Diktatorlyq, totalitarlyq memleketterding ortaq bir belgisi – óz halqyna degen óshpendilik. Sayasy qughyn-sýrgin óz aldyna bir bitpeytin nauqan bolsa, halyqty kýsh-jigerinen, erkinen aiyrudyng basty tәsili - qasaqana qoldan ashtyq jasau. Ásirese otar bolghan elderdegi ashtyq zúlmaty halyqtyng jartysynan kóbin joyyp ketti.

Tarihy taghdyr qazaq halqyn eki imperiya arasyna bólip tastady. HIH ghasyrdyng songhy shiyreginde Resey men Sin imperiyasy arasyndaghy shekara bólinisinde Shyghys Týrkistandaghy Altay, Tarbaghatay, Ile qazaq jerleri qytay jaqta qalyp qoyghan bolatyn. Eki imperiyanyng qol astyna qaraghan qazaqtyng eki bóligi de sol zúlmatty basynan ótkerdi. Resey imperiyasyna qaraghan qazaqtar 1920-30-jyldary ýzbey asharshylyqtyng zardabyn tartyp, 4 mln-nan asa halqynan aiyrylsa, Qytay qazaqtary shiyrek ghasyrdan song tura sol ssenariydi basynan ótkizgen bolatyn. Biraq taghdyr olargha ashtyqtan qyrylyp qalmay, tarihy otany - Qazaqstangha keludi búiyrghan eken.

1930-33 jyldarda újymdastyrudyng saldarynan oryn alghan ashtyq Qytay qazaqtaryna da әser etti. Halyq jazushysy Qabdesh Júmadilov «Songhy kósh» atty ózining ataqty romanynda alghashqy bolyp Qazaqstan oqyrmandaryna Qytay qazaqtarynyng qily taghdyry jayly taqyrypty úsyndy. Alghashqy basylymynda shygharmadan Qazaqstandaghy újymdastyru men ashtyq turaly mәlimetter senzuragha týsip alynyp tastalghan bolatyn. Tәuelsizdik alghannan keyin 90-jyldary romannyng ekinshi basylymynda ol sujetter qayta ornyna týsip qalpyna keltirildi.

Halyq jazushysy Qabdesh Júmadilov 1936 jyly sәuirde dýniyege kelgen. Ol tughan әke-sheshesi turaly әrtýrli estelikter aitatyn. Sonyng birinde: «Áke-sheshem qosylghanda biri – on altyda, biri on beste eken. Anam Qanipa zaysandyq qyz. Bizding jaqqa 1916 jyly orysqa әsker bermeymiz dep, patsha ókimetining jazalaushy kýshterinen ýrke kóship, shekara asqan elmen birge kelipti. Keyin ózi: sonda on eki jastaghy darday qyz edim. Ertisten jeke at minip jýzip ótkenim esimde dep otyratyn-dy. Ózderi Ordabay, Eginbay, Jeldibay… degen kóp aghayyndy adamdar bastaghan bir taypa el. Jiyrmaday ýi. Bizding elge kelip qonystanady. Ol kezde tórtuyldyng tóbe biyi, mening atam Kýderi by tiri. Elining úiytqysy bolyp, tútastyqty saqtap otyrghan adam. Bú kisiler, endi, jana kelgen aghayyndy qalay sinirip әketudi oilaytyny anyq. Sol ýshin, kelgenderding ýiinde boyjetken qyzdary bolsa dereu qúda týsken sekildi. Eginbaydyng birinen keyin biri boyjetip otyrghan ýsh qyzy bar eken. Ýlken qyzyn ózining Qaysa degen jaqynyna qosady. Al Qanipa degen mening bolashaq sheshemdi ózining úly Júmadilge alyp beredi. Búl 1919 jyl. Apam aitatyn: «By atamnyng tәrbiyesin kóre almadym. Men týskennen keyin bir jyldan keyin qaytys bolyp ketti», - dep.

1932-33 jyldary újymdastyru kezinde sholaq belsendilerding asyra silteui men maldyng jappay tәrkilenui halyqtyng narazylyghyn tudyryp, jer jerde bas kóteruler men shekara asyp ketu oryn ala bastady. Halyq jazushysynyng aituy boyynsha tәrkilegen maldy tiridey, et kýiinde Reseyge jóneltip jatty. Al, Reseyde de, tipti Europa elinde jylqynyng etin jemese de, barlyq jylqy tәrkilenip, maldyng ishinen auru shyqty degen syltaumen say-saygha iyirip, pulemetpen qyryp tastaghan. Búny Goloshekin qazaqty jayau qaldyru ýshin qasaqana әdeyi jasady. Óitkeni ol qazaq atqa minip jýrgende eshkimge des bermeytinin jәne eshkimge boysúnbaytynyn bildi. Al jayau qalghan qazaqtardyng saghy synyp, juasyp qaldy.

