«Jýndi (Jun-diy)»

Eski qyrghyzdyng ishindegi atalardyng bәrining de kýrdeli, birneshe mynjyldyq tarihy bar ekeni aqiqat, degenmen Jýndi jәne Bәiti atalarynyng taghdyry bәrinen de erekshe. Ómir boyy Euraziya tarihymen, onyng ishinde kóne jәne ortaghasyrlyq kezendermen ainalysyp jýrgen biz ýshin de búl ghajayyp janalyq. Jýndi tarihynyng kóne qabattaryna qatysty negizgi týp derekterdi biz Ghún zamanyndaghy Qytay jylnamalarynan kezdestiremiz. Búl jylnamalardan Ortalyq Aziyanyng týrki-monghol halyqtaryna qatysty bóligin alghash audarghan jәne ghylymy taldama jasaghan N.Ya.Bichurin ekenin kózi qaraqty oqyrman qauym biledi. Chuvash azamatynyng 1808 jyldan bastalghan 14 jyldyq ghúmyry Pekinde ótti. Búl kezende ol qytay tilin, onyng kóne núsqalaryn tamasha iygerdi jәne sonyng arqasynda kóptegen jylnamalardy orys tiline audaryp shyqty. Ol Reseyge oralghanda 15 týiege artylghan 400 pút kóne qytay qoljazbalaryn alyp keldi. Mine, qanshama ómirin tariyhqa arnaghan N.Ya.Bichurinning «Orta Aziyany kóne zamandarda mekendegen halyqtar turaly derekter jinaghy» atalatyn kitaby qúndy bolatyny sol sebepti. Búl kitaptyng birinishi bólimi «Hunnu» dep atalady, yaghny bizding tilimizde «Ghúndar», eger rulyq-taypalyq jýie salyp qaraytyn bolsaq «Arghyn» atalatyn alyp elding arghy tarihy.

Á.H.Marghúlannyng osydan elu jyl búryn jazghany: «Ghylymy jaghynan kózge erekshe týsetin jaghday-Arghyn taypasynyng eldik aty (etnoniymi). Ol bizge ejelgi zamanda ómir sýrgen Ghún elin eske týsiredi. Sol elding aty osy Arghyn taypasynyng atynda saqtalghan deuge bolady... Onyng ýstine Ghúndar týrki taypalarynyng týp atasy ekeni qytay tarihynda ashyp aitylghan...Tarihy mәlimetterde Arghyn aty birneshe týrde kezdesedi: Ghyn, Ghún, Aq Ghún, Qara Ghún, Arugh Ghún, Tagh Ghún. Múndaghy Aq Ghún, Arugh Ghún –ekeui bir mәndi sóz. Múnday attar ejelgi taypalar arasynda jii kezdesedi... Múndaghy «aq», «arugh»(aryq) sózderi taza, aru degen úghymdy kórsetedi. Erte kezde taypalardy biriktirip, oghan basshy bolghan oqtardy (rulardy) osylay ataytyn bolghan» ( Marghúlan, t.1,1972, 451 b.).

Ghúnnyng shekarasy imperiya túsynda Ortalyq Aziyany týgel qamtydy, soltýstiginde jaz jaylaytyn jeri Enesay ózeninen asyp Soltýstik múzdy múhiytqa, qazaq anyzdaryndaghy Múz tenizge bardy. Ortalyq Aziya kóshpeli elderin týgel baghyndyrghan Ghún imperiyasynyng quaty Qytaydan asyp ketti. Qytay jylnamalarynda «Sredinnoe sarstvo iznemoglo pod tyajestiu voyny; y eto obstoyatelitstvo dalo vozmojnosti Mode usilitisya. On iymel pod soboiy bolee 300 tysyach voyska. Ot Shuni-vey do Tumanya –v prodoljeniy slishkom tysyachy let-Dom Hunnov to vozvyshalsya, to upadal, to delilsya, to razsevalsya: posemu poryadok prejnego preemstvennogo nasledovaniya u nih nevozmojno opredeliti. Pry Mode Dom Hunnov chrezvychayno usililsya y vozvysilsya; pokoriv vse kochevye plemena na severe, na yuge on sdelalsya ravnym Sredinnomu Dvoru» dep sipattalady (Bichuriyn, t.1,1950, 48 b.).

Ortalyq Aziyanyng osy bir kýrdeli kezeninde biz Ghún (Hunnu) sayasy birlestigine jaqyn qonystanghan Jun atalatyn jauynger kóshpeli qauymdy kóremiz. «Jun» sózining kóne Qytay tilindegi maghynasy da jauynger degendi bildiredi. Bizding pikirimizshe búl sóz qytay tiline Ghún elinen engen boluy tiyis.

