Qazaq arasyna erteden tanys anyzdardyng biri – biyleushi hannyng kelisimimen kórshi júrttyng ókili qazaq jerinen qala salyp qorshap, keyin ol jerge jergilikti halyqty jaqyndatpay quyp, aqyr sonynda elding tútas ónirden ayyrylyp qalghanyn bayandaytyn mazmúngha qúrylghan el әngimesi. Onyng mazmúnyna biyleushi hannyn kórshi elden sheber shaqyrtyp, sәndi saray saldyru nemese әldebir elde joq tansyq qyzmetti paydalanu qaraketi arqau bolghan. Hangha óz qyzmetin úsynghan sheber ótemaqynyng shartyna ógiz terisining kólemindey jer berudi súraydy. Han kelisim beredi. Shartty oryndaghan sheber terini júqalay kesip, jerdi ólshey kelgende, ol úlan-ghayyr kólemdi qamtidy.

Anyz mazmúnynda tyndaushynynyng nazaryn erekshe audaryp, tang qaldyratyn basty kórinis – ógiz terisi. Ári ketse, eki-ýsh sharshy metrlik kólemdegi ógiz terisine tútas qalagha qonys bolatyn jer qalay aiyrbastalghan? Onda qanday qulyq, amal-tәsil býrkemelengen? Ógiz terisin býgingi miliymetrlik, tipten, nanometrlik ólshemen jinishke etip taspa qansha tilinse de, qalagha qonys bolar jerding shyqpasy anyq. Olay bolsa, «ógiz terisi» astarlap, júmbaqtap, túspaldap suretteuding bir kórinisi bolyp túrghany sózsiz. Al ol qanday túspal, qanday júmbaq?

HÝ ghasyrdyng orta sheninde sol Joshy úlysy men Shaghatay úlystarynyng qonysynan boy kótergen Qazaq Ordasy – Shynghys zamanynan kele jatqan el biyleu dәstýrin (shynghystyq ata tektiktegi handyq biylik, qúryltay shaqyru arqyly han saylau, kóshi-qon, sauda-sattyq, kórshilermen diplomatiyalyq qarym-qatynas, el ishindegi jón-josyq tәrtibin belgileu t.b.) jәne otyryqshy ólkemen tyghyz ekonomikalyq baylanystaghy kóshpeli túrmys-tirshilikti ornatqan, dalalyq demokratiya qaghidasyn tútynghan,  týrli sabaqtastyqty saqtaghan qara shanyraq bolyp qalyptasty. Orda qara shanyraqqa tәn qasiyetpen memlekettilikting ghasyrdan-ghasyrgha úlasqan dәstýri men jón-joralghysyn búzbay saqtap, ony tarihtyng toqtausyz tolayym keruenine qosty. Tarih keruenine qosylghan kórikti kóshting qatarynan Shynghys zamanynan nәr alyp, Joshy úlysynyng tarihynan órilip, Qazaq handyghynyng tynys-tirshiliginen, túrmys tanabynan habar beretin, taghylymy teren, qatpary qalyng qazyna – foliklorlyq ruhany múralar da oryn alady. Sol qazynanyng ishinde Altyn Orda men Qazaq handyghynyng berik sabaqtastyghyn aishyqtaytyn kómbening biri – halyq anyzdary.

Anyzdar – halyqtyng ózi bayandaghan kórkem mazmúndaghy, shygharmashylyq sipattaghy tarihy. Halyq shygharmashylyghynyng kómbesinde Altyn Orda men Qazaq handyghynyng túsyndaghy belgili tarihy túlghalar men aituly oqighalardan, tútas bir kezenderden habar beretin anyzdar jelisi dýniyege keldi. Mysaly, «Qan shengeldegen Shynghys han», «Aqsaq qúlan – Joshy han, joqtau aitam osyghan», «Nar moyyny kesilgen Berdibek», «Týgel sózding týbi – bir, týp atasy – Mayqy biy», t.b. syndy túraqty tirkestermen kómkerilgen, qúshaghyna tarihy kezenderding shyndyghyn, tanym-taghylymyn qúndaqtaghan anyzdar shoghyry bar.

