Býginde Qazaqstandaghy dinge senetin halyqtyng shamamen 70 payyzy Imam Aghzam mazhabynyng sunnittik baghytyn ústanatyn músylmandar bolyp tabylady. Qazaq topyraghyna VIII ghasyrdyng sony IX ghasyrdyng basynda ene bastaghan Islamnyng sharighy normalary osy Hanafy mektebi arqyly tarady. Ýmmet bolyp bir mәzhabtyng tónireginde úiysqan últymyzdyng tarihynda diny alauyzdyq bolmady. Diny kenistiktegi osynday túraqtylyqtyng arqasynda bir kezderi Qazaq jeri islamnyng hanafittik mazhabynyng ortalyqtarynyng biri retinde tanyldy, әl-Farabi, Jýsip Balasaghúni, Mahmút Qashghari, Hibatulla Tarazi, Húsamuddin as-Syghnaqi, Ahmet Yasaui, Mәshhýr Jýsip Kópey, Abay Qúnanbayúly, Shәkәrim Qúdayberdiúly, Sәduaqas Ghylmany syndy islam dini men mәdeniyetine sýbeli ýles qosqan kórnekti ghalymdar men oishyldardy dýniyege әkeldi.

Al, keshegi Kenestik dәuirde últtyq qúndylyqtarynan qol ýze jazdaghan últymyzdyng býgingi diny ahualy birshama ózgerek. Biz býgingi ghylym men tehnologiyanyng shyrqap damyp, halyqtar men últtar arasyndaghy alshaqtyqtar joyylyp, qashyqtyqtar jaqyndaghan, mýddeler toghysyp, adamzattyng asyl qúndylyqtary jahandyq dengeyde sipat alghan, sonymen qatar, qorshaghan ortanyng lastanuy, nashaqorlyqtyng tarauy, jahandyq jәne ekonomikalyq daghdarys, san týrli qauipti aurular, úiymdasqan qylmys, ekstremizm, terrorizm syndy býkil adamzat beybitshiligine, túraqtylyghy men qauipsizdigine qauip tudyratyn ózge de qúbylystar barynsha órship túrghan almaghayyp dәuirde ómir sýrip jatyrmyz.

Jalpy egemendigimizdi alyp, ensemizdi týzey bastaghannan elimiz talay syn saghattaryn bastan keshti. Osy kezderde tәuelsizdigimizdi nyghaytyp, músylmandyghymyzdy bayandy etu jolynda din janashyrlary men otansýigish jandar últty Úly imam Ábu Hanifa mәzhabynyng tónireginde úiytugha tyrysty. Degenmen, bir jaghadan bas, bir jennen qol shygharudyng ornyna jat júrttan kelgen kelimsekterding sózine sengenderding sany artyp, «Alla degendi» ayamaghan Kenes túsynda da óz baghytynan auytqymaghan imam-moldalardyng ústanghan joldaryn joqqa shygharyp, el-júrtty sergeldenge salghandar da qarasyn kóbeytti. Ghasyrlar boyy tura joldan taymay, qazahy qalpymyzdy, dilimiz ben dinimizdi, tilimiz ben salt-dәstýrlerimizdi saqtaghan el edik qoy. Býginde songhylardyng suayt sayasaty ma, әlde syrtqy kýshterding salmaghy ma búghanasy qatpaghan, últtyq túlghasy qalyptasyp ýlgermegen, aq-qarany ajyrata bermeytin jastar ústaghannyng jeteginde, ertkenning eteginde ketti. Islam dinining parqyna bara bermeytin búl jastar islam jayly qaranghylyqtaryna qaramastan, әrqashan tynyshtyqty, beybitshilikti, ata-anany qadirleudi, ýlkenge qúrmet, kishige izet kórsetudi, auyzbirshilikti tu etken Islam dinining bet perdesin ózgertuge kiristi.

Osynyng kesirinen qoghamymyzda músylman qauymy jik-jikke bólinip, meshittegi jamaghat týgili bir otbasyndaghy eki aghayyn birin-biri kәpirge shygharyp, pasyq sanap, takfirshildik, hizbutshylyq, qúranshylyq, uahabshylyq siyaqty t.b. neshe týrli aghymdargha bólinu beleng alyp otyr. «Taza islamdy biz ghana ústanudamyz» degen úranmen atalmysh aghymdar kóne zamannan qazaq dalasyn mekendegen músylmandardyng ústanyp kelgen sara joly – dәstýrli islamdy, atap aitqanda, Hanafy mazhabyn moyyndamay, taza islamnyng kórinisine kir keltirip, belgili fobiyalar tudyruda. Onyng sony ekstremistik, aqyry ayaghynda terroristik әreketterge úlasyp ta jatyr.