Ataqty Qytay tarihshysy Syma Syani bizding jyl sanauymyzgha deyingi VII—VI ghasyrlardaghy Ortalyq Aziya kóshpelilerining ishinde sany mol, biraq ortalyq biyliksiz jun-dy jәne beydy taypalaryn erekshe ataydy. S.G.Klyashtornyi, T.IY.Sultanovtyng «Gosudarstvo y narody Evraziyskih stepey» degen kitabynda da osy mәsele aitylady: «Juny ne byly politichesky obediyneny, vse ony byly rasseyany po gornym dolinam, iymely sobstvennyh vojdey, y hotya neredko sobiralosi svyshe sta plemen junov, ony ne sumely obedinitisya v odno seloe». Keyinirek qytaylyqtar kóshpeli kórshilerin «hu» atay bastady, yaghny jat júrttyq, varvar degen maghynada (Klyashtornyi, Sultanov, 2004, 58 b.).

Jundardyng mekeni dep derekter soltýstik-batysynda Shyghys Týrkistandaghy Hamy oaziysin, Túrfan aimaghyn, ontýstik-batysynda Lobnor men Cherchen-dariya jaghalauyn aitady. Búdan shyghatyn qorytyndy bireu- búl kórsetilgen ertede Ghún memleketti qúrylghan aumaq junderge de meken bolghan. Bir qyzyghy qytay derekterinde ghúndargha qanattas búl taypalar birese Jun, birese Jundy atalady. Mysaly L.N.Gumiylev ghúndargha arnalghan enbekterinde «junderge etnikalyq jaghynan tuysqan dy taypasy Sychuannyng soltýstik jaghyndaghy dalada meken etti» deydi (Gumiylev, 1998, 59 b.). Bizding oiymyzsha búl Jundy (Jýndi) qauymynyng әuel basta eki ýlken ru-taypalyq qauymnan qúrylghandyghyn kórsetedi.

Jundy birlestigining negizgi toptary Soltýstik Qytaygha jaqyn jerlerde mekendedi. Olargha kórshi Hebey aimaghynda: beyjun ( shanijun dep te atalady), szyashy (chidy taypasynyng bir bútaghy), syaniluy, fey, uchjun atalatyn kóshpeli malshy qauymdar ómir sýrgen. Olardyng jalpylama aty beydi, yaghny bizding «bәiti» dep jýrgen atamyz osy. Kóne tarihtyng jaqsy bilgirlerining biri, ataqty qytay tarihshysy Fani Veni-lani búl kezenning etnosayasy qartasyna qatysty bylay dep jazady: «Na zapade jily plemena, poluchivshie obshee nazvanie jundi. Ony obitaly sredy kitayskogo naseleniya, ne smeshivayasi s niym, v provinsiyah: Shenisi- dajuny, lijuny, shoani –juny; Ganisu - syaojuny; Henany y Shanisy -maojuny, baydi, chidi, syanszujuny, lushi, lusuy y dochen» (Fani Veni-lani, 1958, 137-138 bb.).

Europa jәne Resey zertteushiler jundy qauymdaryn mongholdyq, nemese tanghúttyq negizderge jaqyndastyrugha kýsh saldy. Jalpy Ortalyq Aziyanyng kóne qauymdaryn mongholgha baylau dәstýri N.Ya.Bichurinnen bastalady. Onyng pikirinshe «shani-jun, yaghny qyr jaylaghan junder Monghol han úrpaqtary jәne olar bizding jyl sanauymyzgha deyingi II ghasyrda qazirgi Ishki Mongholiyadaghy aohani, naymani, korsin aimaqtarynyng aumaqtarynda ómir sýrgen» (Bichuriyn, 1950, 74 b.).

Qazirgi zaman zertteushilerining ishinde de jundy men bәidiyding mongholdyq tamyrlaryn izdeu kóp. Mysaly A.S.Shabalov degen zertteushi kóne jundy jәne Sychuan manyndaghy dy taypalary monghol tildi bolar dep joramal aitady (Shabalov, 2014, 154-192 bb.). Buryat zertteushisi D. D. Dondokova jundardyng ekige bólingenin jazady- suani-jun jәne shani-jun. Shani-jun qauymyn zertteushi mongholdarmen genetikalyq baylanysy bar dep esepteletin Dun-hu etnikalyq qauymdastyghymen jaqyndastyrady (Dondokova, 2003, 29 b.). Dun-hu memleketi, onyng biyleushisi Anahuan turaly biz Kóne týrik qaghanatynyng erte tarihynan, Bumyn kezeninen habardarmyz. Ashina-týrikterge «mening temir balqytushy qúldarym» deytin osy Anahuan han. Eger ózimizge jaqsy tanys L.N.Gumiylevke keletin bolsaq ol Shani-jun (tau jundary) dep jundardyng Hingan men Inishanidi mekendegen eng shyghys bóligin ataydy. Onyng pikirinshe Shani-junderderding az bóligi mongholdyq Dun-hu qauymdarynyng arasyna kirse, kópshiligi Ghúndarmen aralasyp, assimilyasiyagha týsip ketken (Gumiylyov, 1998, 69 b.).

