partiyasy 1918-1920 jyldarda azamattyq soghystyng qiyn kezenderinde búl partiya qazaq halqyn mýddelerin mýmkindiginshe qorghaugha tyrysty.

1920-1937 jyldarynda olar Qazaqstanda qayta qúrudy bastaghan, biraq Stalin men onyng seriktesteri búlardyng oghan moyynsúnbaytyn jәne ýndemey qalmaytynyn, «prostoy vintiyk» bolmaytynyn týsingen kezde, úljandy qazaq nemese ukraiyn, t.b. azamattardy fashistik-nemis nemese japondyq shpion, kapitalistik barlau qyzmetterding tynshysy; Stalindi jәne onyng seriktesterin óltiruge tyrysty jәne t.s.s. ótirik jalamen qúghyn-sýrgingi úshyratty. Balalaryn, olardyng tikeley tuystaryn jәne dostaryn bәrin qúrtty. Kerek bolsa, 1986 j. jeltoqsan aiynda Almatyda qazaq jastardyng kenes ýkimetining әdil emes últtyq sayasatyna qarsy bolghanyna, olargha qarsy ayamay repressiya jýrgizdi.

Múnyng bәri Stalinning Kremliding taghyna otyru ýshin imperlyq, úlyderjavalyq syrtqy jәne ishki sayasattyn jýzege asyrghanyn kórsetedi jәne dәleldeydi. Oghan búlardyng ashtyqqa nemese qorqynyshty azaptaryna tap bolghanyn, әsirese damymay jәne artta qalghan halyq retinde, bәri bir bolghan edi.

Sonymen, Asharshylyq / Golodomor – 1932-1933 jyldary Qazaqstanda millionnan astam adamnyng ómirin qighan nәubet. Stalindik auyldy kýshtep újymdastyruy astyq eksporttau jәne ónimdiligi joghary kolhozdardyng maldaryn tәrkileu arqyly shúghyl týrde auyr (yaghny әskeri) ónerkәsip qúru qajettiligimen negizdeldi. Sharualardy qúrtu arqyly ónerkәsip qúru operasiyasy ishinara sәtti boldy. Stalindik KSRO-da jana әskeriy-ónerkәsiptik keshen zauyttary, keme jasau jәne metallurgiya ónerkәsibi payda boldy. Biraq Golodomordyng jәne besjyldyq qúrylys alandarynda jer audarudyng nәtiyjesinde milliondaghan adamdar qaytys boldy, olardyng kópshiligi jastar. Qazaqstan tarihshylarynyng tyng derekterine sýiensek, asharshylyqta ýsh milliongha juyq qazaq ólgen. Jergilikti halyqtyng altydan bir bóligi tarihy Otanyn mәngilikke tastap ketti.

Kerimsal Júbatqanov, tarih ghylymdarynyng kandidaty, S. Seyfullin atyndaghy Qazaq agrotehnikalyq zertteu uniyversiytetining dosenti

Paydalanylghan әdebiyetter tizimi:

Aqtóbe oblysynyng memlekettik múraghaty. Q.63. 1-qújat. Is.69. 1-bet.

1. Sol jerde, Is.38. 36-bet.
2. Sol jerde, Is. 433. 279-bet.
3. Sol jerde, 127-bet.
4. Sol jerde, Is. 335. 101-bet.
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7. Sol jerde.
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9. Sol jerde, Is. 281. 3-bet.
10. Osy qújat. Is. 129. 275-bet.
11. Sol jerde. Q. 13. Op. 1. Is. 311. 21-bet.
12. http://l.120-bal.ru/istoriya/23851/index.html.

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