Birde Q. Júmadilov «qazaq jappay ashtyqqa úshyrap, jeuge azyq tappay jatqanda kimder tiri qaldy?», - dep taghy bir әngimesin aitty. «Újymdastyrugha deyin Shynghystau audanynyng (keyin Abay audany) halqynyng sany 36 myng bolatyn. Al újymdastyrudan song olardan 6-aq myny qaldy.  Sonyng ishinde tiri qalghandardyng arasynda eki myny әsker sanatyndaghylar, NKVD men milisiya qyzmetkerleri men ókimet adamdary... olardan basqa qalghandar kim? Sony oilasang tóbe  shashyng tik túrady...», - deytin. Talghajau etetin azyq tappaghan el tyshqan aulap, dala-dalany kezip ketip, tipti adam etin, óz balalaryn asyp jep, tiridey kór azabyn kórip jatty. Múndaygha shydamaghan auyldar jappay shekara asyp Qytaygha aghyldy.

Ol kezde eki memleketting kelisimi boyynsha shekarany Sovet shekarashylary kýzetetin. Shekaradan ótpekshi bolghan auyldardyng kóbi oqqa baylandy. Al shekaradan ótken azdy-kópti eldi arghy bette jergilikti qazaq aghayyndary qarsy alyp, qamqorlyghyna aldy, kelgen elge tórt týlik pen  jayylymyn bólip berip, qúdandaly bolyp jatty.

Sol taghdyr tәlkegine qarap otyryp, әkemiz «qazaq ne nәrsening bolsa da arty qayyrly bolsyn dep tilep otyrady» deytin. Qazaq halqynyng taghdyry eki imperiya arasynda qaqpaghylgha týsse de, arty últ mýddesi ýshin qayyrly boldy.

1916-jylghy últ-azattyq kóterilis kezinde de, újymdastyru kezinde de Qytaygha bas saughalap ketken qazaqtargha tek arghy bettegi qazaqtar ghana kómektesti. Eger HIH ghasrdyng songhy shiyreginde Qytay jaqta qazaq audandary bolmasa, onda 1930-jyldary sovettik Qazaqstannan ketken auyldardyng taghdyry ne bolar edi? Býgin solardan úrpaq qalar ma edi, qalmas pa edi?! Shynjanda qazaqtardyng qonystanuy qazaq halqynyng genofondyq qana emes, ruhany qúndylyqtaryn da saqtap qaluyna ýlken septigin tiygizdi. Shiyrek ghasyrdan song búnyng da qaytarymy boldy.

HH ghasyrdyng ortasynda 1955 jәne 1962 jyly Qytaydan qazaqtardyng eki tolqyny tarihy otanyna oraldy. Alghashqy tolqyn kenestik kezende Qytaygha ótip ketken adamdardy eki elding ózara kelisuimen sovet azamatynyng pasportymen Qazaqstangha qaytardy. Bir pasportqa on adamnyng tirkeluine rúqsat berilgen. Óitkeni soghystan keyingi jyldary KSRO-da adam shyghyny qatty bayqalyp, júmysshy kýshi jetispedi. Biletinderding aituynsha orta eseppen Qytaydan Sovet eline jýz mynnan asa qazaq ótipti.

Ekinshi tolqyn 1962 jyly sәuir aiynda QHR-da mәdeniyet revolusiyasy men komunalargha kýshtep újymdastyrudyng saldarynan boldy. Qytaydaghy komuna qúrylysy KSRO-daghy újymdastyrugha qaraghanda óte qysqa merzimde, tipti anayy týrde jýrgizildi. Qytay komunisteri «ortaq mal, ortaq mýdde» degendi tike týsinip, barlyq eldi mekende komunagha birikken adamdargha óz ýilerinde jeke qazan asugha tyiym salyp bәrin bir qazangha telmirtip qoyghan. Osynday aqylgha simaytyn asyra silteuding saldarynan halyq jappay ashtyqqa úshyray bastady.

1958 jyly Qytay men KSRO arasy búzylyp, sovette oqyp jýrgen QHR studentterining bәri elge qaytarylghan bolatyn.  Olardy Qytayda jýrip jatqan mәdeny revolusiya jalyny sharpyp, qatang syngha aldy, «enbekpen tәrbiyeledi». Halyq jazushysy Qabdesh Júmadilov sol jyldardy eske alghanda «22 jasymda Qytay ókimetining maghan «últshyl» dep taqqan ataghyn bәrinen joghary qoyam» deytin. «Enbekpen týzeuden» ótken jazushy aqyry óz eline oralyp, bastauysh synypta sabaq berip jýrdi.

