(Jalghasy. Basy myna siltemelerde:

http://abai.kz/post/view?id=3654

http://abai.kz/post/view?id=3663

http://abai.kz/post/view?id=3689)  

Islam tarihynda dindi úghynudyn, qabyldaudyng erekshe formasy retinde payda bolghan “sopylyq aghym” resmy dindegi (kalam men fiyqh) shekten shyqqan transsendentalidylyqqa qarsy kýreskeni siyaqty Iasauy ilimi de týrkilik dýniyetanymnyng negizgi kategoriyasy bolyp tabylatyn uniyversalizmge say, Tәnirdi bir jazalaushy tylsym kýsh retinde emes, Tәnirdi jәne onyng ýkimderin sýng arqyly, “ghashyqtyq-mahabbatpen” qúrmetteudi, sonymen qatar Allagha mahabbatpen qauyshu-úlasu әdisin qalyptastyrdy. Mahabbat adamdaghy jauapkershilik sezimdi, iman, janpidalyq, t.s.s. asyl qúndylyqtardy qalyptastyryp jandandyrady. Adam hikmet kómegimen ghana mәndi-maghynaly ómir, “adamsha tirshilik etu ónerin” mengere alady. Sonymen Hikmet úghymynyng mәni, “qúndylyqtardyng tanyluy”, “shyndyqqa jetu ilimi”, “Tәnirining mahabbatpen tanyluy” degenge sayady. Kezinde týrki mәdeniyeti, foliklory, senimi, tili, әdebiyeti, anyz-әfsanasy men әdet-ghúryptaryna baylanysty reseylik missionerler tarapynan tereng etnografiyalyq zertteu júmystary jýrgizilgendigi barshagha ayan. Osy atqarylghan júmystardyng nәtiyjesinde «birikken materialdar» Kenes basshylyghy nemese kommunistik jýie tarapynan bizge qarsy assimilyasiya, dinsizdendiru jәne barlyq ruhany qúndylyqtarymyzdan alastatu әreketinde ýlken ról oinaghandyghy da belgili. Qoja Ahmet Yasauiyding sopylyq dәstýri Týrkistanda, yaghny Ózbekstan, Qyrghyzstan, Qazaqstan, Týrkimenstanda keng tamyr jayghan jәne auyr qysym, barlyq qarsy shabuyldargha qaramastan kommunistik rejimde de ómir sýruin toqtatpaghan. Kommunistik rejimning iydeolog-kenesshileri búl mәdeniyetti, әdet-ghúrypty ateizmning aldynda túrghan qauipti kýsh retinde tanyp jәne osy kýshti “ghylymy túrghydan” qayta týsindirip kommunistik iydeologiyanyng mýddesine qoldanudy maqsat etken, sonday-aq ony ózderining ateistik ýgit-nasihat әdisterinde qoldanghandyghy da mәlim. Kenes iydeologtarynyng jalpy islam dinin Batystyng terezesinen kórip, baghalaghandyghy belgili. Mysaly, islam turaly kirispe jasaghan kezde hristian dini túrghysynan qarastyrady. “Orta ghasyrdaghy Shyghys panteizmi Batystaghyday naturalistik jәne mistikalyq baghytpen damyghan edi” dep sóz bastaghannan keyin, Yasauy mәdeniyetin “Batys qalybyna” qaray ólshep, pishken. Kenes iydeologtary materialistik kózqaraspen ýsh qaynasa sorpasy qosylmaytyn Ibn Sina (980-1037), Faraby (870-950) sekildi úly oishyldardy da qasaqana dinge qarsy jәne “tabighat qúbylystary men adamdy jýieli týrde qarastyratyn naturaliys-panteist ortaghasyrdyng erkin oishyldary” retinde tanystyrghan. Ghylymy ateizm mamandary sopylyqtaghy Muhabbatullah (Allagha ghashyqtyq) termiyni jәne “ghashyqtyq – Allany tanudyng (maghrifatullah) dәl ózi” degen kózqarasty negizge alyp, dәstýrli islam kózqarasyna búnyng qarama-qayshy ekendigin «dәledep», islam dinining sýiispenshilik dini emes, qorqynysh dini retinde tanytyp baqqan. Búlar “Allagha ghashyqtyq arqyly jaqyndaytyn “panteistik kózqaras” adamdy Tәnirge ainaldyru iydeyasyn ózimen birge ala kelgeni ýshin qanaushy, biyliktegi toptyng iydeologiyasyna ainalghan islam dinining bedelin týsiretin qarsy kózqaras bolghan” sekildi nәtiyjege qol jetkizuge tyrysqan.

