Jonghargha qarsy soghystyng jenispen ayaqtau kezeninde ejelgi týrki dalasyna qatysty kóptegen saualdar tudy. Onyng eng bastysy – jonghar atalghan alyp kóshpeliler odaghy joyylghannan keyin onyng iyelengen jerine kimning qojalyq etui mәselesi edi. Múnda býgingi qytaydyng sol kezdegi Ching imperiyasy eng әueli óz úpayyn týgendeuge kiristi. Al orystar bolsa qazaqtardyng shyghysqa bet aluy ondaghy dúnghan, úighyr músylman halyqtarymen birigip, kýnderding kýninde ontýstik shekaramyzgha qater tudyruy mýmkin dep qarady. Múndaghy qytay men orystyng dәl býgingi qorqynyshynday arghy jaghynda jatqan alandauy – ejelgi týrki júrtyndaghy taypalardyng qaytadan bas biriktiru qaupi edi.

Shyn mәninde Ching imperiyasynyng jongharlardy barynsha әlsirete týsui qazaqtar ýshin de ong ontayly oray tudyrghan bolatyn. Osynday syn saghttarda ainalsyndaghy alpauyt kórshilerining tamyryn dәp basyp ústaghan Abylay endigi jerde óz sayasatyn iske asyrugha kiristi. Orys pen qytaygha teng mәmile ústay otyryp, olardyng oilaghandarynan da ózgeshe jol qarastyru Abylaydyng tandauy boldy. Sóitip ejelgi mekenge eldi qonystandyryp, qazaq kóshin shyghysqa eppen jyljytu ýrdisi Abylaydyng qasyndaghy qayratyna aqyly say er jýrek batyrlary arqyly iske asa bastady. Búl kezdegi qazaq súltandarynyng bәri de Abylay bastaghan osy sayasatqa birden at salysty. Nәtiyjesinde Abylay han 1757 j. Shaghyr, Ómir bactaghan on bir kicilik elshilik tobyn Ching patshasyna jiberse, osydan keyingi jerde ilgerindi-keyindi Tóle bi, Núraly han, Ábilmambet, Ábilpeyizderding elshileri de Ching patshalyghymen әr týrli baylanysqa shyqty.

Búl baylanys jalpy qytay aumaghynyng batys shekara ónirin tynyshtandyruda da óte manyzdy bolghandyqtan Ching patshalyghy elshilerdi jyly lebizben qarsy alyp otyrdy. Al Abylay shyghyctaghy iri kórshicimen terezeci teng diplomatiyalyq qarym-qatynac ornatu  ciyaqty aca manyzdy mәcelelerdi sheshuge qadam jasady.

Shyn mәninde eki jaqta birining baqay qulyghyn biri sezip otyrdy. Tipti jonghar handyghynyng kýireui qazaqtar ýshin búryn jau qolynda qalghan mekenderin, óris-qonystaryn qaytaryp aluyna mýmkindik tughyzghanmen, Ching patshalyghy búghan ishtey jol bermeuge tyrysty. Tipti Jonghariyany iyelenip alghan Ching әskerleri Zaysan kólinen Ilening orta aghysyna deyin qarauyl toptaryn ornatyp, búryn Jongharlar iyelenip ketken jerlerine qazaqtar qayta qonystanuyna mýmkindik bermeuge baghyttalghan sharalardy iske asyra bastady.

Osynday tyghyryqtardan «ógizdi óltirmey, arbany syndyrmay» jol tabu Abylaydyng moynyndaghy auyr jýk boldy.

Asa sheber diplomat Abylay jonghardan bosaghan ejelgi mekenge eldi qayta qonystandyru ýshin saudamen bastalghan «óris-qonys alu» sayasatyn ózining Qabanbay, Jәnibek syndy senimdi batyrlary arqyly iske asyra bastady. Búl jayynda Qytay jazbalarynda mynaday derekter kezigedi:

 «1759 jyly 16 qazanda Ábilpeyiz ben Qabanbaydyng Jәnibek batyr jәne Edige bastaghan sauda toghanaghy Ýrimjide 144 atqa sauda jasap qaytty.

1763 jyly 14 qarashadan 2 jeltoqsangha deyin Abylaydyng Jәnibek bastaghan 100 adamdyq 7 sauda toghanaghy 234 jylqy, 20 siyr, 720 qoygha sauda jasap qaytty». Búl da Ýrimji qalasynda bolghan.

Búdan eki nәrseni anyq úghugha bolady. Birinshisi, Jәnibek batyr alghash ret Ábilpeyiz hannyn, ekinshi ret Abylay hannyng sauda toghanaghyn bastap baruyna qaraghanda onyng sol kezde Abylay jәne Ábilpeyiz handarmen óte jaqyn ótkenin әri qazaq handyghynyng senimdi batyrlarynyng biri ekendigin kórsetedi. Óitkeni ol kezde múnday toghanaqty әigili batyrlar bastap otyrghan. Ekinshi, Qazaq-Manching alghashqy sauda-mәmigerlik qatynasyna negiz qalaghan adam – Qabanbay batyr balasy Edige men Túmatay batyr edi. Olar 1758 jyly qyrkýiekting 17-26 kýni aralyghynda Ýrimjide 300 atqa sauda jasap, búdan keyingi qarym-qatynasty kýsheytu turaly uaghdalastyqqa qol jetkizip qaytady. Keler jylynda (1759 jyl) Jәnibek batyrdyng baruy ol kisining eki el qatynasynyng negizin qalaugha at salysqanyn dәleldeydi.