Songhy jyldary diny ekstremizm men terrorizm qúbylystary búqaralyq aqparat qúraldarynda jii qylang berip jatqany da osynyng saldary.

«Ekstremizm» termiyni sózbe-sóz (lat. Extremus - shetki) shekten tys kózqarastar men әreketterdi ústanu, qoghamdaghy tәrtip pen normalardy joqqa shygharu retinde anyqtalady. Ekstremizm – әruaqytta әr qalay kórinis beretin óte kýrdeli qúbylys. 

Al «terrorizm» úghymyna qatysty kóptegen anyqtamalar men týsindirmeler bolghandyqtan, júrtshylyqqa ortaq anyqtama beru qiyngha soghady. Alayda, onyng «zorlyq‑zombylyq», «qorqynysh pen ýrey tughyzushylyq» jәne «kinәsiz adamdargha kesir tiygizu» syndy basty belgilerin aiqynday ketuge bolady. Búghan negizdesek, terrorizm «ýkimet nemese qoghamdy belgili bir sayasy talaptardy qabyldaugha mәjbýrleu maqsatynda jýieli týrde jasalatyn qoqan‑loqqy men zorlyq‑zombylyq» degenge sayady.

Parasatty kisi esh bir dinning jauyzdyqqa, alauyzdyqqa, qastandyqqa shaqyrmaytynyn jaqsy biledi.

Qazaqstan Respublikasy Preziydenti Núrsúltan Ábishúly Nazarbaev bir sózinde: «Ekstremizm, separatizm, terrorizmderge shynayy dinning esh qatysy joq, búlar adamzatpen qatar dinder ýshin de qauip bolyp tabylady» degen bolatyn.

Din – jeke adamdyq emes, újymdyq qúbylys. Din adamdardyng bir-birin qanap, jәbirleuine tiym salady, jaman әdetterden arylyp, tuystyq qarym-qatynasty nyghaytugha, jaqyndary men kórshilerine sýiispenshilikpen qaraugha, әlsizderdi qorghaugha, tipti ózining jauy bolsa da oghan әdiletti bolugha, júmsaq qaraugha ýndeydi.

Ghasyr derti bolyp tabylatyn lankestik din Islamdy da ainalyp ótken joq. Ókinishke oray, dindi óz mýddelerine paydalanushylar qaryshtap damyp kelejatqan Islamdy ózderining sayqal sayasatynyng yghyna jyghugha tyrysyp baghuda.

Ibn Abbas degen sahaba qasaqana adam óltirushi mәngilik tozaqta qalady deydi. Dinning negizgi úghymy da osy. Islam ýshin beybitshilik pen qauipsizdikting orny erekshe. Tipti, Islam adamzat beybitshilikke as pen sudan da kóbirek múqtaj ekenin basa aitady. Qúranda Ibrahim Payghambar (Oghan Allanyng sәlemi bolsyn): Búny bir tynysh (beybit) qala qyla kór! Jәne onyng túrghyndarynan kim Allagha, Aqyret kýnine iman keltirse, әr týrli ónimdermen rizyqtandyr», – dep jalbaryndy» (әl-Baqara 2: 126).

Yaghni, eng birinshi Alladan súraghany qalagha tynyshtyq pen beybitshilik, qauipsizdik bolsa, keyinnen tilegeni rizyq boldy.

Sonday-aq, Payghambarymyz (oghan Allanyng iygiligi men sәlemi bolsyn): «Ózi (nemese ózining janúyasy) ýshin qauipsiz bolghan kýide, әri bir kýnge jetetin tamaqqa ie bolyp tandy attyrghandaryng - búl býkil dýniyege qol jetkizgendering sekildi!» deydi (әt-Tirmizy 2346, Ibn Majjәh 4141).

