Ádebiyet boyynsha 2026 jylghy Nobeli syilyghynyng iyegeri atanghan jazushynyng esimin Shved akademiyasy 8 qazanda jariyalady. Ádebiyet boyynsha Nobeli syilyghyn iyelengen kanadalyq qalamger-ghalym Enn Karsonnyng shygharmashylyghy klassikalyq әdebiyet pen qazirgi zamannyng kórkemdik izdenisterin toghystyrady. Kanadalyq aqyn, esseist, audarmashy әri antikalyq әdebiyet zertteushisi Enn Karson búl marapatqa «klassikalyq dәstýrmen oinaqy súhbat qúra otyryp, qazirgi әdebiyet ýshin jana formalar qalyptastyrghan batyl әri janashyl shygharmashylyq múrasy ýshin» layyq dep tanyldy.

1950 jyly Torontoda dýniyege kelgen Enn Karson — aghylshyntildi әdebiyettegi qalyptasqan janrlyq shekaralardy qayta qarastyrghan qalamger. Ol poeziyany, prozany, әdeby syn men ghylymy esseni, audarmany, dramaturgiyany jәne vizualdy ónerdi birtútas shygharmashylyq kenistikke biriktirdi. Onyng kitaptarynda kóne grek mifteri men antikalyq avtorlardyng mәtinderi býgingi adamnyng mahabbaty, jalghyzdyghy, qayghysy, til men bolmys turaly tolghanystarymen astasady.

Karsonnyng ereksheligi — ótken dәuirding әdeby múrasyn jay ghana qayta bayandamauynda. Ol klassikalyq mәtinderge jana súraqtar qoyyp, búryn qosalqy keyipker sanalghan túlghalargha derbes ýn beredi, al kóne sujetter arqyly qazirgi adamnyng ishki qayshylyqtaryn ashady. Sondyqtan onyng shygharmashylyghyn tek aqynnyng nemese audarmashynyng enbegi dep shekteu qiyn: Karson әdebiyetting formasyn, tilding mýmkindigin jәne oqyrmannyng mәtindi qabyldau tәsilin qatar zerdeley bilgen qalamger retinde ózgelerden erekshelenedi.

Ghalymnan janashyl qalamgerge deyin

Enn Karsonnyng әdeby qalyptasuyna kóne grek tili men әdebiyetine degen qyzyghushylyghy airyqsha yqpal etti. Mektepte latyn tilin oqytugha kómektesken ústazynyng yqpalymen ol ejelgi grek tilin ýirene bastaydy. Keyin Toronto uniyversiytetinde bilim alyp, 1974 jyly bakalavr, 1975 jyly magistr dәrejesin iyelenip, 1981 jyly klassikalyq filologiya boyynsha doktorlyq dissertasiyasyn qorghaydy.

Onyng ghylymy bilimi shygharmashylyqtan bólek túrghan joq. Kerisinshe, sózding shyghu tórkinin, maghynalyq ózgerisin, audarmadaghy balamalar men joghaltulardy zertteu Karson poetikasynyng týp negizine ainaldy. Ol úzaq jyldar boyy Soltýstik Amerikanyng birqatar uniyversiytetinde antikalyq әdebiyetten sabaq berdi.

1986 jyly jaryq kórgen Eros the Bittersweet («Tәtti de ashy eros») kitaby Karsonnyng әdebiyet pen ghylymy zertteudi úshtastyratyn әdisin aiqyn kórsetti. Ejelgi grek әdebiyetindegi eros úghymyn talday otyryp, avtor mahabbattyng lәzzaty men azabyn, adamnyng qalauy men qol jetpeytin nysan arasyndaghy qashyqtyqty qarastyrady. Múnda ghylymy payym poetikalyq tilmen aralasyp, әdeby syn óz aldyna derbes kórkemdik sipat alady.

Kitaptyng manyzy — mahabbat taqyrybyn jalang sezimdik qúbylys retinde emes, til, tanym jәne adam sanasynyng kýrdeli mәselesi retinde taldauynda. Karsonnyng keyingi shygharmalarynda da qaytalanyp otyratyn negizgi ústanym: sózdi zertteu — adam tәjiriybesin zertteu — osy tuyndynyng tininde qalyptasty.