Mine, marksistik týsindiru boyynsha, Yasauy mәdeniyetinde biylikke oppozisiyalyq әreket pen sopylyqtyng barlyq negizderi men ústanymdary (prinsipteri) bar. Mysaly, Yasauiyding ishindegi eng basty qazyna-faqr, yaghny kedeylik. Faqr maqamy “baylyqqa ” qarsy, biylikke qarsy oppozisiyalyq forma alyp otyr. Demek, marksisterding týsindirui boyynsha, «Yasauy biyleushi tap emes, ezilgenderding jarshysy, ústazy. Ol, hikmetterinde diniy-mistikalyq, absoluttik moralidyq qúndylyqtardy, әdilet, tendikti, jaqsylyqty uaghyzdap, Qarahan memleketi men jogharghy biyleushi taptyng zúlymdyqtaryna qarsy shyqty, minep, synady. Osy siyaqty týsinikteri mistikalyq formada bolsa da progressivtik maghynada ilgeri túr. Óitkeni, búl iydeya, tobyrdyng erkimen qalauy, arman tilegin bildiredi. Sonday-aq, “Qúran men Sunna boyynsha әiel men erkek teng emes, әiel erkekten tómengi dәrejede túr. Áyel ýiding kýni, qoghamdaghy isterdi óz aldyna sheshe almaydy, bóten adamdardyng aldynda jýzin ashyp jýre almaydy. Yasauy mәdeniyetinde tariqattaghy zikirge әielder qatysa alady». Osynday mәlimetter men dәlelder Yasauy mәdeniyetindegi әsirese әielderge qatysty mәselede islamda jat ekendigin kórsetedi.

Týiindey týssek, Yasauy mәdeniyeti islam dinining ishki (batini) mәni, ruhany psihotehnikalyq etikalyq kemeldenuding ózindik әdistemelik qaghidasy men erejeleri qalyptasqan dәstýrli týrki sopylyq ilimning qazaq týsinigindegi, diny tanymyndaghy kórinisi. Osy mәdeniyet keshegi jetpis jyldyq qyzyl imperiyanyng temir qúrsauly qyspaghynan qútylyp, ghylymy ateizmning kózdegen «sintezi» men kóriginen erimey aman saqtaldy. Qazaq óz bolmysynan alystamay últtyghy men dәstýrli tarihy sabaqtastyghynan qol ýzip qalmayynsha, Yasauy múrasy men mәdeniyeti tirshiligin jalghastyra beredi. Yasauy taghylymy men múrasy jýrekting týkpirinde jatqan tereng (deruni) substansionaldyq Allagha degen ghashyqtyq. Keshegi kommunistik rejim tarihtaghy kalam men sufizmning «ulama men sufiylerdin» qaqtyghystary men týsinispeushilikterin zerdelep, óte nәzik ústalyqpen óz mýddelerine paydalana bildi. Jalpy oriyentalistika, shyghysty andyp, syrttay baqylap óte arzan әri onay olja qylyp kelgen. Búl mәsele tarihtan belgili. Múnday әreket býgin de basqa formada jalghasyn tabuda. Sondyqtan eger biz ótkenimizden taghylym, tarihtan sabaq aludy ýirengendey bolsaq, onda, «Siz, biz degen halayyqtan qashtym men» dep, eskertip ketken Qoja Ahmet Yasauy babamyzdyng amanat-ósiyetin jadymyzda saqtap, «mening jolym haq, sening jolyng shataq» dep, eki jikke bólinbey ózara kenpeyildilikpen, diny tózimdilikpen (toleranttylyq) ózimizding birtútas qazaqy mәdeniyetimizdi zerdeleude, zertteude óte múqiyat әri oyau boludy sezingenimiz abzal.

