XII ghasyrdyng ayaghy men XIII ghasyrdyng basynda monghol qolbasshysy Temuchin (1155 nemese 1162–1227) shyghystaghy Japon tenizinen batysta Kaspiy tenizine deyingi keng aumaqtardy jaulap alyp, Shynghyshan («Úly han») ataghyn aldy. Onyng úldary jaulap aludy jalghastyrdy, kóp úzamay Monghol imperiyasy adamzat tarihyndaghy eng iri qúrlyqtyq memleketke ainaldy. Ol Ortalyq Aziyany, Ontýstik Sibirdi, Qytaydy, Tiybetti, Tayau Shyghysty jәne Shyghys Europanyng bir bóligin biriktirdi.

Shynghys han qaytys bolar aldynda imperiyany úldarynyng arasynda úlystargha («elderge») bólip, olargha býkil әlemdi jaulap alu mindetin múra etti. Soltýstik-shyghystaghy eng bay aumaqtar Úly hannyng ýlken úly Joshygha berildi. Onyng úlysyna Shyghys Europa jazyghynyng ontýstik bóligi jәne Euraziya dalasynyng batys bóligi kirdi. Búl aumaq keyinirek Altyn Orda dep ataldy.

«Altyn Orda» atauy orys shejiresinde tek XVI ghasyrdyng ekinshi jartysynda, búl memleket joyylghan kezde payda boldy. Bastapqyda orystar ony jay ghana Orda (hannyng saltanatty shatyrynyng atauy) dep atady, al mongholdardyng ózderi óz elin Joshynyng úlysy nemese Úlyq úlysy («úly el») dep atady.

Joshy hannyng óz úlysyna biyligi úzaqqa sozylmady. Osy kezde onyng orys jerlerinde Batu degen atpen belgili úly Batu biylikke keldi. 1220 jyldardyng basynan 1240 jyldardyng birinshi jartysyna deyin ol batysqa qaray birneshe jaulap alu joryqtaryn basqardy. Orda Ontýstik Oraldy, Soltýstik Kavkazdy, Edil boyyn jәne Qyrymdy qosyp aldy. Rus knyazidikteri qirap, alym-salyqqa úshyrady. Sodan keyin mongholdar Europagha basyp kirip, Serbiyany, Chehiyany, Vengriyany jәne basqa da birneshe eldi tonap, tek Adriya tenizi jaghalauynda toqtady. Álemdegi eshbir әsker tolyq jyldamdyqpen atugha qabiletti myndaghan atty әskerge tótep bere almady. Qytay jobalarynan jasalghan quatty qorshau qozghaltqyshtarynyng soqqysynan orys jәne europalyq qalalardyng qabyrghalary qirady.

Altyn Orda shamamen XIII ghasyrdyng ortasynan XV ghasyrdyng ayaghyna deyin ómir sýrgen orta ghasyrlardaghy eng iri memleketterding biri boldy. Ol Ertis ózeni men Batys Sibirden Qara teniz aimaghy men Soltýstik Kavkazgha deyingi keng aumaqtardy, sonyng ishinde qazirgi Qazaqstan, Resey, Ukraina jәne basqa da TMD elderining aitarlyqtay bóligin alyp jatty.

Sayasy ról

Qazaqstandaghy memlekettilikting qalyptasuy

Altyn Orda qazaq jerindegi sayasy dәstýrlerding damuyndaghy manyzdy kezeng boldy. Onyng ydyrauynan keyin birqatar memleketter payda boldy, olardyng ishinde Aq Orda, Noghay Ordasy jәne Ózbek handyghy erekshe manyzdy boldy. HV ghasyrda Qazaq handyghy osy negizde payda boldy.

Birynghay sayasy kenistikti qúru

Altyn Orda kóptegen týrki jәne monghol taypalaryn birynghay memlekettik jýiege biriktirdi. Búl әkimshilik basqarudyn, salyq jýiesining jәne diplomatiyalyq qatynastardyng damuyna yqpal etti.