Biz búl jerde L.N.Gumiylevke jartylay kelisemiz, jartylay kelispeymiz. Sóz joq Jundy (jýndi) men Beydy (bәiti) qauymdary ghúndardyn, yaghny arghyndardyng arasyna singen, biraq ózining ataularyn saqtap qalghan. Osy bayyrghy ataularymen olar әli de arghyn arasynda «eski qyrghyz» qauymyn qúrap otyr. Áriyne, Jundy men Beydiyding Qytay men Tiybet halyqtarynyng arasyna sinip ketkeni de az bolmasa kerek, biraq ókinishke oray olardan eshqanday iz joq. Bizding aldymyzda osy taqyrypqa qalam siltegen zertteushilerding enbekterin týgeldey joqqa shygharugha da bolmaydy. Eger qazaq zertteushileri ózining etnikalyq qúramyndaghy kóne ru-taypalardyng tarihyn zerttep, jariyalaugha kýshi jetpey jatsa, syrttyng adamdaryna sen qazaq qúramyndaghy jýndi men bәitini nege aitpadyng dep renjuding esh qajeti joq. Bizge keregi búl zertteushilerding enbekterindegi tarihy faktiler. Mysaly monghol tarihyna qatysty kóptegen zertteuler jasaghan L.L.Viktorova monghol etnogenezine qatysty dep «suani-jun, shani-jun, beydy jәne dunhu taypalaryn» ataydy (Viktorova, 1980, 119 b.).

Jundy (Jýndi) men Beydy (Bәiti) turaly zertteuinde buryat zertteushisi V. Sh.Bembeev degenmen de olardyng tili men әdet-ghúryptarynyng mongholdardan kóri ghúndargha, týrikterge jaqyndaghyn moyyndaydy (Bembeev, 2006). Shyghystanu mәseleleri boyynsha jazylghan orys tildi әdebiyetti saralay otyryp bizding osy baghyttaghy izdenisterimizding nashar ekenin, Ortalyq Aziyanyng ghún dәuirimen júmys jasau kerek ekenin sezesin. Bizge keregi bolmaghan song Jundy men Beydiydi ózgeler iyelenip otyruy zandy.

Reseylik tarihnama ne dese o desin Ghún dәuirine qatysty eng manyzdy derekterding iyeleri qytaydyng óz zertteushileri ekeni anyq. HH ghasyr basynda erte zamandaghy mys taqtalardaghy jazulargha, qytaydyng kóne iyeroglifterine qatysty fonetikalyq taldau jýrgizgen jәne basqa da derekterdi tereng qarastyrghan Van Go-vey (1877—1927 jyldar) degen ghalym boldy. Ol Ghún dәuiri derekterin saraptay otyryp jazghan Ghún dәuirinde jazbalarda kezdesetin – «guyfan, hunii, suniuy, syaniuni, jun, dy (beydi) y hu ataularynyng bәri de bir halyqqa qatysty, ol halyq tariyhqa Sunnu atymen endi» degen sózderine kónil audaru kerek (Van Go-vey, Guanitan szilini (Sobranie sochiyneniy), t. 1-2, Shanhay, 1930). Sunnu biz jogharyda jazghanday Ghún imperiyasyndaghy biyleushi ýsh әuletting biri, sol sebepti imperiya alghashqy kezende Hunnu (huan, quan) atanada da, keyinirek derekterde Sunnu (suuybu, sýiin) aty kóbirek qoldanylady.

