Qazaq әdebiyetining asa quatty arnasyna ainalghan abaytanudyng ghylymy túrghydan zerttelu kezenin ýsh salagha bóle qaraudyng qajettiligi tudy.
- Birinshi kezeni, yaghny abaytanudyng alghashqy dәuiri resmy týrde baspasóz betinde 1889 jyldan bastalyp 1934 jylmen ayaqtalady.
- Ekinshi kezeng 1934 jyl men 1961 jyl aralyghyndaghy abaytanudyng Múqtar Áuezov bastaghan sony tanymdarynyng zamanymen ayaqtalady.
- Ýshinshi kezeng 1961 jyldan keyingi Abay múrasyn terendey tanyp zertteu dәuirimen jalghasady.

Abay qaytys bolysymen - aq onyng aqyn shәkirtteri Abay ólenderining túnghysh jinaghyn jariyalaugha kirisip ketti.

Á. Bókeyhanov pen Kәkitay Ysqaqúly eng alghash ret Abaydyng ómirbayany men aqyndyq ónerdegi basty erekshelikteri, orys jәne osy arqyly evropalyq әdebiyetpen qarym-qatynasy alghash ret saralanyp, aqyndyq kitaphanasynyng jayy birshama anyqtalghany bar. Kәkitay Abaydyng aqyndyq ónerge shynymen bet búrghany sekseninshi jyldar ozyq oily orys әdebiyetimen tanysuynda jatqanyn qaday aitty.

«Qazaq» gazeti Abaydyng qaytys boluyna on jyl toluyna oray qazaq elining úly aqyny Abaydyng ómiri men aqyndyq ónerin tanytu maqsatynda erterek qamdanyp, arnayy maqalalar siklin jariyalaudy qolgha aldy. Gazetting redaktory Ahmet Baytúrsynovtyng «Qazaqtyng bas aqyny» degen maqalasynyng jariyalanuy abaytanu tarihyna eleuli ruhany qúbylys retinde qabyldandy.

A. Baytúrsynov Abay múrasyn iysi qazaqtyng tanyp bilu kerektigin uaqyt talaby retinde baghalady.

«Qazaq» gazetinde jariyalanghan M. Dulatovtyn, N. Tóreqúlovtyng maqalalary da Abaydy qazaq halqynyng ruhany danasy, jana baghyttaghy әdebiyetting kósh basshysy, sheber audarmashy retinde tanytyp baghalauynan avtorlardyng bilim dengeyi biyik jatuyn kóremiz.

Semey qalasynda 1918 jyly jaryq kóre bastaghan «Abay» jurnalynda aqyn shygharmalaryn tanyp bilu, halyqtyq tanym túrghysynan baghalau maqsatynda zertteulik maqalalar men Abay shygharmalarynan ýzindiler jariyalap jatty.

«Ekeu» degen býrkenshik atpen Abay ómiri men shygharmashylyghy jayynda zertteulik maqalalar jazghan Jýsipbek Aymauytov pen Múhtar Áuezov sol kezdegi abaytanu tarihynda erekshe daralanyp shyqty.

Ekeuding «Abay» jurnalynda basylym kórgen «Abaydyng aqyndyq óneri men hәm qyzmeti» jәne «Abaydan songhy aqyndar» dep atalatyn maqalalarynda týigen ortaq tanymnan tuyndaghan oilary, negizinen, Abaydyng qara sózderi men audarmashylyq ónerine әdebiyet ghylymy túrghysynan tereng taldaular jasaghan. Óitkeni Abaydan keyingi qazaq aqyndarynyng shygharmalaryn janry jaghynan taldap jiktegende Maghjan men Súltanmahmútty lirik aqyndar tobyna jatqyzsa, A. Baytúrsynov men S. Dónentaevti halyqtyq saryndaghy aqyndar tobyna qosady da, Abaydyng aqyndyq dәstýrine eliktegen, shәkirt aqyndar ishinen «Osy kýngi aqyndardyng ishindegi Abay ólenine syrttay bolsa da ishki maghynasymen eliktegen kisi Shәkәrim» dep Abaydyng dýniyetanymyna terenirek boy úrghan ereksheligin sol tústa-aq dóp basqan.