Resey knyazidikterine әseri

Eki ghasyrdan astam uaqyt boyy orys knyazidikteri Altyn Ordagha tәueldi boldy. Altyn Orda handary knyaziderge biylik jarghylaryn berdi, búl biylikting ortalyqtandyryluyna, әsirese Mәskeu manynda aitarlyqtay әser etti.

Tarihy ról

Qazaq halqynyng etnikalyq qalyptasuy

Altyn Orda kezeninde daladaghy týrki taypalary bir-birimen aralasyp, toghysty. Keyinirek qazaq jýzderining qúramyna engen kóptegen taypalyq birlestikter Altyn Orda kezeninde de bolghan.

Islamnyng taraluy

Islam memlekettik dinge ainalghan Ózbek hannyng biyligi erekshe manyzdy boldy. Búl Qazaqstan, Edil boyy jәne Orta Aziya halyqtarynyng mәdeny jәne ruhany damuyna úzaq uaqyt әser etti.

Saudanyng damuy

Úly Jibek jolynyng manyzdy tarmaqtary Altyn Orda aumaghy arqyly ótti. Orda qalalary Europa men Aziya arasyndaghy saudanyng iri ortalyqtaryna ainaldy.

Mәdeny múra

Memleket monghol, týrki, islam jәne jergilikti dala dәstýrlerining ózara әrekettesuining kuәsi boldy. Búl tildin, zannyn, әskery ónerding jәne Euraziya halyqtarynyng mәdeniyetining damuyna yqpal etti.

TMD elderi ýshin manyzy

Qazirgi zamanghy TMD elderining kópshiligi ýshin Altyn Orda olardyng tarihy múrasynyng manyzdy bóligi bolyp tabylady:

• Qazaqstan ýshin búl qazaq memlekettiligining qalyptasuyndaghy negizgi kezenderding biri.
• Resey ýshin búl sayasy damugha jәne biylikting ortalyqtandyryluyna әser etken faktor.
• Tatarstan jәne Edil boyynyng basqa halyqtary ýshin búl etnomәdeny sәikestikting manyzdy kózi.
• Ortalyq Aziya elderi ýshin búl týrki halyqtarynyng ortaq tarihynyng bóligi.

Osylaysha, Altyn Orda Euraziyanyng sayasi, etnikalyq jәne mәdeny damuynda ýlken ról atqardy. Qazaqstan ýshin onyng manyzy erekshe zor, óitkeni Altyn Orda múrasy arqyly Qazaq handyghynyng sabaqtastyghy men qazaq memlekettiligining zamanauy dәstýrlerin bayqaugha bolady. Sonday-aq, ol qazirgi TMD-nyng kóptegen halyqtary men memleketterining tarihy damuyna aitarlyqtay әser etti.

Altyn Orda songhy jyldary Qazaqstanda birneshe sebepterge baylanysty erekshe kórindi - tarihi, sayasy jәne iydeologiyalyq.

Memlekettilikting tereng tamyrlaryn izdeu

Tәuelsizdik alghannan keyin, Qazaqstan bastapqyda Qazaq handyghynyng tarihyn qazirgi zamanghy memlekettilikting tikeley izashary retinde atap ótti. Degenmen, uaqyt óte kele dala tarihynyng alghashqy kezenderine qyzyghushylyq payda boldy. Búl logika boyynsha Altyn Orda iri memleket retinde qarastyrylady, onyng aumaghynda keyinnen qazaqtardy qosa alghanda, kóptegen týrki halyqtary payda boldy. Búl úzaq tarihy jelini qúrugha mýmkindik beredi: Altyn Orda - Qazaq handyghy - qazirgi Qazaqstan.