Gerionnyng jana taghdyry: «Qyzyldyng avtobiografiyasy»

Karsonnyng halyqaralyq әdeby ortadaghy bedelin airyqsha nyghaytqan shygharmalardyng biri — 1998 jyly jaryq kórgen Autobiography of Red: A Novel in Verse («Qyzyldyng avtobiografiyasy: ólenmen jazylghan roman») boldy dey alamyz.

Shygharma ejelgi grek aqyny Stesihordyng Gerion turaly mifologiyalyq poemasynyng saqtalghan ýzikterine sýienedi. Antikalyq dәstýrde Gerion — Gerakl óltiretin qyzyl qanatty qúbyjyq. Karson osy keyipkerding taghdyryn janasha týsindirip, ony sezimi, qorqynyshy, mahabbaty men ózindik bolmysyn izdeui bar kýrdeli túlghagha ainaldyrady.

Shygharmadaghy Gerion kýndelik jýrgizedi, suret salugha qyzyghady, ghashyq bolady, sýiispenshilikting quanyshy men kýizelisin bastan keshiredi. Mifologiyalyq keyipkerding taghdyry arqyly jazushy adamnyng ózgege tәueldiligi, jeke shekarasy, ózin qabyldauy jәne mahabbattyng ózgermeli tabighaty turaly mәselelerdi kóteredi.

Kitaptyng kórkemdik janalyghy onyng janrlyq qúrylymynan da bayqalady. Autobiography of Red — ólenmen jazylghan roman, biraq ol dәstýrli epikalyq bayandaudyng ólshemine syimaydy. Lirikalyq ýzindiler, qysqa dialogter, bayandau men mifologiyalyq isharalar ózara almasyp otyrady. Sonyng nәtiyjesinde kóne mif qazirgi psihologiyalyq romannyng mýmkindikterimen úshtasady.

Búl tuyndy Karsonnyng antikalyq múrany býgingi oqyrmangha jaqyndatu qabiletin tanytty. Ol klassikalyq sujetke syrttay zamanauy boyau qosudan góri, onyng ishindegi әli de sheshilmegen adamdyq mәselelerdi algha shygharady.

Poeziyanyng shekarasyn keneytken shygharmalar

Karsonnyng kitaptaryn bir ghana janrgha basy býtin jatqyza salugha esh bolmaydy. Onyng shygharmalarynda ólen, esse, ghylymy zertteu, audarma, sahnalyq mәtin jәne vizualdy kompozisiya bir-birimen astasa qatar qoldanylady. Búl tәsil kezdeysoq tәjiriybe emes, jazushynyng әdebiyet turaly «mazmún ózgerse, ony jetkizetin forma da ózgerui kerek» degen týsiniginen tuyndaydy.

Glass, Irony, and God (1995) («Shyny, ironiya jәne Qúday») jinaghynda poeziya men filosofiyalyq tolghanys, jeke tәjiriybe men mәdeny siltemeler ózara sabaqtasady. Jinaqtaghy «The Glass Essay» («Shyny turaly esse») shygharmasy jeke kýizelisti Emily Brontening әdeby әlemimen jәne adamnyng ishki sanasyndaghy qayshylyqtarmen baylanystyra qarastyruymen airyqsha erekshelenedi.

Plainwater: Essays and Poetry (1995) («Túnyq su: esseler men poeziya») kitaby esse men ólenning arasyndaghy shekarany odan әri kómeskileydi. Al Economy of the Unlost: Reading Simonides of Keos with Paul Celan (1999) («Joghalmaghannyng ekonomikasy: Simonid Keosskiydi Pauli Selanmen qatar oqu») enbeginde kóne grek aqyny Simonid pen HH ghasyrdaghy Pauli Selannyng poeziyasy ózara salystyrylady. Múnda tarihy qashyqtyqtaghy eki aqyn sózdin, estelikting jәne joghaltudyng mýmkindikteri arqyly ózara súhbatqa týsedi.