Al el auzyndaghy eski shejirelerde Abylaydyn: «Ózenning basyn almay, ólke seniki bolmaydy» degen sózi boyynsha Qabanbaydyng Ilening basyna, Jәnibekting Ertisting basyna nayza shanshyp qaytqany turaly aitylady. Sonyng kuәsi bolyp, Ilening basynda «Qabanbay shoqysy», Altay taularynda «Jәnibek asuy» nemese «Jәnibekting nayza shanshyghan jeri» atalghan tarihy izder bar.

Demek, Abylay ejelgi týrki dalasynyng bir púshpaghy bolghan býgingi Shynjang qazaqtary qonystanghan baytaq aimaqty iyeleu ýshin san qily aqyl-aylagha baryp, ony óz batyrlary arqyly iske asyrsa, sonyng arasynan Er Jәnibek erekshe shoqtyqty kórinedi.

Qazaq elshileri 1755-1800 jyldar aralyghynda Beyjinge әlde neshe ret baryp, san aluan mәseleler tónireginde kelissózder jýrgizgeni tarihtan belgili. Búl barysta qazaqtar Ching әskerlerimen qaqtyghyspay, aitqanyna kónip, kóship ketip, olar ketken song qonysyna qayta oralyp «mysyq tabandap» jylju sayasatyn iske asyrdy. Tipti Ching armiyasy olargha suyq jýzin berip, sauda toghanaqtaqtaryn qaytarghan kezdede olar ontýstik ónirlerdegi úighyrlarmen baylanys ornatugha deyin baryp, Ching patshalghy jaghyn dәrmensiz kýige týsirgen kezderi de boldy.

Osy kezendegi taghy bir iri oqigha qazaq tarihyna «shandy joryq» degen atpen qalghan Edil qalmaqtarynyng 1771 jylghy qonys audaruy edi. Sol kezdegi Ching imperiyasynyng әr týrli sayasatynan qaraghanda osy kósh joryghynyng arnayy josparmen iske asqan boluy da bek mýmkin. Atap aitar bolsaq, dәl osy shaqta qazaq auyldary jonghardan bosaghan ejelgi týrki dalasyna әr týrli jolmen endirmeley kirude edi. Oghan qarsy túrarlyq quatty qosynnyng retin tappaghan Ching endigi jerde ózara jaulasyp kelgen eki topty bir-birine aidap saludy maqsat etse kerek. Sóitip, qazaqtardyng aldyna doybynyng jana tasynday taghy bir tosqauyldy osy Edil qalmaqtarynan jasaqtady. Azyp-tozyp kelgen elding aldynan Ching patsha әmirshileri ózderi shyghyp qarsy alyp, olardy qazaqtardyng aldyna, yaghnyy qazirgi Ile, Altay, Tarbaghatay ónirin negiz etken Úlastay, Bóratala, Búlghyn, Qobyq tektes jerlerge bólip qonystandyrdy. Osylaysha Ching imperiyasy aila-tәsili men kýsh-quatyn qatarynan iske salyp, eki aradaghy jer dauyn óz mýddesine sheshuge úmtyldy. Osynday almaghayyp zamanda qazaq rularynyng qatarynda Er Jәnibek bastaghan kereylerding últandy bólegi atamekeni Altaygha jappay qonys audarugha enteledi. Aqyryn kelse ailasyn asyryp, qatty kelse qayratyn kórsetip alghan betinen qaytpady.

Búl kezeng turaly el auzyndaghy shejirelerde Jәnibek batyrdyn: «Qonys toly eli, óris toly maly bar, jer qayysqan qoly, jelkildegen tuy bar kimge bolsa da esesin jibermeytin, eselesetin quaty bar on eki Abaq kerey atanghan el boldyq. Jaudyng ótinde, jasaqtyng aldynda, nayzanyng úshynda zorlyqty kýshpen alysa jýrip, zobalang kýnderdi basymyzdan keshire otyryp, osy kýnge jettik. Tolqymaly myna zamanda tolyqsyghan eldi alansyz ómir keshiretin jayly mekenge qonystandyrghanymyz jón siyaqty. Ata-babamyzdyng ot jaghyp, kýl tókken jeri Altay, sol Altay tauyna jetkenimiz jón» dep aqyl aitqan eken degen sóz bar.