Qazirgi tanda qoghamymyzda әruaq, әuliye, sopylyq, zikir arqyly qalyptasqan qazaq músylmandyghy islamgha jat dýniyetanymdaghy jeke aghym retinde kórsetu beleng alyp barady. Qazaqtyng dәstýrli diny týsinigin synap, onyng negizgi ústanymdary men iydeyalaryn joqqa shygharu әreketi Qúran men hadis shenberinde jýrip jatyr. Yaghni, diny tanymdaghy әrbir úghym, kategoriya, simvoldar men túghyrlardyng Qúranda oryn alghandyghy nemese almaghandyghy negizgi ólshemge ainaldy. Búl jerde tek salafiyler ghana emes, islamdaghy barlyq aghymdar ózderining negizgi ólshemi retinde Qúrandy tanidy. Qazaq músylmandyq týsinigining negizinde Iasauy ilimi jatyr. Sonymen «Mening hikmetterim Qúran mәni» – degen Iasauy ilimi, mәdeniyeti jәne jolyna degen tarihy sanagha qúrmetting ornyna ony qaralau, joqqa shygharu beleng alyp otyr. Qazaq músylmandyghy da Iasauy mәdeniyeti arqyly Qúrangha negizdelgen. Ókinishke oray, býgin ony maqsatty týrde basqasha týsindirip, tanytugha tyrysushylyq tendensiyasy basym. Mine, osy betperde, osy qalyp, búqaralyq aqparat qúraldarynda jii tilge tiyek etiletin boldy. Tarihy qúndylyq kózine ainalghan, dәstýrli músylmandyq týsinigimizding ainasy bolghan Iasauy múrasyn aksiologiyalyq qabyldau ayasynan shygharugha úmtylatyn kýshter nemese toptardyng belsendiligi kózge týsedi. Búghan qoghamdaghy din mәselesi, diny tanym men ghylymy tanym arasyndaghy ýilesimdilik pen tepe-tendikting bolmauy sebep bolsa, ekinshi jaqtaghy, yaghni, býgingi qazaq músylman ókilderining ózderin qoghamgha tiyisti dәrejede týsindire almauy jәne olardyng Iasauy mәdeniyetin jetik mengermeui de osy qúbylystyng basty komponenti der edik. Búqaralyq aqparat qúraldarynyng din men sayasat araqatynasyna nemqúrayly qarauy jәne dindi sayasy toptardyng qúralyna ainaldyruy da negizgi faktor. Álemdik jaHandyq qúbylyspen birge kele jatqan islamofobiya, terrorlyq әreketting dinge, islamgha negizdeluine kózjúmushylyq, týsine almaushylyq siyaqty psihologiyalyq kedergilerding barlyghy jalpy alghanda diny tanymgha tirelip otyr. Qoghamymyzda syrtqy jәne ishki toptardyng әreketi arqyly tarihy sabaqtastyqqa, sanagha qarsy júmys jýrgizip, ótken tarihymyz ben din tәjiriybemiz turaly teris pighyl tudyryp jatyr. Osy dert yaghni, islamofobiya býgin Qazaqstangha audy. Mysaly jasandy jәne maqsatty sufizmofobiya qúbylysy shyn mәninde islamdy órkeniyet, dýniyetanym jәne filosofiyalyq dәstýri bar din retinde qabyldaghysy kelmeytinderding әreketi. Sopylyqqa, zikirge, әulie týsinigine qarsy shyghu degen Iasauigha, býkil tarihymyzgha, mәdeniyetimizge, sayyp kelgende, qazaq halqynyng tarihyna qarsy shyghu bolyp tabylady. Óitkeni, Iasauiyden bastap Asan Qayghy, MәshHýr Jýsipke deyingi qazaq danalary sopylyq mәdeniyet negizinde oy tolghady. Búl – qazaqtyng dәstýrli músylmandyq týsinigining ainasy – sopylyq filosofiya degen sóz.

