Jazushy, tarihshy, kósemsózshi Beybit Qoyshybaevtyng "Qazaq memleketi tarihyna kózqaras" atty enbegin jalghastyryp berip otyrmyz. Basy myna siltemelerde: http://abai.kz/post/view?id=4553;  http://abai.kz/post/view?id=4554;  http://abai.kz/post/view?id=4579; http://abai.kz/post/view?id=4589; http://abai.kz/post/view?id=5256   

Eldegi ishki jaghdaydy birshama rettep alghannan keyin, Tәuke han jongharlar ústap әketken úlyn bosatyp alugha әrekettendi. Dalay-Lama onyng tilegine qúlaq asyp, balasyn Tiybetten eline qaytarghan. Qasyna bes jýz adam ilestirildi. Tәuke han olardy óz dinderin uaghyzdau maqsatymen jiberilgen buddashylar retinde tútqyndap, qoshemetshilerdi basqaryp kele jatqan noyondy ólimge búiyrghan. Osy jәitti jongharlar keyin qazaq handyghyna taghy da bir joyqyn shapqynshylyq jasau ýshin syltau etti... 

Galdan Boshoktu hannyng kózi tirisinde is jýzinde kóterilispen biylikke kelgen Senge úly Sevan Rabdan búl kezde Jonghariyanyng resmy әmirshisine ainalghan. Sodan 26 jyl ilgeride ony taq ýmitkeri retinde qughyndaghan aghasy Galdan, әkesining tughan inisi  Galdan, qansha Shapaghatty (Boshoqtú) atansa da, Mongholiyany Shynghys han sekildi biriktire almady. Onyng halha jerindegi jenilisinen keyin  Sin imperiyasy shyghys Mongholiyany mýldem jútyp qoydy. Búdan bylay halhanyng taypalyq әkimshilik birlikteri manchjurlar ókimetinen talap týsisimen Úly dala jýiesindegidey tәrtippen, әr on otbasynan bir jauyngerdi kýlli jaraghymen siyn-qytay әskeri qataryna jiberip, barlyq shyghynyn kóteretin boldy. Al tәuelsiz oirattar jerden, adamnan, materialdyq iygilikten airylyp, qatty zardap shekti. Osynday jaghdayda Sevan Rabdan qontayshynyng aldyna auyr mindet tartylghan – oghan handyqty qayta janghyrtyp, nyghaytu kerek edi.

Sin imperiyasymen soghys kezinde Shyghys Týrkistan men Jetisu Jonghariyagha auylsharuashylyq, qolóner ónimderin jiberip túru jónindegi kelisimshartpen kózdelgen mindetterin búzghan, sondyqtan oirattardyng jana әmirshisine búl aimaqtardaghy sayasy ýstemdigin qayta qalpyna keltiru qajettigi tudy. Sol sebepti,  memleketindegi ishki jaghdaydy retke keltirisimen,  qontayshy 1698 jyly Shyghys Týrkistangha qayta basyp kirdi. Bir jyl ishinde Qashqar, Jarkent sekildi manyzdy sayasy ortalyqtardy baghyndyryp, ólkeni ekinshi mәrte jaulap aldy.  Sosyn Emil ózenindegi ordasyn jana oryngha – Ile ózenine, Qúlja qalasy aimaghyna auystyrdy. Eski ordany Soltýstik-Shyghys Jonghariyany basqaratyn nemere aghasyna qaldyrdy. Handyqtyng quaty birtindep arta týsti. (1700 jyly qytay bodandyghyn qabyldaghysy kelmegen eki tayshymen on myng hoshouyt Jonghariyagha keldi. 1701 jyly Edil boyynan qazaq dalasyn kesip ótetin Ýlken qalmaq jolymen Ayke hannyng úldarynyng biri, әkesimen úrsysyp qalghandyqtan, óz úlysyn – 15–20 myng shanyraqty, yaghny 60 myng jandy – kóshirip әkeldi. Sevan Rabdan úlysty oirat ónirinde qaldyryp, úlyn keshirim bergen әkesine qaytarghan). Sondyqtan qontayshy Shyghys Týrkistangha jasaghan basqynshylyq joryghyn sol jyly-aq qazaq handyghyna qaray úlastyrdy.