Abay múrasyn orys tilinde tanytyp baghalauda Á. Bókeyhanov pen aghayyndy Belosludovter, әsirese S. Sәduaqasov tarapynan jariyalanghan maqalalardyng Abaytanu tarihynda ózindik orny bar, bolashaq zertteu júmystaryna baghyt-baghdar bererlik ózindik tanymymen erekshelenetin enbekter. Abay múrasyn orys qauymyna tanytyp nasihattauda der kezinde eleuli ýles qosa bildi.

Abaydyng әdeby múrasyn tanu jolynda aqyn shygharmalarynyng baspasózde birshama jariyalanuy eleuli mәni bar qúbylysqa ainaldy. Búl әreketter ótkendegi resmy baspasóz orny men ishinara aqyn ólenderin baspasóz arqyly jariyalaugha at salysqan adamdardyng Abay múrasyna qatysy men sol jariyalanghan Abay shygharmalarynyng tekstologiyalyq jayy qalay edi degen súraqqa jauap ta bere alady. Abay múrasynyng biregey bilgiri akademik M. Áuezovtin: «Abaydy tanudyng basy, alghashqy adymdary revolusiyadan búryn bastalghan… Abaydyng ómiri men ortasyn enbekterining әr aluan sipattaryn, óz shamasynsha, kópshilikke mәlimdep otyrghan ýlkendi-kishili tanytqysh sózderdi eske aluymyz kerek» – degen pikirine say Abay dәuirinde – aq baspasózde jariyalanghan keybir ólenderi men ol turaly azyn-aulaq derekterding aqyn múrasyn tanytu men baghalauda eleuli mәni barlyghy arnayy sóz etudi kerek etedi. Búl jolda azdy – kópti enbek etip, Abay múrasyn tanytuda, baghalauda ózine tәn ýles qosqan: Bókeyhanov, Zeynelghabiyden ibn Ámire әl-Jauhary әl-Omskaui, Kәkitay Ysqaqov, Súltanmahmút Torayghyrov, Samat Ábishúly siyaqty revolusiyagha deyingi qazaq qauymynyng qoghamdyq oi-sanasynyng demokratiyalyq-aghartushylyq baghytyndaghy intelliygentter toby edi.

Zeynelghabiyden ibn Ámire

Abay shygharmalaryn baspa arqyly nasihattaushylardyng biri – Zeynelghabiyden. Ol Abaydyng bir top ólender toptamasyn Kәkitaydan búryn jariyalap, Abay jóninde arnayy pikir kóterip, aqyn múrasymen tuysqan tatar halqyn tanystyrugha әreket etti. Onyng «Nasihat – Qazaqiya» degen enbegi Kәkitay bastyrghan Abay shygharmalarynyng alghashqy jinaghynan búrynyraq jariyalanyp, Abaydy dúrys túrghydan baghalaumen erekshelenedi. Halyqty mәdeniyetke tartudyng joly aghartushylyq dep bilgendikten: «Adam balasy ýshin qadirli, qymbat nәrse aqyl bolyp, sol aqyldy joghary basqyshqa shygharatyn nәrse ghylym, óner, maghruf, bolsa kerek» – dep bar ómirin jastardy oqytugha sarp etip, halyqty bilim jolyn nasihattaumen ótti. «Aqyldy, bilimdi, ónerli bolu tәniriden dep ony qúday bermese ne qylamyz degen siyaqty órissiz oilardy nemese «Shirkin bizding qazaqtan artyq halyq bar ma» – dep kóshpendilikti dәripteytin pikirlerdi Abay qózqarasy túrghysynan teristeydi. Qazaqtyng kemshiligi – bilimsizdigi men nadandyghynda dep kórsetui Abay pikirimen ýndes shyghady.

Zeynelghabiydenning búl traktaty – Abay múrasyn nasihattau men baghalauda revolusiyagha deyingi әdebiyette ózindik orny men belgili dәrejede ereksheligi bar enbek. Óitkeni búl traktat qazaq әdebiyetining jayy turaly mәseleni túnghysh ret arnayy sóz etip, airyqsha kónil bólumen daralanady.

