Jaqynda Slovakiyanyng «Slovenské pohľady» («Slovak kózqarasy») atty bedeldi mәdeny jurnalynda mening súhbatym jaryq kórdi. Osyghan oray, jurnal redaksiyasyna shynayy rizashylyghymdy bildirgim keledi. Búl — men ýshin ýlken qúrmet әri shygharmashylyghyma kórsetilgen joghary baghalau dep bilemin. Osynday mýmkindik úsynyp, enbegimdi keng auditoriyagha tanystyrugha ýles qosqandarynyz ýshin alghysym sheksiz.

Sonymen qatar, súhbattyng qazaqsha núsqasyn Facebook jelisindegi oqyrmandaryma da úsynamyn. Oqyp, pikir bildiremin deushilerinizge әrdayym quanyshtymyn.

1. Ortalyq Europada Ortalyq Aziyanyng filosofiyasy men mәdeniyeti turaly әzirge onsha kóp bile bermeydi. Al Qazaqstanda Ortalyq Europanyng mәdeniyeti men filosofiyasy turaly ne belgili?

Ortalyq Europa men Ortalyq Aziya «ortalyq» dep atalghanymen, úzaq uaqyt Batys pen Shyghystyng shet aimaqtary retinde qarastyryldy. Býginde Qazaqstan ózin syrtqy yqpaldyng nysany emes, derbes mәdeny subekt retinde tanyp, europalyq oigha qyzyghushylyqty tek qabyldau retinde emes, eki «ortalyqtyn» teng súhbaty retinde týsindiredi.

Qazaqstannyng akademiyalyq jәne gumanitarlyq ortasynda Ortalyq Europa oiynyng basty ókilderi jaqsy tanys. Mәselen E.Gusserliding fenomenologiyasy, K.Yaspersting ekzistensializmi,G.Gadamerding germenevtikasy, M.Shelerding filosofiyalyq antropologiyasy, sonday-aq Vena ýiirmesining logikalyq pozitivizmining mol múrasy dәriptelip qana qoymay tereng taldanady. Qazaqstanda cheh gumaniysi Yan Amos Komenskiyding múrasyna qúrmet joghary. Ol tәrbiyeni jay pedagogika emes, ruhany qalyptastyru dep týsindi. Bilimning kýshine, aqyl men jýrek ýilesimine, «bilim ýshin» emes, «adamshylyq ýshin» oqytugha degen kózqarasy Abay Qúnanbayúlynyng oilarymen tanghalarlyqtay ýndesedi.Ekeui de óz dәuiri men tilinde adamdy daghdy úiqysynan oyatyp, nadandyqtan ishki kemeldenuge jeteleuge úmtyldy. Býginde olardyng esimderi uniyversiytetterde atalyp, audarmalar men ghylymy enbekterde zerttelip keledi.

Qazaqstannyng mәdeny kenistiginde Ortalyq Europa modernizmi men postmodernizmining yqpaly bayqalady. MәselenF. Kafkanyng túiyq ýreyi, M. Kunderanyng ashy ironiyasy, Vaslav Gavelding absurdqa qarsy azamattyq batyldyghy oqyrmandargha tanys. Alayda búl tanystyq kóbine syrttay dengeyde óitkeni atalghan avtorlardyng mәtinderi belgili bolghanymen, olarmen tereng metafizikalyq súhbat әli qalyptasqan joq.

2. Bizdi (Ortalyq Evropa men Qazaqstandy) ne ortaqtastyrady?

Eng әueli — «shekaralyq» bolmysqa tәn ortaq tәjiriybe. Imperiyalar men ýstem mәdeniyetterdin, Shyghys pen Batystyn, ótken men әli aiqyndalmaghan bolashaqtyng arasynda ómir sýru. Búl tek kenistiktegi orny emes, ózindi de, әlemdi de qayta payymdaugha dayyn, sergek әri ózgermeli kýi.

Slovakiya men Qazaqstan «ortalyq» boludyng mәnin jaqsy týsinedi. Eki eldi de tarihtyng qalyng aghysynda joghalmay, óz ýnin tabugha degen úmtylys jaqyndastyrady.

Erkindik úghymyn týsinude de úqsastyq bar. Ortalyq Europada ol totalitarizmge qarsy túryp, iydeologiyalyq qysymgha qaramastan adamdyq qadirdi saqtaudan kórindi. Qazaqstanda — imperiyalyq múradan arylyp, ózin-ózi aiqyndau, óz tilin jәne ómir sýru ýlgisin ornyqtyru arqyly bayqalady. Búl — qarsylyq ta, qashu da emes, óz bolmysyndy berik saqtau.

Bizdi imperiyalar men ýstem jýieler kýiregennen keyingi mәn izdeu de biriktiredi. Qazaqstanda búl ýderis últtyq tútastyqty qayta payymdau, úmyt bola bastaghan tarihty janghyrtu jәne bolashaqqa senimmen qadam basu arqyly kórinedi.