Tarihy shyndyq elesin saqtaghan anyzdar jelisining biri – hannyng kelisimimen kórshi júrttyng ókili qazaq jerinen qala salyp qorshap, keyin oghan jergilikti halyqty jaqyndatpay quyp, aqyr sonynda elding tútas ónirden aiyrylyp qalghandyghy turaly el әngimesi. Ókinish sazyna oralghan búl sarynnyng basty mazmúnyna biyleushi hannyng kórshi elden sheber shaqyrtyp, sәndi saray saldyru nemese óz júrtynda joq әldebir tansyq qyzmetti paydalanu qaraketi arqau bolghan. Hangha óz qyzmetin úsynghan sheber ótemaqynyng shartyna ógiz terisining kólemindey jer berudi súraydy. Han kelisim beredi. Shartty oryndaghan sheber terini júqalay kesip, jerdi ólshey kelgende, ol úlan-ghayyr kólemdi qamtidy.

El-júrtty ókinishke úryndyrghan múnday qaraketting basynda Áz-Jәnibek han beynesi túr. Áz-Jәnibek han – Altyn Ordanyng ataqty biyleushisi Ózbekúly Jәnibekting prototiypi. Onyng úzaq jyldargha sozylghan biyligi túsynda Altyn Ordagha músylman dini, tolyq ornyghyp, elde әdildik pen túraqtylyq ornaghan beybit ómir saltanat qúrady. Sh. Uәlihanov atap ótkenindey, el jadynda Áz-Jәnibek biylik qúrghan kezeni noghay men qazaqtyng birligi jarasqan «altyn ghasyry» dep anyzdalady. Qazaq pen noghay – ejelden qonysy aralas, qoyy qoralas tuysqan halyq bolghany barshagha ayan.

Qazaq-noghay dәuirinen jetken sol anyzdyq әngimeler mazmúny boyynsha, Áz-Jәnibek han orystan arnayy sheberler shaqyrtyp Sarayshyqtan da ýlken Saray (keyde Ashtarhan qalasy dep atalady – avt.) qalasyn saldyrady. Hannyng búl qaraketin aqylgói, danyshpan, әigili Asan Qayghy «jónsiz is» dep synap, qatty uayymgha batady. Ol hangha «Saghan Saraydy orystar salyp berdi – [ony] orys alady»,- dep ókpelep, hannyng sayasatyna kelispey, qazaq júrtyna jaudan alys, many tynysh jayly qonys – Jiydeli Baysyndy izdep keng dalany sharlaydy.

Endigi bir anyzda «qúdiretti» Áz-Jәnibek hannyng kenesshi, aqylshysy –Jiyrenshe sheshen. Búl anyz «Turgayskaya gazeta» basylymynyng 1897 jylghy №131 sanynda «Ivan Kalita» degen ataumen jariyalanady. Ángime Aqtóbe uezi Bórte bolysynyng №1 aulynyng syily aqsaqaly Mambet Asauovtan jazyp alynady.

Anyzdyng mazmúny boyynsha, kýnderding bir kýninde Áz-Jәnibek hangha bir orys kisi keledi. Han ony Jiyrenshe sheshenge synatady. Tapqyrlyq pen sheshendikting ozyq ýlgisi arqyly orys kisi Jiyrensheni mýdirtip (Jiyrenshe әielining aqyly tyghyryqtan shyghady), Áz-Jәnibekti tang qaldyrady. Ol oghan riza bolyp «qalaghanyndy al» dep jomarttyq tanytady.

«Álgi kisi:

– Sizding әdildiginiz ben qayyrymdylyghyng sheksiz, qúdiretti han, biraq mening súraytynym óte shekteuli: maghan tek bir ógizding terisi siyatyn jerdi menshikke berseniz bolghany, – dep, iyilip jauap beredi orys.

– Solay bolsyn! – deydi han.

– Han iyem, maghan ógizding terisindey jerge iyelik etu turaly pәrmeninizdi (gramotanyzdy) beriniz, – dep ótinedi orys.