Múryndaryna Islam týgili Islamnyng iyisi barmaghan jandardyng bilimsizdigi men tәjiriybesizdigin paydalanghan aram pighyldylardyng bastamasymen payda bolghan әr týrli destruktivti aghymdar bir jaghynan Islamdy ishinen irituge tyrysyp jatsa, ekinshi jaghynan ózderining sasyq sayasatyn jýrgizuding qúraly qylyp jatqany anyq. Olar dindi jamylyp lankestikke baryp qana qoymay, óz mýddeleri ýshin jasaghan qylmystaryn din jәne Qúdaymen býrkemelegisi keledi.

Dindi óz qylmystaryn býrkemeleu niyetinde paydalanghysy keletinder bizding elde de boy kórsetti. Mysaly, ata-babamyzdyng san ghasyrlar boyy ústanyp kelgen islamy, yaghny Imam Aghzam Ábu Hanifa mazhaby dúrys emes, salt-dәstýrdi ústanugha bolmaydy, ata-babagha qúran baghyshtau jәne shelpek taratu dúrys emes, «tek Qúran men sýnnetti ghana ústanu kerek» dep, Qúran men sýnnet týgili tayaqty «әliyf» dep tanymaytyndar qarapayym jastargha bolmysy búlynghyr, mazmúny marginaldy jol menzeydi. Destruktivti diny aghymdar osy әdisti qoldanu arqyly jastardy ekstremizimge alyp barady. Olar jastar arasynda ózi ústanghan joldaghylardan basqa músylmandarmen, tughan-tuystarymen, tipti, әke-sheshesimen aralaspaugha, qarym-qatynastaryn ýzuge deyin alyp baru tәsilin de qoldanady. Nәtiyjesinde әke-sheshesinen, tughan-tuysynan, dostarynan qol ýzip qalghan jastar onay basqarylyp, ekstremistik maqsatta qoldanylatyn dayyn tiri qúralgha ainalady.

Demek, ata-babamyz ústanyp kelgen sara joldyng taghylymy men kórinisin ózgertu, onyng dúrystyghyna kýmәn tudyru ekstremizmge shaqyrudyng alghy sharty bolyp otyr.

Olay bolsa, ekstremizmnin, terrorizmning jastar arasynda taraluynyng aldyn aludy ata-babamyz ústanyp kelgen sara joldyng taghylymyn, onyng dúrystyghyn jastargha keng týsindiruden bastaghanymyz abzal.

Elding eldigin saqtau Qúran men sýnnetti basshylyqqa alyp, búrynghy danalarymyzdyng kórsetken jarqyn jolymen jýrude ekenin týsinetin uaqyt jetti. Osy túrghydan ótkenimiz ben býginimizdi múqiyat saralaugha mindettimiz. Dinimizde mәngi ózgermeytin úly aqiqattar men zaman sharttaryna qaray beyimdelip otyratyn qúndylyqtar bar. Mine, osylardy qaperge ala otyryp, belgili bir tepe-tendikten auytqymay dindi bir býtin retinde parasatpen payymdap, zaman talabyna say týsindire biletin ghalymdar men oishyldardyng boluy asa manyzdy. Islam dini payda bolghannan keyingi alghashqy bes ghasyrda, osynday oishyldar men ghalymdar kóp boldy.

 Islam dini ózimshildikke jol bermeydi, Alla aldynda barsha adam ten. Tәniri basqalargha isimen de, tilimen de zarar, ziyan keltiruden tyiyp, adamdardy mәmilemen, jarastyqta, tatu ghúmyr keshuge, bir-birin quattap, qoldaugha ýndeydi. Islam soghysqa, qan tógiske shekteu qoyghan. Beybitshilik – adamzattyng basty qúndylyghy. Qúran qaghidalary qaqtyghystardyng aldyn alyp, úrys-janjaldardy haram etken. Qaru júmsaugha, kýsh qoldanugha basqalar shabuyl jasaghan jaghdayda, amalsyzdan qorghanu maqsatynda ghana rúqsat etilgen: «Ózderine bireu shabuyl jasasa, Qúday jolynda sender de soghysasyndar. Tek ózdering kiylikpender. Anyghynda, Alla shekten shyqqandardy únatpaydy».