Osynday ótpeli, әli tolyq ayaqtalmaghan kýide mәdeniyetterding shynayy jaqyndyghy aiqyndalady: Slovakiyada da, Qazaqstanda da ózin dara qoidan góri, ózgelermen qatar óz bolmysyn saqtaugha úmtylys basym.

3. Qazaq óneri men últtyq filosofiyasyn týsinu ýshin qanday qúndylyqtar men úghymdar manyzdy?

Qazaq filosofiyasy men mәdeniyeti qatang iydeyalardyng jiyntyghy emes, eng әueli ol ómir sýru men ómirdi sezinuding tәsili, ishki jәne syrtqy әlemdi tútas qabyldau óneri.Negizgi ózek — etika. Abaydyng «adam bol» qaghidasy adamdy aqyl, jýrek jәne erik birliginde jetiluge shaqyrady. Bilim men izgilikti úshtastyru — túlgha qalyptasuynyng sharty. Múnda erkindik jauapkershilikpen ajyramas baylanysta.

Qazaq dýniyetanymy erkindik pen qadir-qasiyetke negizdelgen. Ómir kenistik retinde — syrtqy da, ishki de erkindik alany. Qazaqtyng aksiologiyasy kóbine materialdyq baylyqtan góri ar-namys, abyroy, ar-újdan joghary baghalaydy. Adamdy aiqyndaytyn — onyng mal-mýlki emes, ishki «aqiqaty», arynyng tazalyghy. Osydan «qanaghat» úghymy tuyndaydy: azgha razylyq, ómirdi rizashylyqpen qabyldau, «bolu» men «ie boludyn» ara jigin aiyru.Sonymen qatar kóshpeli mәdeniyet ortaqtyq sezimin qalyptastyrdy: ru, qauym, el mýddesi jeke bastan joghary túrdy. Búl daralyqty joqqa shygharu emes, kerisinshe adamnyng basqalarmen baylanysta ghana tolyq ashylyp damitynyn moyyndau. Qazaq filosofiyalyq oiy anyz, epos jәne auyzsha dәstýrden bastau alady. Kóshpeli ómirde til, jyr men naqyl úrpaqtan úrpaqqa beriletin negizgi ruhany múragha ainaldy. Osy negizde qazaq dýniyetanymy qalyptasty.

Qazaq filosofiyasy — tútastyq, tepe-tendik jәne adamshylyqqa qúrylghan ilim. Ol ruh pen tәndi, bilim men sezimdi bólmeydi. Onyng týpki maqsaty — adamnyng ózimen, ózgemen jәne sheksiz dala kenistigimen ýilesimge jetudi kózdeu.

4. Qazaqstannyng basty filosofy — Abay. Ony Shyghys oishyly deuge bola ma, әlde Batysqa jaqyn ba?

Qazaqtyng kórnekti qalamgeri Múhtar Áuezov atap ótkendey, Abay fenomeni ýsh ruhany bastaudyng toghysuynan tuady: shyghys, batys jәne qazaq dәstýri. Onyng oiynda shyghystyng tereng etikasy men payymshyldyghy, batystyng refleksiyasy men rasionaldyghy jәne qazaq dalasyna tәn poetikalyq ruh astasyp jatyr.Abay osy múralardy biriktirip, tútas ruhany jýiege ainaldyrdy. Onyng dýniyetanymy islamdyq moralidy europalyq gumanizmmen, halyqtyq poeziyany filosofiyalyq oimen, senimdi aqylmen úshtastyrady. Sondyqtan ony bir ghana mәdeny kenistikpen shekteu mýmkin emes. Ol Shyghys pen Batysty qarsy qoymay, olardy adam turaly ortaq aqiqattyng eki qyry retinde tanytatyn әmbebap oishyl.

5. Jahandanu dәuirinde últtyq mәdeniyetti oqshaulanbay qalay saqtaugha bolady?

Mәdeniyet dialogta ómir sýredi. Ol ózine súraq qoya alghan kezde ghana damidy, al túiyqtalsa — әlsireydi. Sondyqtan últtyq mәdeniyetti saqtau — ony jasyru emes, zamanauy jaghdayda qayta payymdau. Oqshaulanu kez kelgen halyqqa ziyan, al mәdeniyet ýshin tipti qauipti.Toqyrau ony әlsiretedi.Dәstýrding kýshi ózgermeude emes, qozghalysta óz ózegin saqtay bilude.

Jahandanu — búl tek tehnologiyalar men aqparat aghyny emes, mәdeniyetterding toghysatyn kenistigi. Osynday ortada әr mәdeniyet ózining ómirshendigin dәleldeydi. Ómirsheng mәdeniyet joghalmaydy, kerisinshe atalghan «dialogqa» týsip óz qúnyn saqtaydy. Osyny nemisting ataqty aqyny Gyoliderlinning «Qauip bar jerde, qútqarushy kýsh te ósedi» degen sózi dәl beyneleydi.

