Altyn Orda Shynghyshan imperiyasy qúlaghannan keyin payda bolghan eng iri ortaghasyrlyq memleketterding biri boldy. Onyng etnosayasy tarihy monghol jaulap alushylary men Euraziyanyng kóptegen týrki, slavyan, fiyn-ugor jәne basqa da halyqtarynyng ózara әrekettesuin kórsetedi.

Shynghys han qaytys bolghannan keyin, onyng iyelikteri úldarynyng arasynda bólindi. Batys aumaqtary onyng ýlken úly Joshygha ótti. Batu hannyng Shyghys Europagha jasaghan joryqtarynan keyin (1236–1242) Altyn Orda nemese Joshy úlysy dep atalatyn memleket payda boldy. Astanasy bastapqyda Saray-Batu, keyinirek Tómengi Edildegi Saray-Berke boldy. Aumaghyna Qazaqstan dalalary, Edil boyy, Qyrym, Batys Sibir jәne Shyghys Europanyng bir bóligi kirdi.

Altyn Orda halqy kópúltty boldy: mongholdar — biyleushi ​​әskery elita; týrki taypalary: qypshaqtar, qimaqtar, qanlylar, naymandar jәne basqalar; Edil boyynyng búlgharlary; orys knyazidikteri; Kavkaz halyqtary; horezmdikter jәne Orta Aziya halyqtary.

Uaqyt óte kele mongholdar azshylyqqa ainaldy jәne birtindep týrkilendi. Qypshaq-týrki tili negizgi qarym-qatynas tiline ainaldy. Mine, sondyqtan derekkózder memleketti kóbinese týrki әlemimen baylanystyrady.

Altyn Orda monghol basqaru dәstýrlerin saqtap qaldy: jogharghy biylik hangha tiyesili boldy; Shynghys hannyng úrpaqtary Shynghys әuleti manyzdy ról atqardy; úlystardyng әskeriy-әkimshilik jýiesi boldy; monghol dәstýrining zandar jinaghy Yasa qoldanyldy.

Sonymen qatar, jergilikti elita hannyng biyligin moyyndap, alym-salyq tólese, óz lauazymdaryn saqtap qaldy. Orys knyazidikteri vassaldar boldy jәne Orda handarynan basqaru jarghylaryn aldy.

XIV ghasyrdyng basynda Ózbek hannyng islam dinin qabyldauy manyzdy kezeng boldy. Islam memlekettik dinge ainaldy jәne Ordanyng músylman Shyghysymen baylanysyn nyghaytty. Búl mynalargha әkeldi: qalalar men saudanyng damuyna; islam mәdeniyetining taraluyna; halyqtyng týrki-músylmandyq biregeyligining nyghangyna.

Sonymen qatar, Ordada diny tózimdilik úzaq uaqyt boyy saqtaldy: músylman, hristian, budda jәne shamandyq qauymdastyqtar ómir sýrdi.

Altyn Orda Europa men Aziya arasyndaghy manyzdy sauda joldaryn baqylady. Úly Jibek jolynyng tarmaqtary onyng aumaghy arqyly ótti. Ekonomikasy mynalargha negizdelgen: kóshpeli mal sharuashylyghy; sauda; qolóner; alym jinau.

Altyn Orda mynalarmen belsendi týrde ózara әrekettesti: orys knyazidikteri; Orta Aziya memleketteri; Vizantiya imperiyasy; Qyrymdaghy genuyalyq koloniyalar; Mәmlýk súltandyghy.

XIV ghasyrdyng sonynda Altyn Ordanyng daghdarysy bastalady: handar arasyndaghy ishki qaqtyghystar; ortalyq biylikting әlsireui; Temirding joryqtary; kórshiles memleketterdin, әsirese Mәskeu knyazidikting kýshengi. XV ghasyrda Altyn Orda birneshe handyqtargha bólindi: Qazan handyghy; Qyrym handyghy; Astrahan handyghy; Noghay ordasy; Qazaq handyghy.

Altyn Orda Euraziya tarihynda ýlken ról atqardy: ol daladaghy sayasy jәne etnikalyq prosesterge yqpal etti; Ol tatarlardyn, qazaqtardyn, noghaylardyng jәne basqa da týrki halyqtarynyng qalyptasuyna әser etti; orys jerlerining damuyna aitarlyqtay әser etti; ol Shyghys pen Batys arasyndaghy baylanystyrushy buyngha ainaldy.

Qazaqstan tarihy ýshin Altyn Orda qazaq memlekettiligining qalyptasu kezenderining biri retinde jәne týrki taypalarynyng etnikalyq birigui retinde erekshe manyzdy ról oinaydy.

Kerimsal Júbatqanov,

tarih ghylymdarynyng kandidaty, S. Seyfullin atyndaghy Qazaq agrotehnikalyq zertteu uniyversiytetining dosenti

Abai.kz