Tariyhqa jýginsek, Múhammed (Oghan Allanyng iygiligi men sәlemi bolsyn) payghambar qatysqan soghystyng bәri qorghanys, jaudyng betin qaytaru maqsatynda bolghanyn bilemiz. Dinimizde jazyqsyz adamnyng ómirin qii ýlken kýnә, eng auyr qylmys bolyp sanalady. Sharighat túrghysynan adam ómiri qasiyetti, ony ardaqtay bilu paryzymyz. Payghambarymyzdyng (Oghan Allanyng iygiligi men sәlemi bolsyn) sózimen aitsaq, adam jany men onyng iyeligi ailardyng ishindegi múhharam, mekender ishindegi Qaghba (Mekkedegi), kýnderding ishindegi Qúrban, hadj uaqytyndaghy Arafatta túru syndy qasterli, oghan tiyisuge bolmaydy.

Jan alu jaratushynyng yqtiyar-erkimen, búiryghymen iske asady, bógdeni jer jastandyru – Allanyng qalauyna qarsy kelumen para-par.

Alla Taghala ayatta: «Beykýnә adamdardy óltirushi bolmandar, ol – Tәniri tyiym salghan is. Eger bireu naqaq óltirse kek alu húqyghy ólgen adamnyng jaqyn tuysyna beriledi. Ol biraq kek aluda shekten aspauy kerek. Shyndyghynda, oghan jәrdem bolady» («Isra» sýresi, 33 ayaty, 1.297-b).

Sharighat belgileri kisi óltirudi birneshe týrge bóledi. Hanafy mәzhaby boyynsha olar beseu:

1. Ádeyi /amd/ óltiru;

2. Ádeyi óltiruge úqsas shibhy amd;

3. Qatelesip óltiru;

4. Qatelesip óltiruge jatatyn ólim;

5. Ólimge sebep bolghan әreket.

Ádeyi, qasaqana qan tóguge jaratushy tarapynan ahiyret kýninde qatang da auyr jaza bar. Qúran Kәrimning «Nisa» sýresinde aitylghanday: «Kimde kim mýmindi qasaqana óltirse, onyng jazasy jahannam jәne ol onda mәngi kýiedi. Allanyng qahary men qarghysyna úshyraydy. Jaratushy oghan auyr azap dayyndaydy». Qúranda sebepsiz basqany ajal qúshtyrushy Allanyng qaharyna iligip, o dýniyede tozaq otyna kýietini kórsetilse, hadiste bú dýniyede osy qylmysy ýshin «qangha-qan» degendey qysas jolymen auyr jazagha tartylatyny bayandalghan. Alayda, qysas jekelegen toptyng sheshuimen emes, kәsiby qazynyng (sottyn) sheshimimen, qatang sharighy sharttar arqyly jýzege asady.

Islam terrorgha, zorlyq-zombylyqqa, beybit jandargha kýsh qoldanugha qarsy. Býgingi tanda әlemning týpkir-týpkirinde islam atymen sandaghan jazyqsyz adamdardyng qany tógilip jatady. Jaratushy sózimen qarasaq, bir adamgha qiyanat jasap, qúrban etu kýlli adamzatqa baghyttalghan amal retinde týsindireledi. Sonymen Islamnyng qaqtyghys, langestik, zorlyq-zombylyqty, óktemdikti aiyptaghan, kerisinshe qoghamdyq túraqtylyq, izgilikti, ústamdylyqty uaghyzdaghan din ekendigine kózimizdi jetkizemiz.

Jalpy terrordyng últy da, dini de joq. Sol túrghydan músylman adamnyng terrorist boluy әste mýmkin emes. Islam dinining terrorizm, ekstremizmmen ýsh qaynasa sorpasy qosylmaydy.

Eng aldymen, músylmandardyng ózderining islam dininde biyik adamdyq qasiyetterdi, zandy qadirleytin meyirimdi әri tәrtipke baghynatyn túlghanyng qalyptasuyna basty nazar audarylatyndyghyn tereng týisine biluleri asa qajet. Sol sebepti, músylmandar arasynda oryn alyp otyrghan ekstremizmmen kýres repressiya jәne jalang tyiym salu jolymen emes, birinshiden, adamgershilik pen izgi minez qalyptastyratyn islamnyng shynayy beynesin dúrys diny bilim beru arqyly aiqyndatyp kýresu kerek.

Ekinshiden, adamdardyng boyyna etikalyq qasiyetter darytyp, iydeologiyalyq jәne ómirlik-stildik pluralizmdi qabyldau beyimdiligine ýiretetin zayyrly bilim beru jýiesi men aghartushylyq arqyly da jýzege asu kerek.