Han búl ótinishti oryndap, orysqa ózi súraghan jer kólemine iyelik etuge qúqyq beretin mór basylghan gramota tapsyrady. Gramotany alghannan keyin orys ógiz terisin taspa etip óte jinishke qylyp tiledi de, sol taspalarmen ýlken jer aumaghyn qorshap alady. Jyldar ótip, búl iyemdengen jerde Ýishik qalasymen Sarayshyq bekinisi boy kóterip, oghan óte kóp orystar qonystanady.

Hannyng qaramaghyndaghy halyq orystardyng jerdi basyp alghanyn kórip, olardy quyp shyqpaq bolady, biraq qarsylyq kórip, beti qaytady. Sodan keyin olar hangha kelip, orystyng han pәrmenine qayshy kelip, kóp jerdi basyp alghany turaly shaghymdana bastaydy. Han búl shaghymdargha senbey, aryzdanushylardy ólim jazasyna kesedi. Biraq ólim jazasyna kesilgenderding ornyna hangha dәl osynday shaghymmen basqalary kele beredi. Búl jaghday handy shaghymdy tekseruge mәjbýr etedi. Kórsetilgen jerge kelgen han shynymen de halyq tyghyz qonystanghan ýlken qalany kóredi. Orystyng búl óz betinshe әreketine ashulanghan han oghan aiqaylaydy.

– Mening jerimdi basyp alugha qalay batylyng bardy?

– Sizding han atynan bergen pәrmeniniz negizinde aldym. Siz maghan ógizding terisi qanday aumaqty qamty alsa, sonday jerdi syigha tarttynyz, men ony taspa etip tilip, jerdi qorshap aldym, odan artyq alghan joqpyn.

Han orystyng sózderining әdildigine kóz jetkizedi. Keyin belgili bolghanday, әlgi orys Ivan Kalitanyng ózi bolyp shyghady».

Tarihy derekter boyynsha, Ivan Kalita – Mәskeu knyazy, Altyn Orda hany Ózbekting túsynda ómir sýrgen, Orys knyazdyghyn biriktirip, Ordagha kidirtpey, kiykiljinsiz alym-salyq jinap, onymen úzaq jyldar boyy tatu qarym-qatynas ornatqan, Orys knyazdyghy biyligin eldi mekenderdi satyp alu jolymen de keneytken biyleushi.

Dәl osyghan úqsas anyz 1900 jyly «Dala ualayatynyng gazeti» betinde jariyalanady, Anyzdy 1890 jyly qazaq dalasynyng Jayyq ónirine saparlaghan orys júrtynyng ókiline jol serik bolghan Mәmbet esimdi qazaq kisi bayandap bergen. Ángime mynaday joldarmen bastalady: «Búrynghy uaqytta, kóp jyldar boldy dýniyede bizding atamyz týgil babamyz joqta, kýlli osy kýnde (gi) qazaq-orystar (kazak-orystar –avt.) túratúghyn jerler – Oraladan bastap tómen (degi) Oral ózeni boyynyng eki jaghy, onyng dәl Astrahangha deyin hәm Volga (Edil – avt.) ózenining sol jaghyna deyin kóship jýrdi – bizding halyq Temirlik hannyng qol astynda. Sizding qazaq-orys yaky ózge orystar mýlde joq edi. Dәl Orynborgha shaqty (jerlerde – avt) bizding halyq túrdy hәm ózining erkinshi, uayym-qayghysyz. Sol uaqytqa deyin, qashan keldi hangha Samardan yaky Orynbordan bilmeymin, bir sorly, bayghús orys – ýsti-basy jyrtyq, biraq qalay bayqaldy artynan – amalshy dәl saytannyng ózindey. Ol orys ózi ismer eken әr júmysqa. Ózi – baltashy, peshshi, ústa, zerger hәm ua ghayry júmysshy. Sol sebepti ol túrdy hannyng sarayynda bek jaghymdy Temirlik hangha ismerligimen, әngimeshi hәm syrnayshy bolghany ýshin».