Býgin salafiylik baghyttaghy yaghny dәstýrli hanafy mazhabyn moyyndamaytyn jahandyq sayasattyng qúralyna ainalghan býgingi vahabiylik jolyndaghy miisionerler qazaq músylmandyq týsinigine onyng tarih boyy jinaqtalghan, bolmysqa ainalghan, týsinik tanymyn joqqa shygharyp baghuda. Búl degeniniz zardaby keshegi kommunistik iydeologiya jýrgizgen últsyzdandyru sayasatynan da asyp týsetin qasiret. Búlar qazaqty býgin ghana músylmandyqty qabyldaghan el siyaqty kórsetip, ózderin taza islam atynan, key jerlerde Allanyng atynan sóilep halyqty qalypty diny senimi men tanymynan bezdiruge júmys jýrgizip jatyr. Demek olar qazaqtyng san ghasyrlyq tarihy men diny tәjiriybesin joqqa shygharudy maqsat etken. Búl naghyz revolusiyalyq tendensiya. Al islamnyng ruhynda revolsiya emes, evolusiya ghana bar ekendigin salafiyler sezinbeydi de. Tek ózderining tanymyn ghana tyqpalay beredi. Erkin súhbatqa emes, psihologiyalyq qysymgha negizdelgen ruhany ekspansiyasyn jýrgizip otyr. Olardyng oiynsha qazaqtyng músylmandyq týsinigi pútqatabynushylyq eken. Demek ózderin joghary sanap bizding tanym týsinigimizge mensinbeushilik pen syilamaushylyqtaryn ashyq aitugha batyly jetip jýr. Búdan salafiylerding biylikpen, diny basqarmamen, BAQ tyghyz baylanysy bar deuge tolyq negiz bar. Birinshi syn, ghibadattyng formasy men mәnine baylanysty yaghni, ghibadattyng formasyn anyqtaytyn da, ghibadat etiletin de tek Bir Alla ghana. Búghan dau joq.

Ras, islam negizi boyynsha adamzat jәne basqa barlyq jәndikter Allany úlylau, oghan tabynu ýshin jaratyldy. Ár dinde Allagha tabynu formasy әr týrli. Islamda tabynu formasyn uaqytyn ritualdyq negiz retinde anyqtaghan Hz.Múhammed payghambar bolatyn. Qazaqtar búl ghibadat fenomeni shenberining syrtyna shyqqan emes. Ghibadattyng formasy men uaqytyn sol kýiinde qabyldaydy, sharighatty negizge alady. “Alladan basqa tabynar eshtene joq” (La maghbuda illa Alla) dep zikir saldy. Ghibadattyng mәni men manyzyn, maqsaty men negizgi iydeyasyn tereng týsinedi. Olardyng ruhany jattyghulary ghibadatqa barar joldaghy ruhty әr týrli kedergiler men alandaushylyqtan aryltudyng metody ghana. Árbir zikir, sama, jýrekti shynayy ghibadat etuge dayyndap, Alla men adam arasyndaghy baylanys tiregin kýsheytuding qúraly, әdistemelik jýiesining túghyrlary.