Tәuke han qosyndary jaqsy qarulanghan dúshpannyng jan-jaqtan lek-legimen antalap úmtylghan kýshterin toqtata almady. Janqiyarlyqpen  soghysty, biraq әbden qaljyrady.  Shapqynshylyq soghystar ýdey kele,  qazaqtar birtindep Jetisudaghy, Tarbaghataydaghy, Ertis boyyndaghy jayylymdarynan airyldy.  Al Jonghar әmirshisi ózining Qazaq handyghyna qarsy soghys ashqany mәjbýrlikten bolghanyn aityp, ýlken kórshileri (Qytay, Resey) aldynda aqtalyp jatty:   soghystyng bastaluyna «Dalay-lamanyng ókilderin óltirgen», «Edilden  Jonghariyagha sapar shekken Aike hannyng qyzyn (Sevan Rabdan qontayshynyng qalyndyghyn) tonaghan», «Reseyden oralyp kele jatqan jonghar saudagerlerining keruenin talan-tarajgha týsirgen» «satqyn» Tәuke han aiypty dep, sin imperatory men orys patshasyna elshilikter jiberdi. Mәskeuge adaldyghyn shegelep kórsetti, adaldyghyna dәlel retinde qazaq tútqynynan bosatylghan orystardy eline qaytarghandyghyn habarlady. Áriyne múnysy jәy ghana aldausyratu edi, múnday iri әskery joryqtar jongharlar tarapynan qazaq eline dýrkin-dýrkin jasaldy. Al eldegi kýizelisti kýsheyte týsken úsaq qaqtyghystarda esep joq-tyn.

Qazaq elining teristigin de tynysh deuge kelmeytin edi. Búl kezde Edildegi Qalmaq handyghynyng kýsh-quaty artyp, shyrqau biyikke kóterilgen. Taqta handyq mәrtebeni Tiybettegi Dalay-lamadan alghan Ayke otyrghan. Ol elindegi jekelegen biyleushilerding derbestenushilik pighyldary men әreketterin jenip,  Reseyge jartylay tәueldi memleket qúryp aldy.  Qalmaq handyghynyng basty mindeti orys memleketining ontýstik shekarasyn kóshpendilerden, sonyng ishinde qazaqtardan qorghau bolatyn. 1697 jyly I Petr patsha Angke hangha Reseydin shyghysyn kýzetudi resmy týrde mindettedi. Qalmaqtar Reseyding  kóptegen basqynshylyq joryqtaryna belsene qatysty. I Petrding qoldauy arqasynda zamanauy qarularmen jabdyqtalghan qalmaqtyng jauynger jasaqtary orys armiyasymen birlese soghysyp, qazaqtardyng aralas-qúralas tuysy noghaylardy tas-talqan etti, atamekeninen qudy. Bashqúrttardy da tuyp-ósken ejelgi jer-suynan yghystyrugha tyrysty, Kavkaz elderine de shabuyldar jasady, Reseyding ózge soghystaryna da atsalysty. Árәdik qazaq eline de shabuyl jasap túrdy. Qazaqtar  qalmaq iyelengen mal jayylymdaryna shyghugha tyrysatyn, sonday sebeptermen osynau qos kóshpendi kórshi el arasynda qaqtyghystar men kezek shabuyldar da jiyi-jii oryn alyp túrdy. Ár sonday oqigha bir-birinen mal barymtalap, tútqyndar alugha, shayqastar saldarynan halyqty qyryp-joygha úlasatyn. Qysqasy, soltýstik-batys jaq mazasyz edi.

Qauipti mazasyzdyqty Edil qalmaqtarynyng alys Jonghar handyghynan әldeqayda jaqyn jerdegi, jelkesindegi qojasy bolyp otyrghan orys memleketi astyrtyn ýdetip kele jatqan. Kóshim handyghyn joygha jol salyp bergeli kazachestvo qanatyn jaya týsken. Ertisting boyyna, Tobyl ózenining saghasyna taman, Sibir handyghy astanasynyng ornyna 1587 jyly salynghan Tobolisk qalasy Jayyq ózeni men Tynyq múhiytqa deyin sozylghan Sibir guberniyasynyng ortalyghyna ainalghan. Tәuke han ony orys memleketining Ibir-Sibirdegi basty әskeri, sayasi, әkimshilik jәne shirkeulik-diny kindik qalasy dep biletin, key elshilikterin sonda jiberetin. (Patshalyqtyng shekarasyn keneytip, kóshpendiler ishine batyl súghynyp qana qoymay, qorghana da alu ýshin jәne jana jerge tistese bekuin nyghayta týsu ýshin Petr patsha Ertis boyyn týgel iygeruge kirisken. 1716 jyly Ertiske Om ózeni qúyatyn jerde Omby, Ertis boyyna 1718 jyly Semey, 1720 jyly Ertis pen Ýlbi ózenderining qúiylysyna Óskemen qamaldaryn saldyrdy). Jalpy, Tәuke han I Petr basqarghan orys memleketimen jýrgizgen sayasatynda  eki jaqty baylanystargha, negizinen sauda jәne shekaralyq isterge kónil bóldi.  Orys patshalyghynyng Shyghys elderine baratyn sauda joldarynyng bir tarmaghy qazaq eli arqyly ótetindikten, qajet kelissózder jýrgizildi. Sauda keruenderining qauipsizdigine kepildik beru, tauarlargha salynatyn baj salyghynyng kólemi men mólsherin belgileu, sonday-aq eki el  shekarasy aimaghyndaghy túrghyndar arasynda úshyrasyp qalatyn әrtýrli dau-damaylar, irili-úsaqty janjaldar men qaqtyghystar ózara elshilikter almasu arqyly sheshimin tauyp túrdy. Tarihshylar Tәuke hannyng elshileri Resey memleketi men Qazaq handyghy arasyndaghy baylanystardy damytugha belsendi týrde atsalysty dep qorytady. 17-shi ghasyrdyng sonynda Tәuke han orys patshalyghymen teng dәrejeli dengeyde qarym-qatynas jasady dep sanaydy. Eger әldebir sebeptermen qazaq elshiligi Reseyde ústalsa nemese olardyng júmysyna qanday da bir bóget jasalsa, Qazaq handyghy aumaghyndaghy orys elshilerine de dәl sonday kózqaras kórsetilgen. Birde, shekaralyq kiykiljinderge baylanysty, Tәuke hannyng elshileri Reseyde tútqyngha alyndy. Sonda Tәuke han I Petrge hatynda: «Úrylar ýshin elshini qamaugha alu degendi Adam atadan beri osy uaqytqa deyin eshbir qúlaq estip, kóz kórmegen edi», – degen sózdermen renish bildirgen. Tәuelsiz qazaq handyghy әmirshisining orys patshasyna teng dәrejede kórsetken tabandylyghy arqasynda qazaq elshileri bosatylyp, mәsele beybit jolmen  sheshildi. Tәuke han Resey memleketimen ghana emes, ózge de kórshi eldermen, әsirese Búharany biylep otyrghan ashtarhandyq әuletpen jýrgizgen qarym-qatynastarynda eki aradaghy dauly mәselelerdi beybit týrde sheshuge jәne sol eldermen beybit baylanystaryn damytugha zor mәn berip, kýsh salyp kele jatqan.