Vani Go-vey tәpsirin zamanynda qytay tarihshylarynyng kópshiligi qabyldaghan bolatyn. Sol sebepti Shani dәuiri men Chjou dәuirlerining japsarynda ómir sýrgen guyfan, huniy ily suniuy, Chunisu әuleti biyligining bas kezinde derekterde kezdeetin – Jun, sodan keyin –jogharyda atalghan Di, barlyghyn da qytay tarihshylary tikeley Sunnu atauynyng balamalary týrinde qarastyrady. Chjani-go әuleti biylikke kelgen song búl kóshpelilerdi negizinen hu jәne sunnu ataydy (Taskiyn, 1968, 5-17, 155-163 bb.),

Biz jogharyda qytaydyng úly tarihshysy, tarihtyng atasy Syma Syanning ghúndardy shani-jundarmen baylanystyratynyn jazdyq. Olardyng ghúndargha qosylghan uaqyty bizding jyl sanauymyzgha deyingi IV ghasyr. Búl kezende Ghún imperiyasynda Sunnu әuleti biylik qúrdy jәne shaniuy biyiligin kýsheytuge kónil bólindi. Bir ortalyqqa baghynghan Ghún memleketi mal sharuashylyghy ýshin asa qolayly Ordos jazyghy ýshin Qytaymen soghysty bastady. Tarihy әdebiyette «voyna shla s peremennym uspehom, no v sostave gunnskogo obediyneniya okazalisi v eto vremya te junskie plemena plemena, kotorye prejde byly nezavisimy» delinedi (Klyashtornyi, Sultanov, 2004, 59 b.). Mine, osy bizding jyl sanauymyzgha deyingi IV ghasyrdy biz Arghyn qauymyna «Jýndi qyrghyz» atalatyn atalardyng qosylghan uaqyty dep qabyldauymyz kerek. Jyl boyynsha esep qylsaq Jýndilerding Arghyngha qosylghanyna 2400 jyl dep aita alamyz. Euraziya kóshpelilerining tarihy degen qyzyq qúbylys, myndaghan jyldar ótedi, jýzdegen atalar auysady, tarih bir tolqyghanda olardyng kópshiligi úmytylady, jana nasab-nama týziledi, biraq týpki ata atauy saqtalady. Sol sebepti biz qazaq etnosyn myndaghan jyldyq tarihy bar ru-taypalardyng tuystyqpen әdemi ýilesken odaghy dep te aita alamyz.

Jýndi qyrghyzdardyng negizgi bóligi arghyn ishindegi rulyq birlik retinde ómir sýrip, bir bóligi handyq biylik zamanynda tólengit qataryna ótti. Onyng bir mysaly Kent –Qazylyqty, ekinshi mysaly Búghyly-Taghylyny jaylaghan Jýndi qyrghyz tólengitteri. Búghyly qyrghyzdaryna biz arnayy toqtalamyz, al Kent qyrghyzdary negizinen Qyryq san Baraq súltan, keyin onyng balasy Bókey, odan keyin onyng balasy Myrzatay tóre qaramaghynda qyzmet istegeni belgili. Jalpy Qarqaraly ónirinde qyrghyzdyng basymy - Nayman, Jýndi, Estekeler. Búl turaly jazylghan enbekter bar (N.A.Logutov (1929 jyl) t.b.).

Arqa qyrghyzdarynyng ishinde tolyp jatqan úsaq atalar barshylyq jәne olardyng kópshiligi kóne zamandardan beri arghynmen birge jasap keledi. Solardyng ishinde sany men orny jaghynan basymy Jýndi Qyzylaray, Kent-Qazylyq, Búghyly siyaqty ónirlemen birge Kókshede de bar. Ózge Eski qyrghyz atalarynyng olargha jaqyndary da, alystary da bar. Mysaly, qarapayym el anyzdaryna qaraghanda Qotyr degen ata Jýndige jaqyn delinedi. Nege jaqyn ekenin biz anyqtay almadyq, biraq Qotyr aty kóne ru-taypalardyng arasynan kezdesedi. Mysaly býkil Euraziyalyq aimaqqa keng taraghan (Qyrym, Ontýstik Kavkaz, Altay, Ispaniya, Mysyr, Italiya t.b.) Arghynnyng Bórshi atalatyn ruynyng bir atauy «Qotyr», Qap tauynda, Qyrymda búl atau toponim týrinde kezdesedi. Búl sóz kóne zamanda qanday maghyna bergeni týsiniksiz.

Jýndi atasynyng bir bútaghy Aday qúramyndaghy Qúnanorys ishinde. Jalpy adaydyng Kelimberdi tobyna kiretin Qúnanorys, Aqpan, Balyqshy (Shybyntay), Búzau (Álniyaz), Tobysh, Múnal bizding jyl sanauymyzdyng basyndaghy saq-ghún aralastyghynyng nәtiyjesi dep esepteymiz. Aors/orys ataulary týrki halyqtarynda, sonyng ishinde Shyghys týrkilerining arasynda erte ortaghasyrlardan bastap kezdesedi. Búl joramaldyng taghy bir dәleli Qúnanorys qúramynda Sýiindik, Jýndi eponimderining boluy.

 Jambyl Artyqbaev

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