Men in the Off Hours (2000) («Bos uaqyttaghy adamdar») jinaghynda ólender, epitafiyalar, prozalyq ýzindiler men ólen-esseler qatar beriledi. Kitap tarihy túlghalardy, әdeby keyipkerlerdi jәne qazirgi adamnyng tәjiriybesin bir kenistikke toghystyrady. Búl shygharma Karsonnyng mәtinderdi dәuirler arasynda baylanystyryp, olardyng arasyndaghy kýtpegen maghynalyq ýndestikti taba biletinin kórsetedi.

2001 jyly jariyalanghan The Beauty of the Husband: A Fictional Essay in 29 Tangos («Kýieuding súlulyghy: 29 tangodaghy kórkem esse») mahabbat, opasyzdyq, nekelik qatynas pen estelik mәselelerin qarastyrady. Tuyndynyng «29 tango» týrinde qúryluy mazmún men formanyng ózara tәueldiligin aiqyndaydy: qarym-qatynas birtindep ashylatyn tútas bayandau emes, yrghaqpen almasatyn kórinister men payymdar arqyly beriledi. Osy enbegi ýshin Karson 2001 jyly T. S. Eliot poeziya syilyghyn iyelendi.

If Not, Winter: Fragments of Sappho (2002) («Áytpese — qys: Sapfonyng óleng ýzikteri») — ejelgi grek aqyny Sapfonyng saqtalghan fragmentterin audarugha arnalghan enbek. Karson mәtindegi bos oryndardy oidan tolyqtyrmay, ýzindilerding ýzik qalpyn saqtaugha úmtylady. Osy arqyly audarmanyng mindeti tek joghalghandy qalpyna keltiru emes, mәtinning bizge jetken shekteuli kýiin de kórkemdik tәjiriybege ainaldyru ekenin kórsetedi.

2005 jylghy Decreation: Poetry, Essays, Opera («Dekreasiya: poeziya, esseler, opera») poeziyany, filosofiyalyq esseni jәne muzykalyq-sahnalyq formany biriktirdi. Búl kitap Karsonnyng әdebiyetti túiyq mәtin retinde emes, basqa óner týrlerimen baylanysta damityn qúbylys retinde qarastyratynyn tanytady.

2010 jyly jaryq kórgen Nox («Týn») — jazushynyng aghasy Maykldyng ómiri men ólimine arnalghan erekshe kórkem tuyndy. Kitap dәstýrli jinaq týrinde emes, ashylyp-jazylatyn qatparly kompozisiya retinde jasalghan. Onda fotosuretterdin, hattardyn, qoljazba jazbalary men audarma mәtinderining kóshirmeleri qatar ornalasady. Jeke qayghy osylaysha estelik, til jәne joghalghan adamnyng beynesin saqtau mәselelerimen úshtasady.

2012 jyly shyqqan Antigonick («Antigoniyk») Sofokldyng «Antigona» tragediyasyn janasha týsindiredi. Karson kóne piesanyng etikalyq qayshylyqtaryn qazirgi tildik jәne kórkemdik sheshimder arqyly qayta oqyrman nazaryna úsynady. Al Red Doc (2013) («Qyzyl turaly qújat») «Qyzyldyng avtobiografiyasyndaghy» Gerion men Gerakl keyipkerlerin jana shygharma kenistigine qayta әkeledi.

Float (2016) («Qalqyma») — әrtýrli mәtinder men kórkem tәjiriybelerden qúralghan jinaq. Onyng qúrylymy da avtordyng әdebiyetti birizdi bayandaumen shekteuge qarsy ózindik ústanymyn anghartady. The Trojan Women: A Comic (2021) («Troyalyq әielder: komiks») atty suretshi Rozanna Brunomen birlesken tuyndysynda Karson antikalyq tragediyany grafikalyq bayandau formasyna kóshiredi.