Ekinshi syn: sopylyq payghambardyng sýnnetine, formasyna, sharighatqa sәikestigi nemese qayshylyghy: mysaly: zikir salu (Alla, Alla, hu, hu) ólen, raks, sama, shan, rubab – búlardy kýnaHarlyq dep qaraydy. Búlar biydghat, yaghni, dinge keyinnen engen janashyldyq. Endi Allany eske alu, zikir, pikir etu mәselesine keleyik. Zikir, zikir salu Qúranda bar. Hadiste bar. Zikir turaly ayat kóp: Qúrannyng jeti atynyng biri – zikir. “… Azyqtyng eng abzaly – zikir. Qajylyqta da meni eske alyndar”. “Atalarynyzdy eske alghanday meni eske alyndar”, “Qauipten qútylghanynyzda sizge bilmegenderinizdi ýiretken Allany eske alyndar”, Jer men Kókting jaratyluy, kýn men týnning auysyp kelui turaly otyrsa da, jýrse de, jatsa da Allany eske alghandar, kók pen jerding jaratylysyn tereng oilaghandar. “Ey, Jaratushymyz, sen búlardy mәnsiz maqsatsyz jaratpadyn. Sen úlysyn. Bizdi tozaqtyng azabynan saqta degen kónil iyeleri ýshin aighaqtar bar”. “Sen Jaratushyna, ishinnen, qarapayym kishipeyildilikpen, qauiptenip, óte nәzik dauystap, tanerten, keshke Allany zikir et! ” Demek zikir, Allany eske alu Allanyng búiryghy. Sharighatta bar degen sóz. Al endi islam tarihynda bi, muzyka haram deushiler bolghan. Býgin olardyng syndary men minderi qúnsyzdanghan.

Sebebi býgin din ghylym retinde ótkenge qaraghanda әldeqayda damydy. Ekzistensiya filosofiyasy, din fenomenologiyasy men psihologiyasy әr qúbylysynyng tanymy, ústanym men múratyn anyqtay alatyn satygha kóterildi. Áriyne, diny tanym tabighaty jaghynan kýrdeli әri uaqyt pen kenistik, dýniyetanymdyq mәdeny kópqabattylyqty da óz ishinde qamtidy. Sondyqtan islam eshqashan muzykany jatsynbaghan. Islamda muzyka ómirding ózi. Jaratylys sol muzykadan bastalghan. Islamda, әlemde muzykanyn, teoriyalyq jәne filosofiyalyq teoriyalaryn qamtityn zertteulerdi Ábu Nasyr әl-Faraby atamyz jasaghany belgili, búl biz ýshin ýlken maqtanysh. Iasauiyding muzykalyq tújyrymy tikeley әl-Farabiyding saz filosofiyasyna negizdelgen. Raks – ritualdyq bi, sama diny әuen tyndau – Allany eske aludyn, ruhany shabyt shaqyrudyng әdisteri ghana. Al әdis eshqashan múrat bolmaghan. Kelesi bir synda, sufy sózi islamgha grekting “sofiya” (danalyq) sózinen engen deydi. Sopylyq әr týrli aghymdar men filosofiyalyq mektepterding iydeyalarynyng qosyndysy. Osylardy islammen aralastyryp, ózderin músylmanmyn dep kórsetedi. Grek panteizmi sopylyq doktrinalardyng negizi, neoplatondyq ilimi osy sopylyqqa enip, tәrjime arqyly qabyldandy. Maniyheylik pen sufizm Irannyng negizgi tanymy. Vedanta ilimi de sopylyqta bar. Islamda alghashqy ýsh ghasyrda “sufiy” sózi, úghymy bolghan emes. Islamgha keyinnen engen filosofiya jәne basqa dinderdegi ruhany kemeldik, qúdaylyq núr, qúdaylyq tanym – maghrifat, Allamen ruh arqyly qosylu barlyghy biydghat. Búl iydeyalar sabiiyn, qaysaniyler, karamitter men batiniyler arasynda keng tarady. Sufy iydeologiyasynda Qúrannyng syrtqy jәne ishki mәni bar (Zahiyr, Batiyn). Búl shialar men batiniylikten engen. Olargha jalqaulyq, enjarlyq, qayyrshylyq tәn. Keremetteri de biydghat, siqyr. Olar Alla jolynda jihadtan qashady.