Alayda búl «qútqarushy kýsh» dәstýrdi mehanikalyq qaytalaudan da, janany tolyq joqqa shygharudan da tuyndamaydy. Ótkenmen ghana shektelgen mәdeniyet manyzynan aiyrylady. Kórnekti qalamger Yuriy Dombrovskiy aitqanday, ol «qajetsiz nәrseler fakulitetine» ainalady. Sondyqtan mәdeniyetting mәnin býgingi kýnmen baylanystyra qayta ashu qajet.

Mәdeniyet — aghash tәrizdi: tamyry dәstýrde, al úshar basy bolashaqqa úmtylady. Tamyry berik bolghanda ghana ol ózgeris jeline tótep berip, ósip-órkendey alady. Demek, negizgi mindet — oqshaulanu emes, ózindi jәne ózgeni týsinistik arqyly aiyra bilu.Yaghni, Gamlet aitqanday, «zamanalardyng baylanysyn qalpyna keltiru» qajet sonda dәstýr ótken men bolashaqty jalghaytyn berik kópirge ainalmaq.

6. Qazaq mәdeniyeti gumanistik pe?

IYә, qazaq mәdeniyetining ózegi — gumanizm. Biraq búl teoriyalyq qaghida emes, ómir tәjiriybesinen tughan kózqaras. Dala dýniyetanymynda adam tabighattan bólinbeydi, ol — tútas tirshilikting bir bóligi. Sondyqtan adamshylyq, ar-namys, janashyrlyq pen ózara qúrmet eng joghary ólshemge ainalady.

7. Europa men Qazaqstan bir-birinen ne ýirene alady?

Europa tehnokratiyalyq qarqyn men shekten tys rasionalizmning saldaryn sezingen kezende, Qazaqstannan әlemdi tútas qabyldaudy yaky adamdy tabighattyng ýstem iyesi emes, onyng ajyramas bóligi retinde tanu mәnin ýirene alady. Óitkeni kóshpeli dýniyetanym ómirdi ýzdiksiz bәseke emes, tabighy tepe-tendikpen ýilesken tirshilik retinde úghyndyrady.Qazaqstan, óz tarapynan, Europadan syny oilau dәstýrin, qúqyqqa qúrmetti jәne jeke jauapkershilik mәdeniyetin tereng mengere alady. Europalyq tәjiriybe mәdeniyetting ómirshendigi onyng ózgeristerge ashyqtyghynda jәne ózara dialog qúru arqyly janara aluynda ekenin dәleldedi. Manyzdysy mәdeniyet óz ereksheligin dәleldeude emes, ashyq әri teng súhbatta ómir sýredi. Dәl osynday kenistikte ghana ol ózin joghaltpay, damugha qabiletti bolady.

8. Qazaq әdebiyetinen europalyq oqyrmangha ne úsynugha bolady?

Qazaqstanda últtyq shenberden asyp, әmbebap adamdyq tәjiriybeni beyneley alatyn qalamgerler az emes. Olardyng shygharmashylyghy — tek belgili bir mәdeniyetting kórinisi emes, bolmys, mәn, erkindik pen súlulyq turaly ortaq súraqtargha jauap izdeu.

Búl túrghyda eng aldymen Abay Qúnanbayúlynyng múrasyna jýginu oryndy. Onyng «Qara sózderi» — halyqtyq danalyq pen jeke ruhany refleksiyanyng toghysqan túsy, adam bolmysynyng ishki qúrylymyn zerdeleytin tereng filosofiyalyq mәtin.

Múhtar Áuezovting «Abay joly» epopeyasy da erekshe mәnge iye. Búl shygharmada jeke túlghanyng qalyptasuy tarihy kenistikpen sabaqtasyp, adam men qogham arasyndaghy kýrdeli baylanystar keng auqymda ashylady.

Ábish Kekilbaevtyng prozasy uaqyt pen jadynyn, tarihy sananyng filosofiyalyq tabighatyn zertteydi. Onyng «Shynyrau» tuyndysy — adam taghdyry men tereng ishki kýizelisterding simvoldyq beynesi. Al Oralhan Bókey shygharmalarynda poetikalyq sezim men ekzistensialdyq jalghyzdyq erekshe ýilesim tabady, onyng prozasy — nәzik әri qasiretti súlulyqtyng kórinisi.

Asqar Sýleymenovting mәtinderi de airyqsha: múnda sóz tek bayandau qúraly emes, oilaudyn, tanymnyng tikeley formasyna ainalady. Onyng prozasy oqyrmandy dayyn maghynamen emes, oilau ýderisining ózimen betpe-bet qaldyrady.

Sonymen birge, basty mәsele — audarmada. Qazaq tilining ishki yrghaghy, intonasiyalyq terendigi men maghynalyq qabattary basqa tilde tolyq ashyla bermeydi. Sondyqtan týpnúsqada búl shygharmalar әldeqayda kýrdeli әri kópqyrly estiledi.

Dinmúhamed Bayjúma, filosof

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