Últtyq tarihy tújyrymdamany qalyptastyru

Kóptegen memleketter últtyq biregeylikti nyghaytatyn tarihy әngimeler jasaydy. Qazaqstanda songhy jyldary Úly Dala kóshpeli imperiyalary men memleketterining tarihyna qyzyghushylyq artty. Osy shenberde Altyn Orda tek әskery derjava retinde ghana emes, sonymen qatar saudasy, diplomatiyasy, qalalary jәne qúqyqtyq jýiesi bar damyghan memleket retinde de úsynylady. Búl bizge dala halyqtarynyng Euraziya tarihyna qosqan ýlesin kórsetuge mýmkindik beredi.

Kenestik jәne orys tarihnamasyn qayta qarastyru

Kenestik tarihy dәstýrde Altyn Orda kóbinese negizinen Reseyding «monghol-tatar moyyntúryghy» túrghysynan sipattaldy. Qazaqstanda jәne basqa da Ortalyq Aziya elderinde zertteushiler Altyn Ordanyng Euraziyadaghy sayasy jәne ekonomikalyq ómirding manyzdy ortalyghy retindegi kenirek kózqarasyn úsynyp keledi. Búl mindetti týrde búrynghy baghalaulardy joqqa shygharudy bildirmeydi, biraq basty nazar Resey tarihynan dala derjavasynyng tarihyna auysuda.

Qazaqstannyng tәuelsizdigin nyghaytu

Songhy jyldardaghy oqighalardan keyin aimaqtyng memlekettiligining tarihy jәne mәdeny negizderine qyzyghushylyq kýsheye týsti. Altyn Ordamen baylanysty basa kórsetu Qazaqstannyng keyingi imperiyalardyng bóligi retinde ghana emes, ózining ghasyrlar boyghy sayasy dәstýri bar memleket retindegi beynesin qalyptastyrugha kómektesedi.

Akademiyalyq zertteulerdi damytu

Songhy jyldary Qazaqstanda konferensiyalar ótkizildi, arheologiyalyq zertteuler jýrgizildi jәne Joshy úlysynyng tarihy boyynsha enbekter jariyalandy - búl memleket әdette Altyn Orda dep atalady. Memlekettik baghdarlamalar da búl taqyryptyng tanymal boluyna yqpal etti.

Degenmen, tarihshylar qazirgi Qazaqstandy Altyn Ordanyng «tikeley múrageri» dep sanaudyng dәldigine qatysty birauyzdan kelispeydi. Ghalymdardyng kópshiligi Altyn Ordanyng múrasyn Euraziyadaghy kóptegen halyqtar men memleketter bólisetinin atap ótedi, sebebi onyng ydyrauy bir ghana múragerding ornyna birneshe sayasy ortalyqtyng payda boluyna әkeldi.

Altyn Orda Qazaqstannyng tarihy sayasatynda manyzdy oryn alady jәne Qasym-Jomart Toqaev búl turaly birneshe ret aitqan eken. Aytpaqshy, ýlken impulis Toqaevtyng negizgi tezisteri Altyn Ordanyng tarihyn jan-jaqty zertteuge yqpal etti:

1. Qazaqstan Altyn Ordanyng jәne Úly Dala órkeniyetining tikeley múragerlerining biri. Toqaev búl tarihy shejireni Qazaq handyghynyng jәne qazirgi zamanghy qazaq memlekettiligining payda boluymen baylanystyrady.
2. Ol Altyn Orda tarihyn tek jaulap alular men soghystargha ghana shekteuge bolmaydy dep sanaydy. Onyng pikirinshe, búl Euraziyanyng damuynda manyzdy ról atqarghan kýrdeli sayasy jәne ekonomikalyq jýie boldy.
3. 2026 jyldyng mamyr aiynda Astanada ótken halyqaralyq simpoziumda Toqaev Qazaqstandy «Altyn Ordanyng tikeley múrageri» dep jariyalap, onyng sayasy jәne ekonomikalyq modelin zertteuge shaqyrdy. Ol Joshy memleketinde damyghan saudanyn, birynghay qúqyqtyq jәne salyq mehanizmderining jәne kóptegen qalalardyng bar ekenin atap ótti.
4. Toqaev sonymen qatar Altyn Orda tarihyn «adamzattyng ortaq tarihy» dep atap, onyng kóptegen Euraziya memleketterining qalyptasuyna әserin atap ótti.