Osy әngimeler tónireginde taghy bir zertteu tappaghan taqyryp, Er Jәnibek batyrdyng ejelgi el zanyn qolgha aluy edi. Atap aitqanda baghzyda qaghaz betine týsip ýlgermegen týrkining ejelgi zan-tәrtipteri keyinderi Shynghyshan arqyly qazaq handyqtaryna jalghanyp, «Jeti jarghy», «Esimhannyng eski joly», «Qasymhannyng qasqa joly» atalghany belgili. Sonyng bir parasy Ábilpeyiz, Ábilmәmbet, Abylaylar arqyly qazaq biylerining janghyrtuymen jasalghan zan-erejesining «tórt by tórening zan-erejeleri» atalyp abaq kereylerde saqtaluy edi. Múnda da qazaq handarynan bólinip qaludy qalamaghan Er Jәnibek ómirden ozar shaghynda Ábilpeyiz úldary – Kógeday, Sәmen, Jabaghylardy kerey ishine әkelip, el birligin saqtaudy maqsat etken. Ári el biyleri men tóre zandaryn birlestirip, atalghan el basqaru týzimining negiz qalaghan bolatyn. 

Jalpy qazaqtardyng shyghysqa betalghan kóshi turaly sóz bolghanda Zaysan jerinde ótken Qyzmet Serikbaev atty aqsaqaldyng 1960 jyldardyng aldy-artynda jazyp qaldyrghan dereginen de talay syr angharylady:

Atap aitar bolsaq, Sirgebay atty aqsaqaldyng әngimesinen dәiek keltirgen Q.Serikbaev bir jazbasynda: «Kerey auyly qalmaqty Ertisting dariyasynan ótkizdi. Búrynghy otyrghan qalyng qalmaqqa qosylyp Jetiaral, Shorgha, Tarbaghatay tauy, Qyzylshilik, Manyraqty meken etken qúba qalmaqty Er Jәnibek әskerimen týnde kelip jaulap, qyryp aidap, jeti kýn, jeti týn úrys saldy. Tarbaghatay tauynyng Kýzuin, Shaghanoba degen asularynan qalyng qalmaqty qytay jerine asyryp bardy...» dese; Syban Oraza aqsaqaldyng әngimesinen orystyng әiel patshasynyng Abylaygha jer súrap elshi jibergenin, Abylaydyng Jәnibekke qos atpen kisi jiberip aldyrghanyn aita kelip, mynday әngime órbitedi:

Orys elshilerin shaqyryp Jәnibek: «biz sizdermen eldesudi qalaymyz. Biraq bizding de shartymyz bar. Áueli shartty oryndaymysyzdar?» dedi. Orys elshileri: «oryndaymyz, batyr, shartyndy ait?» dedi. Sonda Jәnibek: «Bizding halqymyz bytyranqy. Qyzyl Ayaq, Qyrghyz, Qalmaq degen jaulary bar. Sizdermen eldessek sol syrtqy jaulardan qorghaysyzdar. Alayda alman retinde shóp basy beremiz. Qara qazan sary baladan soldat bermeymiz. Jәne de bizding qazaq halqy mal ósirumen jan saqtaghan halyq, soghan astyq salghandy ýiretesin. Qazaq ishindegi nadan adamdar bir-birimen úrsysyp, soghysyp qaluy mýmkin. Ondayda bir jaghyna shyqpay, әr eki jaghyna keshirimmen qaraysyndar!» dedi.

Orys elshisi qaghaz alyp toqtam jazdy. Qaghazgha eki jaghy qol qoydy. Abylay han, Jәnibek batyr qol qoyyp, mór basty».

Ángimeni ary qaray jalghaghan Qyzmet Serikbaev endigi jerde Núrjaqyp aqsaqaldyng әngimesi arqyly 1916 jyly patsha ýkimeti qazaqtan soldat alatyn bolyp, jarlyq jariyalaghanda el aqsaqaldarynyng sol bayaghy oryspen bolghan kelisim-shart qaghazdy zorgha tauyp, aq patshanyng әskerine qazaqtan adam alman bermegenin jazady.

Demek, Abylaydyng jonghardan bosaghan jerdi iyelenu barysynda Jәnibek syndy batyrlary arqyly jýrgizgen óris-qonys alu sayasatynyng da asa qiyn jaghdayda, qandy qaqtyghystarmen iske asqanyn bayqaugha bolady.

Abylaydyng 1781 jyly, Jәnibekting 1792 jyly qaytys bolghanyn eske alsaq, Jәnibek batyr óle-ólgenshe qazaq mýddesi ýshin qan keship, Abylaydyng amanatyn oryndaumen boldy. Aqyr ayaghynda sol jenisti sheruining nәtiyjesinde býginderi eki milliongha juyq qazaq úrpaghynyng ejelgi mekenge bauyr basuyna negiz qalady. Býginderi Shynjanda jәne Mongholiya jerinde otyrghan qazaqtar ózderin jonghardan bosaghan ejelgi jerimizde otyrmyz dep qaraydy. 

Jәdy ShÁKENÚLY,

Jazushy,

Qazaqstan jazushylar odaghynyn,

Euraziya jazushylar odaghynyng mýshesi

Abai.kz