Al Wrong Norma (2024) («Qate Norma») jinaghy poetikalyq proza, shaghyn mәtinder, mәdeny isharalar men avtordyng óz suretterin biriktiredi. Kitaptyng әrkelki qúrylymy onyng shygharmashylyqtaghy «әdeby tuyndynyng tútastyghy mindetti týrde bir sujetke nemese bir janrgha baghynudan tuyndamaydy» deytin túraqty qaghidasyn taghy da aiqyndaydy.

Qalamgerlik mәneri: dәldik, ýziktilik jәne maghynalyq qabattar

Enn Karsonnyng jazu mәnerin ýsh negizgi erekshelik arqyly sipattaugha bolady.

Birinshisi — filologiyalyq dәldik. Ol sózding shyghu tegine, tarihy maghynasyna, dybystyq jәne semantikalyq renkterine erekshe mәn beredi. Kóne mәtinder Karson ýshin dayyn sujetter jiyntyghy emes, qazirgi til men oidy synaugha mýmkindik beretin kýrdeli intellektualdyq kenistik.

Ekinshisi — janrlyq erkindik. Onyng shygharmalarynda poeziya ghylymy payymmen, jeke estelik mәdeny taldaumen, audarma derbes avtorlyq tuyndymen qatar jýredi. Jazushy formany aldyn ala belgilengen qalypqa syighyzbaydy; әr taqyryptyng ózine sәikes kórkemdik qúrylymyn izdeydi.

Ýshinshisi — ýzik arqyly tútastyq jasau. Karson keyde oqighany tolyq týsindirmeydi, keyipkerding ishki kýiin tikeley atamaydy, mәtinning keybir tústaryn әdeyi ashyq qaldyrady. Oqyrmangha úsynylghan fragmentterdi baylanystyryp, olardyng arasyndaghy maghynany ózi izdeuge tura keledi. Búl tәsil әsirese «Nox» pen «Qyzyldyng avtobiografiyasynda» aiqyn kórinedi.

Karsonnyng tili intellektualdyq túrghydan kýrdeli bolghanymen, onyng shygharmashylyghy suyq akademiyalyq bayandaugha qúrylmaydy. Kerisinshe, ghylymy dәldik pen emosiyalyq osaldyq birin-biri tolyqtyrady. Ol qayghyny, mahabbatty nemese jalghyzdyqty dayyn qorytyndygha ainaldyrmay, olardyng adam sanasynda qalay qalyptasatynyn kórsetedi.

Osy túrghydan alghanda, Karsonnyng janashyldyghy tek dәstýrli janrlardy búzumen shektelmeydi, qayta ol oqyrmannyng mәtinmen qatynasyn da ózgertedi: shygharmagha dayyn jauap alugha emes, oilau men sezinuding jana joldaryn bayqaugha mýmkindik beredi.

Ádeby ortadaghy baghalanuy jәne marapattary

Enn Karsonnyng shygharmashylyghy әdeby ortada joghary baghalanyp, birqatar bedeldi marapatqa ie boldy. 1990-jyldardyng sonynda «Qyzyldyng avtobiografiyasy» arqyly kenirek tanylghan jazushy keyingi enbekterinde de janrlyq izdenisterin jalghastyrdy.

2001 jyly ol The Beauty of the Husband kitaby ýshin T. S. Eliot poeziya syilyghyn alyp, búl marapatty iyelengen alghashqy әiel atandy. Sol jyly Men in the Off Hours jinaghy alghashqy Griffin Poetry Prize syilyghynyng laureaty boldy. Búghan deyin, 1996 jyly Lannan әdeby syilyghyn, 1997 jyly Pushcart Prize marapatyn alghan. 1998 jyly Guggenhaym stiypendiyasyna, 2000 jyly MacArthur Fellowship grantyna ie boldy.

2010 jyly audarma salasyndaghy PEN syilyghymen marapattaldy. 2014 jyly Red Doc kitaby Griffin Poetry Prize syilyghyn iyelendi. 2016 jyly Blue Metropolis әdeby syilyghyna layyq dep tanyldy. 2019 jyly Manuel Acuña halyqaralyq poeziya syilyghyn aldy. 2020 jyly Ispaniyanyng Asturiya hanshayymy atyndaghy әdebiyet syilyghyn iyelendi. 2021 jyly PEN/Nabokov halyqaralyq әdeby jetistik syilyghymen marapattaldy. 2024 jyly Wrong Norma AQSh Últtyq kitap syilyghynyng poeziya sanatyndaghy finalisteri qataryna endi, al 2025 jyly The Paris Review jurnalynyng Hadada syilyghyn aldy.