Zeynelghabiyden aqyndyqty ýlken óner dep tanyp, onyng úlylyghy men qasiyettiligine orystyng úly aqyny Pushkindi ýlgi ete sóileydi. Óitkeni «orystardyng Pushkiyni qiyametke sheyin halyq tilinde sóilenip, tariyhqa jazyluy», sol sóz ónerining qúdiretine baylanysty dep biledi. Abaygha osy túrghydan qarap, onyng aqyndyq ónerin asa joghary baghalaydy. Zeynelghabiyden qazaqtyng til ónerin tatar halqyna tanystyrudy maqsat etkende, Abay shygharmalaryn qazaq poeziyasynyng ýlgisi retinde úsynyp, ony qazaq poeziyasynyng úshar shyny, jaqúty retinde tanidy. Poeziyany Abay qoyghan talap túrghysynan baghalaugha tyrysady.

1908 jyly «Uaqyt» gazetining 388 – sanynda jariyalanghan «Abay Qúnanbaev» degen maqalany biz Zeynelghabiydendiki dep oilaymyz.

Zeynelghabiyden «Nasihat-Qazaqiyasynda» Pushkin atynyng tariyhqa mәngi jazyluynyng basty sebebi, aqyndyq óneri, qúdiretinde dep qarasa, búl maqalasynda Abaydyng qazaq dalasyna danqy jayylyp tanyluy, aqynnyng baylyghyna nemese biyligine baylanysty emes, kerisinshe, onyng «tili, oqushylaryn oyatatyn ólenderi ony býkil atyrapqa ózin mәshhýr etken» aqyndyq ónerinde dep Abaydyng aqyndyq ónerine sheshushi mәn beredi.

Maqala avtory Abaydy tek úly aqyn retinde ghana tanymay, ony qazaq halqynyng oishyly, bilimdi kemengeri retinde baghalap, Abay tughan halqynyng ruhany dýniyesimen ghana shektelmey, Batys pen Shyghystyng ruhany dýniyesinen de tereng susyndaghanyn atap ótedi, Abaydyng geografiyasymen, әsirese tarihpen keng túrghydan tanys, óresi zor bilimdi kisi bolghany turaly alghash mәlimet beriledi.

Kәkitay Ysqaqúly

Revolusiyagha deyingi dәuirde Abaydyng ómiri men әdeby múrasyn tanytuda eleuli enbek etkenderding ishinde Kәkitay Ysqaqúlynyng orny bólekshe. Kәkitaydyng Abay múrasyn tanytudaghy basty enbegi de Abay shygharmalarynyng túnghysh jinaghyn qúrastyryp jariyalauy men aqyn ómiri turaly alghash ret mәlimet beruinde jatyr. Kәkitay Abay múrasyn jinastyryp, bastyrudaghy tarihy enbegi jayly Abay múrasyn zertteushiler enbeginde molynan aitylady da, biraq M. Áuezovtyng monografiyalyq enbeginde bolmasa, basqa zertteulerde Kәkitay enbegi syn kózimen qaralmaghan. Sondyqtan da Abaydyng dýniyege qózqarasynyng qalyptasuyna E.P. Mihaelisting әseri basym boldy degen Kәkitay pikiri abaytanu salasynda kópke deyin oryn alyp keldi.

Kәkitay bastyrghan 1909 jylghy jinaqqa deyin baspasózde jariyalanghan birli-jarymdy Abay ólenderining bәri de asyl týpnúsqa qalpynda saqtalmady.