Anyzdyng búdan ary qaray órbeytin sujettik mazmúny Áz-Jәnibek pen Asan Qayghy turaly anyzdaghy jelige úqsas. Han әlgi orysqa jasatqan isterin maqtanysh etip, júrtty jinap birneshe toy jasaydy. Hannyng toyyna qariyalar men aqyldy kisiler barmay qoyady. ...Aqyr sonynda han orys ústagha: «Syigha qalaghanyndy al», – deydi. Sonda ol: «maghan bir ógizding terisindey jer bersen, razymyn», – deydi.

Han ózining malynan ýlken ógizdi soyyp, terisin orysqa beredi. Orys terini alyp ony jinishke etip tilip, qayys qylady. Qayysty bir-birine jalghap, sonymen jerdi tórt jaqqa ólshep jiberip, qansha jerdi ólsheydi, sol jerding barlyghy orysqa ótedi. Ol jerge ózge orys aghayyndaryn kóshirip ala bastaydy. Jyldan-jylgha orystar kóbeyip, Oral ózenining boyyna qala sala bastaydy, sóitip qazaqtardy búl jerden quyp jiberedi.

Biri Orynbordaghy, ekinshisi Ombydaghy merzimdik basylmdar betinde jariyalanghan atalghan anyzdargha ortaq mazmún – biyleushi hannyng eshbir oilanbastan, qinalmay syilaghan ógiz terisining kólemindey jerge orys júrtynyng qala salyp, keyin ol jerge qazaqtardy quyp shyghuy.

Tarihtan belgili, Resey patshalyghy Altyn Orda ydyraghannan keyingi uaqytta «bir qala – bir handyq» bolyp qalyptasqan Qazan, Ashtarhan syndy shaghyn handyqtardy jaulap alyp, HÝIII ghasyrda keng saharadaghy Qazaq handyghynyng jerine auyz salady. Osylaysha, Resey patshalyghy kórshi eldermen úzaq jaulasyp, ishki birligi ydyrap әlsiregen Qazaq handyghynyng batysy men soltýstigindegi Jayyq jәne Ertis ózenderining boyyn jaghalatyp әskery bekinister men qorghandar sala bastaydy. Múny olar kóshpeli eldermen sauda-sattyq jýrgizudi ornyqtyru jәne Orta Aziyadan Resey shekarasyna keletin sauda keruenderining qauipsizdigin qamtamasyz etuge qajet degen syltaumen jýzege asyrady.

Resey әkimshiligining búl sayasatyna qazaq biyleushilerining de qatysy boldy. Mysaly, 1735 jyly Or ózenining Jayyqqa qúyar saghasyna ornalasqan Orynbor bekinisi (keyin Or bekinisi bolyp ataldy) Kishi jýz hany Ábilqayyrdyng qalauymen, rúqsatymen salyndy. Bekinisti orys ýkimeti qazaq biyleushilerine «Imperiya qúramyndaghy qalmaq pen bashqúrttyng qazaq júrtymen jaulasu qauipin seyiltu jәne Resey patshalyghynyng Úly Tatariyamen jәne Búqara, Tashkent, Balhy qalalarymen qauipsiz sauda-sattyq jýrgizu maqsatynda salyp jatyrmyz» dep týsindiredi. Bekinisting irgetasyn qalaghan saltanatty rәsimge Ábilqayyr hannyng balasy Eraly súltan basqarghan qazaq biyleushileri de qatysady.

Ábilqayyr han patsha ýkimetinen Jayyq boyyndaghy shekaralyq ónirdegi Orynbormen shektelmey, Qazaq handyghynyng ontýstik ónirindegi Syrdariya ózenining boyyna qala salyp beruge qolqa salady. Onyng búl ótinishin oryndau maqsatynda Orynbor әkimshiligi 1740 jyldyng 5-qyrkýieginde poruchik D. Gladyshev, geodezist Muraviyn, injener Nazimov bastaghan әskery qyzmetkerlerdi Syr boyyna attandyrady. Keyin ol jerde Rayym bekinisi payda bolady.