2026 jylghy Nobeli syilyghy osy úzaq shygharmashylyq joldy halyqaralyq dengeyde moyyndaghan eng joghary marapat boldy.

Ádeby synshylardyng Karsongha degen qyzyghushylyghy onyng shygharmalarynyng bir mezgilde әri ghylymi, әri kórkem, әri emosiyalyq túrghydan әserli boluymen baylanysty. Jazushy Siuzen Zontag Karsonnyng aghylshyn tilinde jazatyn avtorlardyng arasynda ózi jariyalaghan kez kelgen mәtinin oqugha dayyn sanauly qalamgerding biri ekenin aitqan. Búl bagha onyng әdeby ortadaghy bedelin ghana emes, shygharmashylyghynyng aldyn ala boljanbaytyn sipatyn da kórsetedi.

Karsonnyng tuyndylary oqyrmangha әrdayym jenil berile bermeydi. Janrlyq auysular, mәdeny siltemeler men ýzik qúrylymdar belgili bir dayyndyqty qajet etedi. Alayda dәl osy erekshelikter onyng әdebiyettegi ornyn aiqyndaydy: Karson kópshilikke tanys sujetti qaytalaudan góri, әdebiyetting neni jәne qalay jetkize alatynyn qayta synaydy.

Nobeli syilyghy jәne әlemdik baspasózding baghasy

2026 jylghy 8 qazandaghy habarlandyrudan keyin Enn Karsonnyng jenisi halyqaralyq aqparat qúraldarynyng nazaryn birden ózine audardy. Álemdik baspasóz búl tandaudy, eng aldymen, onyng poeziya, proza, audarma men antikalyq zertteudi biriktiretin ózgeshe kórkemdik әdisimen baylanystyrdy.

Reuters agenttigi Karsonnyng shygharmashylyghynda ólen, proza, dialog pen audarmanyng bir-birimen aralasatynyn atap ótti. Agenttik Shved akademiyasynyng sheshimindegi negizgi oidy — klassikalyq dәstýrmen shygharmashylyq súhbat arqyly qazirgi әdebiyetke jana formalar әkeluin — marapattyng basty sebebi retinde kórsetti. Reuters materialynda Karsonnyng janrgha qatysty ústanymy da nazargha alynghan: әdebiyetting qúndylyghyn kitap dýkenindegi sóre arqyly anyqtau mýmkin emes.

Associated Press (AP) agenttigi Karsondy klassikalyq jәne zamanauy әdebiyetti úshtastyryp, poeziya men prozanyng arasyndaghy shekarany kómeskiletken jazushy retinde sipattady. Agenttik «Qyzyldyng avtobiografiyasy», «Tәtti de ashy eros» jәne «Týn» shygharmalaryn onyng kórkemdik ereksheligin tanytatyn negizgi tuyndylar retinde atady. Sonymen qatar AP Karsonnyng Sapfo, Sofokl men Evripid shygharmalaryn audaruyn da atap, búl audarmalardyng derbes әdeby tuyndy dengeyine kóterilgenin jetkizdi.

The Guardian basylymy Nobeli syilyghynyng Karsongha beriluin onyng tórt onjyldyqqa sozylghan әdeby izdenisterining moyyndaluy retinde baghalady. Basylym avtordyng poeziya men prozany ghana emes, tarihy mәtinderdi, vizualdy ónerdi jәne jeke tәjiriybeni bir kompozisiyada úshtastyruyna nazar audardy. Ásirese «Týn» kitabyndaghy qatparly qúrylym men «Qyzyldyng avtobiografiyasyndaghy» mifting janasha týsindirilui onyng formalyq janashyldyghyn kórsetetin mysaldar retinde berildi.