Shyndyghyna kelsek, sufy úghymy payghambarymyz dәuiri kezinde jәne odan búryn da bolghan. Al osy úghymnyng ishki mәnin toltyrghan islam boldy. Sufiylik Qúranmen kóktep, damydy, tamyryn Qúrannan aldy. Búghan talas bolmau kerek. Óitkeni, sopylyqtyng alghashqy kezeni zuhd turaly jogharyda jetkilikti dәrejede toqtalyp óttik. Árbir mәdeniyet bir jaghynan ózining qasiyetti kitabymen tikeley baylanysty. Batys mәdeniyetining negizinde Injil bolghany siyaqty islam mәdeniyetining negizinde Qúran bar. Islam filosofiyasy, mәdeniyeti men órkeniyetining eng manyzdy qyry bolyp tabylatyn sopylyqtyng negizgi irgetasy – Qúran. Sopylyqty tarihy prosess ishinde saralasaq, ishinara basqa mәdeniyet, dýniyetanymdarmen baylanysta bolghan. Biraq, sopylyq jolyndaghylar ýshin eng bastysy әri manyzdysy Qúran Kәrimning búiryghy, kórsetken joly men úsynystary. Sondyqtan Qúran músylmandar ýshin mәni men manyzy, orny men roli birinshi orynda túratyn Allanyng kalamy, sózi (logos). Sopylyqtaghy Qúrannyng әseri de ózge islam ghylymdary siyaqty eng basty jәne eng manyzdy faktor bolyp qala beredi.

         Jalpy sopylyqqa syn aitushy salafiyler keshegi kommunistik iydeologiyanyng jelisinde onyng islamgha ýilespeytin qyrlary kóp deydi:

Qazaq músylmandyq týsiniginde Alla mәni jaghynan bar jerde, al salafiyler búl týsinikti Qúrangha sәikes emes dep tanidy. Búl syngha Qúran ayattarymen jauap berer bolsaq: “Kókte de, jerde de – Tәnir – Alla”. 43/84. Búdan basqa Allanyng al-Ahiyr, al-Zahiyr, al-Auual, an-Batin jәne t.b. esimderi bar. Osyghan qarap-aq jogharydaghy synnyng negizsiz ekendigin kóruge bolady.

Qazaq músylmandyq týsiniginde Alla búl әlemdi Múhammed ýshin jaratty. Al salafiyler bolsa, búl týsinikti de Qúrangha sәikes kelmeydi dep tanidy. Oghan jauap terinde aitarymyz Allanyng ózi Hz.Múhammedti adamzattyng tәji dese, әlemdi Alla adam ýshin jaratsa, adamzat ýshin rahmet retinde jiberilgen Múhammed payghambar bolsa, búl sózding Qúrannyng mәnine sәikes kelmeytin eshtenesi joq. Alla, búl dýnie de, o dýnie de maghan tәn (al-Layl, 13). (Zariat, 56) – Men jyndardy, adamdardy maghan qúlshylyq etsin dep jarattym. Salafiyler Qazaq músylmandyq týsinigindegi әuliyelerge qúrmet, molalardy qasterleui, ólikke eskertkish ornatuy, zikir jasauy, túmar taghu – olardyng islamgha әkelgen biydghattary dep qaraydy. Iasauy ilimi eng ýlken shirk, yaghni, kópqúdaylyq negizdegi islamgha jat, tauhidten alys diny tanym dep tanidy. Búlar salafiyler men uahhabiylerding ózgermeytin tanymynan qaghidashyl ústanymynan tuyndaghan syndar.

Ámirghazin S.T. f.,gh.,kand., professor

GhZTO jetekshi mamany

(Jalghasy bar)

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