Qolynda S.M. Kirov atyndaghy QazMU filologiya fakulitetining studenttik kuәligi men synaq kitapshasy bar Q. Júmadilov Qazaqstangha qaytudy josparlaydy. Shekara alys emes, tayau, ne bәri 18 shaqyrym jerde. QazMU studenti degen qújattary qolda. Biraq el ishin ashtyq jaylay bastaghan song ol jeke qara basy ghana ketpey, ne bolsa da júrtpen birge ótudi oilay bastaydy. Halyq jazushysy Qabdesh Júmadilov 1961 jyly Shәueshek audany  júrtynyng atynan Qúljadaghy Sovet konsulyna jәne SSSR men Qazaqstan basshylaryna tarihy otangha qaytu turaly ótinish hattardy birinen song birin әr týrli azamattardyng atynan jazyp, eldi Qazaqstangha kóshirudi úiymdastyra bastaydy. Artynan sol hattarda aitylghan jaghdaydyng shyn-ótirigin anyqtau ýshin  Shәueshekke Qúlja qalasyndaghy sovet konsuldyghynan adam kelip, jergilikti adamdardyng arasynan súrau salyp jaghdaydyng auyr ekenine kózi jetip qaytty.

Qabdesh Júmadilov 26 jasynda 1962 jyly sәuirdi 20-sy men mamyrdyng 1-i aralyghynda bes zastava arqyly Shәueshek aimaghynan 200 mynnan asa halyqtyng kóshin bastap eki imperiyanyng shekarasynan ótkizip, ata júrty Qazaqstangha aman-esen kóshirip әkeldi. Búl qazaq qoghamy әli de tolyq týisinip, әdil baghasyn bere almay otyrghan ýlken tarihy qúbylys. Jazushynyng ózi de: «Mening jazu­shylyq enbegim, jazghan tom-tom kitap­tarym óz aldyna. Al 1962 jylghy kósh – mening azamattyq qyzmetimning shyrqau shyny. Baqilyq bolar aldynda da osy enbegimdi eske alyp ótetin shygharmyn», - deytin.

Bәz bireuler «búl oqighagha jazushynyng qatysy joq, búl kósh eki elding kelisimimen boldy» degendi aityp qalady. Onda, eger eki elding kelisimi bolsa onda nege QHR Shynjang úighyr avtonomilyq audanda ýsh qazaq audanynyng tek Shәueshek audanynyng halqy shekaradan ótti? Altay qazaqtary qozghalghan joq, Qúlja kóshken joq. Onyng ýstine búl oqighanyng kuәlәri әli bar, aramyzda. Olardyng jazushygha alghysy men rizalyghynan basqa aitary joq. Jer-jerde jazushynyng kózi tirisinde onyng atymen «Qabdesh shoqysy», «Qabdesh búlaghy» siyaqty jer-su attary payda boldy. Shәueshek audany halqynyng kóshi turaly oqighalar jazushynyng «Songhy kósh» jәne ómirbayandyq «Tanghajayyp dýniye» atty shygharmalarynda jaqsy sýrettelgen.

Biletinimizdey, soghystan keyin tek qazaq inteliygensiyasy ghana qúghyndalghan joq. Qazaqtyng ruhany әlemi de qudalandy. Halyq auyz әdebiyetin, últtyq tarihty zertteuge tyiym salyndy. Dombyrada oinau feodalizmdi ansaudyng eng soraqy kórinisi bop sanaldy. Osynday jaghdayda búl eki kóshting qazaq eli ýshin manyzynyng qanday bolghany aitpasada týsinikti. Arghy bet shekaradan tek adam ghana ótip qoyghan joq, sol kóshpen birge Qazaqstanda kómeskilene bastaghan salt-dәstýrler, halyq auyz әdebiyetining joyylyp bara jatqan ýlgileri, Shәkәrimning múrasy, últtyq meyramdar men últtyq әn-kýy oraldy. Kenestik-ateistik qoghamda janaza shygharu qayta jalghasty. Al, sol kóshpen birge kelgenderding ishinen shyqqan Qazaqstannyng maqtanyshyna ainalghan óner, ghylym, әdebiyet salasynyn  ókilderi, memlekettik qayratkerler qanshama.«Búl qazaqtyng súiylyp bara jatqan qanyn qayta qoylatqan qúbylys boldy», - dep bagha berdi sol oqighalargha Halyq jazushysy.

HH ghasyr qazaqqa opa-qayyr әkelgen joq. Balshabekterding ssenarii boyynsha qazaq halqy ózining últtyq bolmysynan aiyrylyp, túqymy túzday qúryp ketui kerek edi. Biraq, Jaratushy iyem: «Qazaq halqy joghalmasyn, býtin bolsyn», - dedi me, qazaq eli ýshinshi mynjyldyqqa tәuelsiz el bop qadam basty, al 1962 jylghy qazaq kóshi búl tarihy oqighany jaqyndata týskeni aiday anyq.

Arman Júmadil, 

t.gh.k., QBTU qauymdastyrylghan professory

Abai.kz