The Indian Express gazeti oqyrmangha Karsonnyng negizgi shygharmalary arqyly onyng әdeby әlemine enu jolyn úsyndy. Basylym «Tәtti de ashy eros», «Qyzyldyng avtobiografiyasy», «Kýieuding súlulyghy», «Sapfonyng óleng ýzikteri» jәne «Týn» kitaptaryn bólip kórsetti. Búl sholu jazushynyng bir ghana janrmen shektelmeytinin jәne kóne dәuir mәtinderin qazirgi oqyrmangha jaqyndatudaghy qabiletin tanytugha baghyttalghan.

Al The Guardian basylymynda jazushy Yuyyn Liyding Karsongha arnalghan maqalasy jariyalanyp, onyng tilge, qayghygha, qúshtarlyqqa jәne adam bolmysyna qatysty tereng payymdaryna nazar audaryldy. Búl material Karson shygharmashylyghynyng tek әdeby formadaghy tәjiriybe emes, oqyrmannyng jeke ómirlik sezimderimen de baylanys ornatatyn kýsh ekenin kórsetuimen manyzdy.

Halyqaralyq baspasózdegi osy materialdardy salystyrghanda, Karsongha berilgen baghanyng ortaq ózegi anyq bayqalady: ol kóne әdebiyetti qazirgi zamangha jay beyimdemeydi, klassikalyq múranyng ishki mýmkindikterin qayta ashyp, әdeby formanyng ózin janghyrtady. Sondyqtan Nobeli syilyghy jeke bir kitaptyng tabysyn emes, birneshe onjyldyq boyy jalghasqan kórkemdik izdenisting auqymyn moyyndau retinde baghalandy.

Sóz týiini: klassikany qaytalaghan joq, әdebiyettin mýmkindigin ózgertti

Enn Karsonnyng Nobeli syilyghyna layyq dep tanyluy — qazirgi әdebiyetti baghalauda kórkemdik janashyldyqtyn, intellektualdyq terendikting jәne janrlyq izdenisting manyzy joghary ekenin kórsetetin oqigha bolyp sanalady. Onyng shygharmashylyghy antikalyq múrany janghyrtu arqyly ótken men býgindi jalghastyryp qana qoymay, әdeby mәtinning qúrylymy, maghynasy men oqyrmangha yqpaly turaly qalyptasqan týsinikterdi qayta qaraugha mýmkindik beredi.

Karsonnyng qalamgerlik kelbetin aiqyndaytyn basty sipat — ghalymnyng dәldigi men aqynnyng sezimtaldyghyn bir kórkemdik jýiege biriktirui. Ol kóne grek mәtinderin zerttegende de, jeke qayghyny beynelegende de sózding maghynalyq quatyna, ýnsizdikting mәnine jәne aitylmay qalghan oigha nazar audarady. Onyng shygharmalarynda mif qazirgi adamnyng tәjiriybesin týsindiretin qúralgha, audarma derbes shygharmashylyqqa, al әdeby janrlar jana maghyna izdeuding ashyq kenistigine ainalady.

Osy túrghydan alghanda, Enn Karsonnyng әdebiyetke qosqan ýlesi — jana taqyryptar úsynuymen ghana ólshenbeydi. Ol әdebiyetting qanday formada ómir sýre alatynyn, ghylymy bilimning kórkem shygharmashylyqqa qalay ainalatynyn jәne klassikalyq mәtinning jana dәuirde qalaysha tyng maghynagha ie bolatynyn is jýzinde kórsetti.

Karson fenomenining týiini de osynda: ol ótkenning múrasyn qazirgi zamangha iykemdeumen shektelmey, sol múra arqyly býgingi әdebiyetting ózin janasha oilaugha shaqyrady. Nobeli syilyghynyng onyng shygharmashylyghyna berilui — әdebiyetti dayyn ýlgilerdi qaytalau óneri emes, tildin, oidyng jәne adam tәjiriybesining әli ashylmaghan mýmkindikterin zertteytin ýzdiksiz izdenis retinde tanudyng kórinisi.

Avtor:Ábil-Serik Áliakbar

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