Tarihy túrghydan alghanda, Altyn Ordanyng «múrageri» kim degen mәsele ghylymy pikirtalas taqyryby bolyp qala beredi. Tarihshylar әdette bir ghana múrager turaly emes, Orda ydyraghannan keyin payda bolghan birneshe memleketter men halyqtar turaly aitady, onyng ishinde Qazaq handyghy, Qyrym handyghy, Qazan handyghy jәne Altyn Ordadan keyingi basqa da qúrylymdar bar.

Sondyqtan Toqaevtyng mәlimdemeleri kóbinese Altyn Orda múrasyna airyqsha qúqyqqa talap retinde emes, Qazaqstannyng últtyq tarihy tújyrymdamasynyng elementi retinde qarastyrylady. Altyn Orda taqyryby songhy jyldary Qazaqstanda birneshe sebepterge baylanysty erekshe nazar audardy - tarihi, sayasy jәne iydeologiyalyq túrghydan.

Osylaysha, Altyn Ordanyng Qazaqstan tarihyndaghy róli:

1. Memlekettilikting qalyptasuy. Altyn Orda qazirgi Qazaqstan aumaghynda memlekettilikting damuyndaghy manyzdy kezeng boldy. Keyinirek odan jana memleketter, sonyng ishinde Qazaq handyghy payda boldy.
2. Taypalardyng birigui. Orda týrki jәne monghol taypalarynyng jaqyndasuy bayqaldy, búl qazaq halqynyng qalyptasuyna yqpal etti.
3. Ekonomikalyq damu. Úly Jibek jolynyng sauda joldary Orda arqyly ótti. Qalalar, qolóner, eginshilik jәne mal sharuashylyghy damydy.
4. Islam dinining taraluy. Ásirese Ózbek hannyng biyligi kezinde islam memlekettik dinge ainaldy, búl halyqtyng mәdeniyeti men dәstýrlerine tereng әser etti.

Altyn Ordanyng әlem tarihyndaghy róli Euraziyanyng iri derjavasy bolghan.

1. Altyn Orda Ertis ózeninen Qara teniz aimaghyna deyingi keng aumaqtardy baqylap, Shyghys pen Batysty baylanystyrdy.
2. Halyqaralyq saudanyng damuy. Orda keruen joldaryn qamtamasyz etti, búl Europa men Aziya arasyndaghy tauarlardyn, tehnologiyalardyng jәne mәdeniyetting belsendi almasuyna yqpal etti.
3. Kórshiles memleketterge yqpal etti. Ol Resey knyazidikterine, Orta Aziya, Kavkaz jәne Shyghys Europa memleketterine aitarlyqtay sayasy әser etti.
4. Mәdeny almasu. Memleket ishinde әrtýrli halyqtar, tilder jәne dinder ózara әrekettesti, búl diplomatiyanyn, saudanyng jәne mәdeniyetting damuyna yqpal etti.

Altyn Orda Qazaqstan men әlemdik tarihta manyzdy oryn alady. Qazaqstan ýshin búl onyng memlekettiliginin, etnikalyq qúramynyng jәne mәdeny dәstýrlerining qalyptasuyndaghy sheshushi kezeng boldy. Álem ýshin Altyn Orda orta ghasyrlardaghy eng iri derjavalardyng biri boldy, saudanyn, halyqaralyq qatynastardyng jәne Euraziyadaghy sayasy prosesterding damuynda manyzdy ról atqardy.

Kerimsal Júbatqanov,

tarih ghylymdarynyng kandidaty, S. Seyfullin atyndaghy Qazaq agrotehnikalyq zertteu uniyversiytetining dosenti

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