Qazaq dalasynadaghy iri ózender boyyna synalap salynghan әskery bekinister uaqyt óte kele ózge de fortpostar, bekinister, әskery kazaktardyng hutorlarynyng payda boluyna әkelip soqtyrady. Sol shaghyn әskery bekinisterden Orynbor, Omby, Semey syndy ýlken qalalar boy kóteredi. Basqasha aitsaq, Altyn Orda men Qazaq handyghynyng jerining tútastyghy әskery bekinister men qalalar salu arqyly bólshektenedi, kóshpeli tirshilikting tynysy tarylady, qonys azaydy jәne dalalyq ólkelerge qonys audarushylar kóbeyip, jer saudagha týse bastaydy. Búl – tarihta bolghan shynayy oqighalar. Sol shynaylyqtan anyzdyq saryndar qúralyp, tarihy shyndyq halyq shygharmashylyghyna tәn kórkemdik әdis-tәsil, obrazdar arqyly beynelenedi.

Anyzdaghy anghal han, óneri asqan qu kórshi, jerinen aiyrylghan elding ókinishi – múnyng bәri tyndaushy júrtty bey-jay qaldyrmaytyn kórkem obrazdar. Búl orayda, tyndaushynyng nazaryn erekshe audaryp,  tang qaldyratyn kórkem obraz – ógiz terisi. Ári ketse, eki-ýsh sharshy metrlik kólemdegi ógiz terisine tútas qalagha qonys bolghan jer qalay aiyrbastalghan? Múnda qanday qulyq, amal-tәsil býrkemelengen? Ógiz terisining miliymetrlik, tipten nanometrlik ólshemen jinishke etip taspa qansha tilse de, qalagha qonys bolar jerding shyqpasy anyq. Olay bolsa, «ógiz terisi» astarlap, júmbaqtap, túspaldap suretteuding bir kórinisi bolyp túrghany sózsiz. Al ol qanday túspal, qanday júmbaq?

Bizdinshe, ógiz terisi – jerding bederi men kólemi syzylatyn topografiyalyq kartanyng kórkem beynesi. Ol beynening qazaq foliklorynda  payda boluyna orta ghasyrlarda, tipten, beridegi HIH ghasyrgha deyin topografiyalyq kartalar qara mal (ógiz, búzau) terisinen jasaluy sep bolghan. Topografiyalyq kartalar tez tozbauy jәne qoldanysta úzaq saqtaluy ýshin ógiz nemese búzau terisine bederlendi. Qazirgi tanda zertteushiler qazaq dalasyna qatysty topografiyalyq kartalardyng Europa men Reseyding muzeyleri men kitaphanalarynda saqtalghan týpnúsqalarynyng keybiri  ógiz (búzau) terisinde jasalghanyn jazyp jýr.

Demek, Altyn Orda men Qazaq handyghynyng jer-qonysynyng otarlanu tarihynan habar beretin belgili anyzdaghy ógiz terisi – qalanyng kartasy syzylghan karta. Ógiz terisi – óner-bilimi ozyq kórshi júrttyng óneri kemshin elden óz qulyghyn asyrghan qimyl-әreketining astarly, foliklorlyq túspalmen júmbaqtap jetkizgen kórkem beynesi. Jalpy, aitylar oidy júmbaqtap, túspaldap beru – foliklordyng basty kórkemdik sipattarynyng biri.

Bizding jeke múraghatymyzda Or (alaghyshqyda Orynbor bekinisi dep ataldy)  bekinisine patshayym Anna Ionovnanyng tarapynan 1734 jyldyng 7 mausymynda berilgen qúqyqtyq Gramotanyng (Priyvelegiyanyn) kóshirmesi bar. Gramota eski slavyan tilinde jazylyp, oghan Resey imperiyasynyng eki basty qyran qús beynelengen gerbi tanbalanghan (suret 1).

Suret: A.Ábsadyqtyng múraghatynan alyndy.