Kәkitay olqylyghy – Abay shygharmalaryn týgel qamty almauy demesek, Abay ólenderin týrli taqyryptargha bólip, jikteui sol dәuir jaghdayyna baylanysty qaraghanda oryndy da. Kәkitay mәdeniyet pen bilimnen kenje qalghan qazaq qauymynyng oi-órisin eske alyp, taqyryptyq prinsipke sýienudi jón kórgen. Býkil qazaq aqyndary Abay shygharmalary men ómirbayany jayly derekpen túnghysh ret Kәkitay arqyly ghana tanysty. Kәkitay Abay ómiri men tvorchestvosyna jalpy toqtalghanymen, sol dәuirding ózinde – aq Abay jóninde oily pikirler aita bildi. Kәkitay Abaydyng shyn mәnindegi aqyndyq ónerge sekseninshi jyldary batyl bet búruynyng sebebi onyng orys halqynyng ozyq oily әdebiyetimen tanysuynda jatyr dep kórsetui, Abay tvorchestvosy men ómirindegi eleuli qúbylystardyng tórkinin dúrys anghara bilgenin bayqatty. Aqyndyq daryny asyp tughan Abaydyng osy ónerge qolyn kesh sermeui, Kәkitay pikirinshe, ósken ortasyna tikeley baylanysty qaralady. Biraq el isine erte aralasyp, halyqpen tyghyz baylanysta boluy arqyly ghasyrlar boyy súryptalghan til ónerin tereng mengerui – Abay aqyndyghynyng terbelip ósken altyn besigi dedi.

Kәkitay maqalasy revolusiyagha deyingi dәuirde úly aqyn tvorchestvosynyng nәr alghan arnalaryna baylanysty Abaydyng aqyndyq kitaphanasynyng kólemi jayly mәselege birshama baghdar aituymen de erekshelenedi.

Súltanmahmút Torayghyrov

Abay múrasyn terenirek zerttep, tanyp baghalauda qazaqtyng talantty aqyny Súltanmahmút Torayghyrovtyng pikirleri abaytanu tarihynda erekshe oryn almaq. Súltanmahmút – Abay dәstýrin tvorchestvolyqpen damyta týsushilerding kórnektisi әri aqyn múrasynyng әleumettik tamyryn terenirek tanyghandardyng biri. Ol Abaydyng jana baghyttaghy qazaq әdebiyetining negizin salyp, klassikalyq dәrejege kótergen enbegin jete týsindi. Múnday biyik tanymgha Súltanmahmút tvorchestvolyq izdenu, azaby mol aqyndyq joldy bastan keshiru, әdeby tilding tazalyghy turaly zaman talaby kýn tәrtibine qoyyp otyrghan mәselege jauap beru túrghysynan keldi.

20 ghasyrdyng basynda revolusiyalyq qozghalystardyng óris aluyna baylanysty búratana atanghan halyqtardyng últtyq sanasynyng oyana bastauyna qarsy patsha ókimetining sayasaty shegine jete kýsheye týsti.

S. Torayghyrov Abaydyng әdeby til ýshin kýresin tereng barlap baghalaushy ghana emes, ol kórkem ónerding mәnine materialistik túrghydan qarap, Abaydyng estetikalyq tanymdaryn da tereng bilip, baghalay aldy. Abaydaghy estetikalyq oidy óz shygharmasyna batyl endirumen birge ony zamandastarynan da talap etken.

S. Torayghyrov óz ómirining iydeyalyq búlynghyr dәuiri kezinde de ótken dәuir múrasyna kóz salyp, sóz etkende, óz qatynasyn Abaydyng estetikalyq tanymy túrghysynan bildirip otyrady. Ol Abay poeziyasy men ótken dәuir әdebiyeti ókilderining tuyndysyn salystyrghanda, aqyndyq sheberlikti ghana ólshem etpey, shygharmanyng iydeyalyq mәnine basa kónil bóledi.

S. Torayghyrov – Abaydyng aqyndyq dәstýrin damytushy ónerpaz sóz zergerlerining aldynghy sapyndaghy óner qayratkerlerining birinen sanalatyn daryndy aqyn. Onyng tuyndylaryndaghy Abay óleng qúrylysynyng izderi men aqyndyq tilindegi kórkemdigin sóz bederlerindegi abaylyq dәstýrlerdi anyq kóremiz. Sayasiy-әleumettik taqyryptardaghy halyqtyq túrghydan tolghanatyn mún-sheri de Abay poeziyasyndaghy sarynmen ózektesip jatuyndaghy ruhany tuystyqtyng ózinde de aitarlyqtay syrlar jatyr.

Derekkóz: abay.nabrk.kz