Múnday beybit qarym-qatynasty Jonghar handyghymen jasau mýmkin bolmay qaldy.  Óitkeni Sevan Rabdan qontayshynyng maqsaty ózining «Ómirding berik te myqty biyleushisi, qojayyny» sipatty maghyna bildiretin esimine say, qazaq elining úlan-ghayyr aumaghyn ózine baghyndyryp alu, sóitip, oirat konfederasiyasynyng shetki bir púshpaghyna – Edil boyyndaghy qalmaq handyghynyng shekarasyna shyghu jolymen Shynghys han tәrizdi zor imperiya qúru edi. Tәuke han oirattardyng bir kezderi qazaqqa jaqyn halyq bolghanyn jaqsy biletin. Qazaqtyng key ruy óz atasyn oirattan bastaytyn, júrttyn  edәuir bóligining etnikalyq týri de sol ejelgi dúshpanyna qatty úqsaytyn. Eki etnosty da kóshpendiler órkeniyeti biriktiretin, ómir salty úqsas, tilderi de sonshalyqty alshaq emes, beybit jyldarda qara da, aqsýiek te qyz alysyp, qyz berisip jatatyn. Tәukening ózi de oiratqa jiyen edi, onyng anasy oirattyng hoshouyt taypasynyng әmirshisi Kýndelen tayshynyng qyzy bolatyn. Alayda sonday tuystyq tamyrlargha qaramastan, jaulasa kelgen oiratpen endi qazaqtyng birigui mýmkin bolmay qalghan. Sebebi, jer-sugha talasu óz aldyna,  olardy din bólip túrghan. Kezinde Galdan Boshoktu músylman qazaqqa óz ilanymyn – budda dinin shart qoyyp tanghysy kelse, Sevan Rabdan mәseleni birden soghysyp sheshuge úmtyldy. Onyng әskerleri qazaq sarbazdarynyng qorghanys maqsatynda jankeshtilikpen jýrgizgen kýresterin enserip, Jetisudyng bir bóligin basyp aldy, aldynghy sheptegi qosyndary Sarysu ózenine jetti.

Osynday sayasy ahual Tәuke handy qatty oilandyrdy. Ol elding birligi men tynyshtyghyn oilap edәuir reforma jýrizgen. Ýsh jýzding tynys-tirshiligin әigili biyler men belgili rubasy, aqsaqaldar, ózining bas adamdardan taghayyndaghan ókilderi jәne barsha júrt moyyndaghan, ómirde basshylyqqa alghan «Jeti jarghy»  arqyly rettep otyrghan. Alayda jaghday kýrdeli kýige týsken edi. Úlan-ghayyr Dala tósin mekendeytin halqyn, beybit ómirden qol ýzip, soghys jaghdayynda kýizelip jatqan elin qorghau, ainalasyndaghy qater tóndire qorshaghan jaugha qarsy túrudy úiymdastyru isin Týrkistandaghy ordasynan basqaru qiyn bolyp bara jatqan. Qart Tәuke, dana Tәuke, júrty әspettegen Áz Tәuke jalpaq eldi basqaru mәselesine uaqyt talabyna say jana reforma jasau qajettigin zayyr týsingen...

(Jalghasy bar)

Beybit Qoyshybaev,

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