Patshayymnyng qanday jerler men elderge iyelik etetin sipattaudan bastalghan mәtinning sonynda, qúqyqtyq gramotany dayyndaghan kisilerding aty-jónimen qatar «Priviylegiya napisana na koje dvuh telyat», yaghny «Gramota eki búzau terisine jazyldy» degen sóz jazylghan (suret 2).

Suret: A.Ábsadyqtyng múraghatynan alyndy.

Qazaq júrtyna osynday ógiz terisini syzylghan kartalar men gramotalardyng tanys bolghandyghy anyq. Sol kórinis anyz mazmúnyny ótip, kórkemdik obrazgha, beynelep suretteuge ainalghan. Anyz mazmúny múnday kórinisting tuyndauyna biyleushining anghaldyghy, onyng óner-bilimining tayazdyghynan dep tanidy jәne búl jaghdaygha uayym men ókinish bildiredi.

Qazaq jerinen qala salamyz dep alghashqyda shaghyn jerdi alyp, keyin qalanyng kartasy syzylghanda ol jerding mýldem keneyip ketu kórinisin irgetasy 1879-1883 jyldary qalanghan Qostanay qalasynyng tarihynan kóruge bolady. Alghashqyda Tobyl ózenining sol jaghalauyndaghy «Qostanay ótkeli» men «Ábil-say» dep atalatyn alqap aralyghyndaghy 350 desyatina jerge túrghyn jay salu arqyly ornalasugha tiyisti qonys, 1895 jyldan bastalyp, 1907 jyly ayaqtalghan kartada qala túrghyndardyng túrghyn jayy ýshin belgilengen jer kólemi 834 desyatinagha deyin keneyip, al qala túrghyndarynyng qajetti ýshin paydalanatyn jer kólemi 13 500 desyatinadan 35 474 desyatinagha deyin artady.

Búl – keshegi kýni ghana bolghan tarihtan mysal. Al Altyn Orda men onyng múrageri Qazaq handyghynyng alghashqy otarlanghan kezeninde tarihy oqighalardyng qalay órbigeni bir Jaratuyshynyng ózine ghana ayan!

Altyn Orda men Qazaq handyghynyng sabaqtastyghynan syr shertetin halyq anyzdarynyng qyr-syrymen terenirek tanysamyn degen oqyrmandar bizding «Joshy úlysy jәne qazaq anyzdary» (Qostanay, 2026) atty zertteu kitabymyzben tanysuyna bolady (suret 3).

Suret: A.Ábsadyqtyng múraghatynan alyndy.

Zertteu enbek Altyn Orda handyghyndaghy tarihy túlghalardyng atqarghan qyzmetine, ómirde bolghan oqighanyng mәn-manyzyna baylanysty aitylatyn anyzdardyng tarihilyghy men foliklorlyq kórkem belgilerin, syr-sipatyn taldaugha qúrylghan. Onda Shynghys hannan bastap Joshy han, Mayqy bi, Qonqútan Menilik, Alasha han, Áz-Jәnibek han, Asan Qayghy, Berdibek han, Edige by syndy tarihy túlghalardyng anyzdaghy beynesi zerdelenedi.

Zertteu az tirajben jaryq kórdi. Túsaukeser rәsimi ýstimizdegi mausym aiynyng songhy kýnderi ótedi. Búl jayynda bizding Feysbuk paraqshamyzda habarlama beriledi. Kitapqa qyzyghushylyq tanytyp, habarlasamyn degen oqyrmandar ýshin elektrondyq poshta mynaday: almas9172447@gmail.com

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Maqala QR Ghylym jәne joghary bilim ministrligining Ghylym komiytetinyng qarjylandyruy negizinde jýzege asyrylyp jatqan  AR 26199503 «Turgayskie oblastnye vedomosti» (1891-1917), «Turgayskaya gazeta» (1895-1910) basylymdary: tarihi, etnografiyalyq jәne foliklorlyq derek kózi» Jobasynyng negizinde dayyndaldy.

Almasbek Ábsadyq, filologiya ghylymdarynyng doktory, Qostanay qalasy

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