Ýshinshiden, ata-analar men tughan-tuystar jas úrpaqty, balalaryn sýiispenshilikting besigine bóleu ýshin otbasy institutyn kýsheytuding manyzy óte zor. Sol arqyly, auyldarda, oqu oryndarynda, qala aulalarynda júqtyrugha jenil úry-qarylyq týsinikter (zonovskie ponyatiya, vorovskie ponyatiya) men qatygezdik syndy aurulargha shipa tabugha bolady.

Sonymen birge, qazirgi BAQ ta kóptep kezdesetin islamdy búrmalap týsindiretin, oriyentalistik jәne neo-oriyentalistik qasang qaghidalar men shtamptardan arylu kerek.

«Biz músylmanbyz, onyng ishinde Ábu Hanifa mazhabyn ústanatyn sunnittermiz. Babalarymyz ústanghan búl jol últtyq salt-dәstýrdi, ata-anany syilaugha negizdelgen. Endeshe, býgingi úrpaq ta әlemdegi eng izgi din – islam dinin qadirley otyryp, ata dәstýrin ardaqtaghan abzal», - dep Elbasymyz N.Á.Nazarbaev aitqanday, halyqty imandylyqqa shaqyrudaghy ústanatyn baghytymyz aiqyn.

Qazaqstan músylmandary diny basqarmasynyng tóraghasy, Bas mýfty Erjan qajy bir sózinde: «Bizding baghytymyz aiqyn. Ol bizding ata-babalarymyzdyng ghasyrlardan beri jýrgen joly – dәstýrimizben, salt-sanamyzben bite qaynasyp ketken dәstýrli Ábu Hanifa mazhaby men Maturudy aqidasyn berik ústanu jәne ony nasihattau. Barsha músylmandarmen qoyan qoltyq aralasyp, bir jennen qol, bir jaghadan bas shygharyp el iygilige, halyqtyng qamyna qyzmet etetin, azghyndyq pen arsyzdyqty joyatyn imandylyq saltanat qúratyn qogham qalyptastyru» degen bolatyn.

Alla Taghala «Ál-Ghimran» sýresining 103 ayatynda:

«Barlyghyng týgeldey Allanyng dinine boysúnyndar, bólinip ketpender. Sonday-aq, ózderine Allanyng bergen nyghmetin eske alyndar» -deydi. Sol sebepten, músylmandardyng auyzbirshiligi men elding yntymaghyn nyghayta týsu ýshin dәstýrli hanafy mazhabyn ústanugha ýndey otyryp, islam dinin salt-dәstýrmen ýndestire, ýilestire kórkem týrde nasihattaytyn últtyq sanasy qalyptasqan, diny bilimi teren, biliktiligi joghary, oy órisi ken, ozyq oily zamanauy imamdardy osynau biyik maqsattargha júmyldyru – Qazaqstan músylmandary diny basqarmasynyng basty mindeti.

Býgingi tanda terrorizm men ekstremizmning aldyn alu maqsatynda Qazaqstan músylmandary diny basqarmasy birqatar iri jobalardy iske asyryp, jan-jaqty auqymdy ister atqaruda. Atap aitar bolsaq eng әueli kadr mәselesin qolgha alu ýshin medreseler ashyp, jasóspirimderding diny jәne dýniyauy bilim aluyn arttyruda. Sonday-aq elimizdegi imamdardyng bilimi men biliktiligin arttyru maqsatynda respublika aumaghynda seminarlar ótkizude.

Ekstremizmge qarsy kýresting birden-bir joly – olar turaly óz uaqytynda mәlimet beru. Búl jerde, әriyne, kýndelikti aqparat qúraldarynyng róli óte joghary. Áytse de, aqparat kúraldarynyng beretin mәlimeti jetkilikti emes. Sektalardyn, ekstremistik toptardyng qaupi turaly halyqty, onyng ishinde jastardy kóbirek habardar etip otyrudyng ózge de tetikterin paydalanu qajet. Ol ýshin barlyq mektepterde «dintanu» sabaghymen qosa mamandar qauipsizdik sabaqtaryn ótkizip, onda ekstremistik toptardy, totalitarlyq sektalardy qalay biluge bolatynyn týsindirip, olardan qalay saqtanu jolyn kórsetip otyrulary kerek.

