Ishki Ordanyng qúryluy men otarshyldyq sayasat

1801 jyly Resey imperatory Pavel I-ning jarlyghymen Jayyq pen Edil ózenderi aralyghynda Ishki nemese Bókey handyghy qúryldy. Patsha ýkimeti múnday qadamgha Reseyding otarlau sayasatyna qarsy kýresi kýnnen-kýnge órship bara jatqan Kishi jýzdegi ahualdy bәsendetu maqsatynda bardy.

Qazaqtardyng búl qonys audaruyn Núraly hannyng úly — Bókey súltan basqardy. Ol 1812 jyly 7 shildede resmy týrde han bolyp jariyalanyp, handyqtyng qúryluy zandy týrde rәsimdeldi. 1771 jyly qalmaqtar Jonghariyagha aughannan keyin bos qalghan jerlerdi beru arqyly patsha ókimeti Kishi jýzdegi әleumettik shiyelenisti seyiltudi kózdedi. Búl qonystandyru imperiyanyng otarshyldyq mýddesine tolyq say keldi: ol Kishi jýz kýshterin bytyranqy etti, qazaqtardyng bir bóligin qalmaqtar men bashqúrttar siyaqty imperiyanyng baghynyshty buynyna ainaldyrdy әri halyqtan alynatyn alym-salyqty kóbeytuge jol ashty.

Sayasy túrghydan búl aimaq 1812 jyly ghana arnayy iyelik retinde bekitildi. Sol jyly Kishi jýzge Sherghazy súltan, al Ishki Ordagha Bókey súltan han bolyp taghayyndaldy. Kóp úzamay iyelik shekarasy belgilenip, 1815 jyly Bókey han qaytys boldy. Onyng ýlken úly Jәngir kәmeletke tolghansha Ordany Shyghay súltan basqardy. Jәngirding ózi Astrahanida, gubernatordyng ýiinde tәrbiyelendi.

Jәngir hannyng biyligi men reformalary

1824 jyly 24 shildede Oral qalasynda Orynbor shekara komissiyasynyng lauazymdy túlghalarynyng qatysuymen Jәngir han bolyp jariyalandy. Onyng biylik qúrghan kezeni qoghamdyq ózgeristerge toly, salystyrmaly týrde úzaq әri qayshylyqty oqighalarmen ótti.

Ol qazaq handyqtarynyng tarihynda alghash ret kóshpelilerding otyryqshylyqqa kóshken jerlerin jeke menshikke berudi jýzege asyrdy. Onyng túsynda tarhandyq institut qayta jandandy. Búl sharalar dәstýrli kóshpeli qazaq qauymdastyghynyng ydyrauyna yqpal etti.

Biyligi kýsheygen sayyn Jәngir salyq jýiesin reformalady. Áueli zeket, sodan song soghym, eng sonynda jasauyl aqysyn (qyzmetshilerdi asyraugha arnalghan salyq) engizdi. Han ózimen birge birshama qyzmettik qúrylymdardan: kenseden, orynbasarlar tobynan, 12 biyler kenesinen, esauyldar institutynan, bazar súltandarynan jәne 14 adamnan túratyn habarshylardan qúralghan basqaru apparatyn qalyptastyrdy. Bókey Ordasynda bas din qyzmetkeri – ahun lauazymy bekitildi. Alghashqyda patsha әkimshiligi Ordanyng ishki isterine derlik aralasqan joq.

Jәngir han orys dvoryandarynyng jer iyelenu jýiesin engizip, súltandar men starshyndargha qoghamdyq jerlerdi ýlestirip berdi. Qarapayym qazaqtargha tarhandyq dәreje berip, olardy tórelermen tenestirdi. Múnyng ýstine memlekettik jerlerdi jeke túlghalargha satty. Osylaysha, bara-bara hannyng senimdi әleumettik tiregine ainalghan artyqshylyqty baylar taby qalyptasty.

1830 jyldary handyq territoriyasynda manyzdy әkimshilik ortalyqtar payda boldy. Solardyng biri — Han ordasy edi. Onda 1832 jyly ótkizilgen jәrmenkening tauar ainalymy million rubliden asty. Reseyge jýzdegen myng mal jóneltilip, jәrmenkege jan-jaqtan kópester aghyldy. Han ordasynyng sauda ortalyghyna ainalghanyn myna derek aighaqtaydy: eldi mekendegi 89 ýiding 46-sy dýken, 19-y sauda qoymasy bolghan.

Jәngir hannyng aghartushylyq bastamasy 1841 jyly Bókey Ordasynda (әri býkil Qazaqstan boyynsha) ashylghan alghashqy zayyrly mektepten kórinis tapty. Mekteptegi 30-40 oryngha alghashqy jyly bar bolghany 12 oqushy qabyldandy. Soghan qaramastan, oqu ornynda tatar, arab, orys tilderi, arifmetika men grammatika negizderi, geografiya men tariyh, sonday-aq sheshek auruyna qarsy egu erejeleri oqytyldy. Ýzdik týlekter Orynbor Nepluev kadet korpusyna oqugha týsip otyrdy.

Bókey handyghynyng mәdeny ómirinde Qaru-jaraq bólmesi erekshe oryn aldy. Zamandastarynyng aituynsha, onda qazaq qolónershilerining sheberligin aighaqtaytyn biregey eksponattar saqtalghan. Qazaqstandaghy osy alghashqy múrajayda shyghys halyqtarynyng әskery sauyt-saymandary: kireuke sauyttar, dulyghalar, shyntaqshalar boldy. Sonday-aq, orys imperatorlarynyng Jәngir әuletine syigha tartqan qaru-jaraqtary saqtaldy.

Jәngir han Qazan uniyversiytetining Ghylymiy-tarihy qoghamynyng qúrmetti mýshesi bolyp saylandy. Ol qazaqtyng birqatar epostyq jyrlary men shejirelerin qaghazgha týsirdi. Tútastay alghanda, Bókey Ordasy — Resey imperiyasynyng qúramynda ózindik basqaruy, әdet-ghúrpy men dәstýri bar erekshe qúrylym boldy. Ol formalidy týrde Resey azamattyghynda sanalghanymen, bastapqyda salyq tólemegen jәne әskery mindettemelerdi atqarmaghan.

Isatay Taymanúly men Mahambet Ótemisúly bastaghan kóterilis

Bókey Ordasynda han biyligining shamadan tys kýshengi patsha ýkimetining sayasy josparyna kirmeytin edi. Degenmen, Jәngir hannyng adaldyghyn jәne halyq arasyndaghy tolqulardy eskergen ýkimet úzaq uaqyt boyy Ordany әkimshilik jaghynan qayta qúrugha asyqpady. XIX ghasyrdyng basynda patshalyq әkimshilik qazaq qoghamynyng sayasy qúrylymyn ózgertetin reformalardy bastap ketti.

Jergilikti patsha әkimshiligi handargha, súltandargha jәne biylerge arqa sýiep, qazaq jerlerin otarlaudy, halyqtyng qúqyqtaryn taptaudy jәne jana salyqtar engizudi jalghastyrdy. Jer daghdarysy, salyq auyrtpalyghy men patsha sheneunikterining ozbyrlyghy 1836 jyldyng aqpanynda halyqtyng ashyq kóteriliske shyghuyna sebep boldy.

Kóterilisti Berish ruynyng starshyny, batyr Isatay Taymanúly basqardy. Onyng qarulas dosy әri senimdi serigi — belgili aqyn Mahambet Ótemisúly boldy. Kóterilis qamtyghan aimaqtarda han biyligi men otarshyldyq basqaru jýiesi tolyghymen toqtady. 1837 jyly sheshushi oqighalar óristep, 2000-nan astam kóterilisshi Jәngir hannyng ordasyn qorshaugha aldy.

Kóterilisshiler birneshe bekinisti de qorshap aldy. Tyghyryqqa tirelgen Jәngir han men jergilikti әkimshilik patsha ýkimetinen shúghyl әskery kómek súrady. Kóterilisti basu ýshin mynnan astam sarbazdan túratyn iri jazalaushy kýsh jiberildi. Patsha podpolkovniygi Geke basqarghan ekspedisiya qúramynda eki zenbiregi bar han otryady, sonday-aq Astrahani jәne Oral kazaktary boldy.

Kóterilisshiler men jazalaushylar arasyndaghy sheshushi shayqas 1837 jyly 15 qarashada tang ata Tastóbe shatqalynda ótti. Búl qandy shayqasta kóterilisshiler ýlken shyghyngha úshyrady. Jeltoqsannyng 13-ine qaraghan týni Isatay bastaghan otryad Jamanqala zastavasynyng janynan Jayyq ózenin kesip ótip, Oral dalasyna bet aldy.

Oral ónirinde Isatay men Mahambet shashyrap ketken toptardy qayta biriktirip, 1838 jyldyng kóktemine qaray qaytadan iri kýsh jinaqtady. Olardy joi ýshin Geke basqarghan jazalaushy otryad qayta jiberildi. 1838 jyly 12 shildede Qiyl ózenining boyyndaghy Aqbúlaq degen jerde songhy aiqas ótti.

Kóterilisshiler erlikpen shayqasqanymen, san jaghynan da, qaru-jaraq jaghynan da basym jaudan jenilis tapty. Shayqasta 500-ge juyq sarbazdan túratyn negizgi top talqandalyp, Isatay Taymanúly qaza tapty. Osydan keyin kóterilis bәsendey bastady. Patsha ókimeti qatysushylardy ayausyz jazalady: halyq jappay soqqygha jyghyldy, mýlikteri tәrkilendi, túraqty qonystarynan jer audarylyp, karatorgha jiberildi, jýzdegen adam ólim jazasyna kesildi.

Isatay Taymanúly men Mahambet Ótemisúly bastaghan kóterilis — Jәngir han sayasaty men Resey imperiyasynyng otarshyldyq ezgisine qarsy baghyttalghan halyq-azattyq qozghalys boldy. Búl kóterilis qazaq halqynyng bostandyqqa degen úmtylysy men azattyq ruhynyng óshpes simvoly retinde tarihta qaldy.

P.S. J. Nig ózining «Chapaevtyng ornynda Ábilqayyr han túrsyn!» atty maqalasynda Oral qalasyndaghy temirjol vokzaly alanyndaghy Chapaev eskertkishining ornyna Kishi jýz hany Ábilqayyrgha eskertkish ornatudy úsynady. Búl — oryndy bastama, óitkeni Ábilqayyr han XVIII ghasyrdyng birinshi shiyreginde halqyn bastaghan úly biyleushi boldy. Óz tarapymnan aitarym: I. Taymanúly men M. Ótemisúly bastaghan kóterilisting 190 jyldyghyna oray, XIX ghasyrda elding azattyghy ýshin kýresken osy eki batyrymyzgha arnap eskertkish qong da óte ózekti әri tarihy әdilettilik bolar edi.

Kerimsal Júbatqanov, S. Seyfullin atyndaghy Qazaq agrotehnikalyq zertteu uniyversiytetining dosenti, tarih ghylymdarynyng kandidaty.

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