Osy rette, QMDB da óz tarapynan halyqty dәstýrli dinimizding tóniregine toptastyryp, Islamnyng dәstýrli qúndylyqtarynan susyndaulary ýshin, diny súraqtaryn tikeley din mamandarynan alu mýmkindigin qamtamasyz etip, el arasynda destruktivti, jat aghymdardyng taraluynyng aldyn alyp, aqparattandyru ýshin, otansýigishtikti, toleranttylyqty, tózimdilik pen baysaldylyqty, beybitshilikti, izgilikti, adamgershilik qaghidalaryn nasihattap, ekstremistik, terroristik ústanymdaghy aghymdarmen kýresu maqsatynda Respublikalyq Aqparattyq-nasihat toptaryn qúrghan bolatyn.

Qúramynda bilimmen qarulanghan, ónirlerdegi ahualdy, jamaghat arasyndaghy problemalardy jaqsy biletin 30 bilikti teologtar men imamdardan jasaqtalghan Respublikalyq aqparattyq-nasihat toptary el aumaghynda kóptegen kezdesuler ótkizip, din men dil jayyndaghy halyqtyng kókeyinde jýrgen súraqtaryna jauap berip, ekstremistik, terroristik baghyttaghy aghymdardyng jeteginde ketuding qasireti jayly sóz qozghap keledi. Oghan qosa, atalmysh Aqparattyq top mýsheleri radikaldy top belsendilerimen birneshe dýrkin kezdesip, músylmandardy ózara auyzbirshilikke bir mazhabtyng tóniregine, bir diny basqarmanyng bosaghasyna jinalugha shaqyryp, naqty nәtiyjelerge de qol jetkizude.

Odan bólek әrbir ónirding ózindik jergilikti Uaghyz-nasihat toptary aimaqtaghy diny ahualdy baqylap, halyqtyng jat pighyldy, ekstremistik, terroristik toptardyng jeteginde ketpeulerin qadaghalap otyr. Osynyng nәtiyjesinde qazirde elding diny sauaty birshama jogharylap, aq pen qarany ajyratatyn hәlge jetti dep baghalaugha bolady.

Biz dindi әleumettik shyndyqtan bólip alu әreketining tek qana jaghdaydyng nasharlauyna әkelip soqtyrghanynyng kuәgeri boldyq. Din atyn jamylyp aram pighyldaryn iske asyrmaq bolyp jatqan ekstremister men lankesterge qarsy túru barshamyzdyng ortaq mindetimiz, әri mýddemiz. Búl mindetti iske asyruda din kóshbasshylary men memlekettik organdar, memlekettik emes úiymdardyng mýsheleri, jalpy últ bolyp, halyq bolyp bir sapta, bir shepte túryp, birige kýres jýrgizuimiz lәzim. Eger biz lankesterding las әreketterinen tazarghan әlemdi kórgimiz keletin bolsa, bizding kýsh-jigerimizdi dәl osynda shoghyrlandyruymyz tiyis.

Jaratushy IYemiz býgingi bizding qol jetkizgen iygilikterdi saqtap qalugha kýsh-quat berip, bizdi birligimizden, kenpeyil niyetimizden aiyrmasyn!

Ershat Aghybayúly Ongharov

QMDB-nyng Uaghyz-nasihat

bólimining mengerushisi,

teolog, (Ph.D) doktor

Abai.kz

Qoldanylghan әdebiyetter:

1. Seytbekov Smayyl, «Iman negizderi», Almaty, «Kókjiyek» baspasy, 2008. – 376 bet.
2. Ál-Bayadi, Kәmәladdin Ahmәd bin Hasan bin Sinaneddiyn, «Isharatul- mәram», Mysyr, 1949).
3. «Materialy po istoriy sredney y sentralinoy Aziy H-HIH vv.». Tashkent: Izdatelistvo «FAN», 1988.
4. «Istoriya Kazahstana v persidskih istochnikah». Tom 1. Almaty: «Dayk-Press» 2005.
5. M.Zaqzuq, "Mausuatu әghlamul fikrul Islami" (Áygili Islam oishyldary ensiklopediyasy»), Vaqf ministrligi islam isteri jogharghy kenesi, Egiypet, Kaiyr, 2004j.
6. Islam Ansiklopedisi, Turkiye Diyanet Vakfi, Istanbul,1993.