Áskery demokratiyalyq qogham ornatqan attylardyng býgingi mәdeniyetinde әskeriy-taktikalyq oilau sipaty men onyng ýlgisi qanshalyqty jәne qanday kóriniste saqtalghan degen súraqqa jauap izdeu manyzdy. Búl jauapty izdestiru barysynda biz attylar qoghamyna (kóshpendiler) tiyesili zerdelik oiyndardy zerdeleu barysynda qyzyq jayttargha tap bolghanymyzdy osy bayandama ayasynda jariya etpekpiz.

Zerdelik oiyndardy zertteushiler shahmatty – ýndige, gony – qytaygha, nardty – parsygha, doybyny – grekke, al manghalatektes oiyndardy afrikalyq-túrandyq ortagha teliydi. Sóitedi de búlardy osy ortalardaghy qalyptasqan oilau jýiesining sipaty men ýlgisi retinde qarastyrugha bolatyndyghyn aitady.  Al, ukrainalyq dene tәrbie pәnining múghalimi Evgeniy Kadnikovtyng zertteuine [1] qaraghanda, qighashjýristi doybynyng shyghuy saqtargha tәn kórinedi (surette). Qighashjýristi doybyny oinaugha saq sarbazdary barynsha qúmartqan. Onyng mәni – sarbazdyng mehanikalyq әri logikalyq oilau qabyletin qarbalas jaghdayda shúghyl әreketke daghdylandyratyn sayman bolghandyghynda.   

Bizge jetken tarihy aqparat [2] boyynsha ejelgi saqtardyng saptaghy eng tómengi әskery bóligi 9 sarbazdan túrghan: bes adamdyq artqy shepting qaq ortasynda toghyzbasy jayghasqan, onyng aldyn qalqalap tórttik sarbaz  shayqasqan. Búdan biz toghyzdyq sannyng asa bir kiyege tәn ekendigin ghana emes, onyng basty ruhany әri basshylyq rólde bolghandyghyn bayqaymyz. Maydandaghy búl әskery jayghasudan habary bar grekter toghyzbasyn óltiruding taktikasyn jasap, ony ylghy da eng aldymen óltiru arqyly saq әskerin túiyqqa tiregen. Saqtardyng búl әskery taktikasy qúpiya týrde qalyptasqan әskery qúramy qos qatargha ornalasqan 9h9 ólshemdi tikejýristi doyby oiynynda kórinis tapqan. Sol kezde saqtar doybysynda 17 jay sarbaz jәne bir sardardan túratyn oiyn erejesi keng taralypty. Grekterding taktikasyna qarsy bir birine qarsylas kóldeneng tórtjolaqty jәne bir bos jolaqty oiyn taqtasyn ózgertu arqyly kemenger  Anaqarys әskery maydandy jetildirudi úsynghan. E.Kadnikovtyng ejelgi jazbalardan keltirui boyynsha, b.d.d. 596 j. Anaqarys ejelgi Olimpiada oiyndaryna alghash ret qatysyp, grek doybyshylaryn útyp, saq danyshpany ejelgi Grekiyadaghy ózining mәrmәr mýsinin qoyghyzugha enbek sinirgen attylardyng arasynan shyqqan birden bir dalalyq jigit ekendigi mәlim. Atina (Afiny) qalasynda jii bolatyn [2]  Anaqarys әigili grek biyleushisi Solonmen kezdesip, býgingi shahmattyng týpki núsqasy - ellindik doyby taqtasyn oilap tabady. Atalmysh tarihy jayt doyby týrlerining bir tanymnan tuyndaghanyna menzeydi jәne doyby bitken grektiki degen tújyrymdy joqqa shygharady.

Búl doyby qighashjýristi bolyp keledi jәne oiyn alany aiqyshtalghan jýris jolymen tórtke bólingen. Doyby taqtasynyng tuyndauyna mynaday hikaya negiz bolghan: Anaqarys babamyz Sauly patsha aghasyna qalyptasqan әskery strategiya men taktikadan mýldem bólek janasha úrys jýrgizu tәsilin úsynghan. Ádette attyly sarbazdar bir birine turalay shauyp manday tirestire shabuylgha betpe bet attanghan. Anaqarys qarsylastardyng búlaysha betpe-bet keluin dogharudy úsynyp, attyly sarbazdyng mandayyn 45 gradusqa búryp qiyalay shabudy jón sanaydy.  Búny teniz әskery tilimen «galspen jylju» deydi, yaghny qiyalay shapqan sarbaz qarsylastyng turalay ornalasqan qataryn qaptaldan alyp siyretuge mýmkindik alady. Jәne de sarbazdar bes qarudy birinen song birin jappay bir pәrmenmen qoldanu kerek bolghan: әueli  sadaq tartylady, sosyn nayza júmsalady, odan keyin sýngi laqtyru men aibalta. Jaugha jaqyndaghan saqtar qoyyn-qoltyq úrysqa kirisip, soyyl men qylyshty iske qosqan.Sóitip, úrys dalasynyng oiyn taqtasyna týsirilui dýniyege qighash jýristi ýsh týsti doybyny әkelgen. Anaqarystyng búl taktikasy men strategiyasy jaudyng zәresin úshyrghan.

Saqtardyng joyqyn batyrlyghy men jaugerligi býginge jetkenmen, onyng syry Anaqarystyng qúpiyasynda ekenin eshkim bilmegen.Sebebi, bizge jetken anyzdargha sensek, Anaqarys patshalyq sarbazdar, yaghny toghyzbasylaryna ýshtýsti osy doybyny oinatyp, aqyl-oy daghdylaryn shyndaghan. Búdan soghys taktikasy men onyng doybylyq ýlgisining qúnyn jaqsy sezgen saq patshasy oiyn taqtasy men erejesin qúpiya retinde jariyalap, onymen tek sarbazdardy oinatqan, dybynyng bylayghy júrtqa taraluy men ashyq oinaluyna qatang tyiym salghan. Jәne Anaqarysqa barlyq qolbasylaryn ýiretuge búiryq etken. Osylaysha saqtardyng әskeriy-taktikalyq oijýiesi taqtagha týsip, astyrtyn zerdelik sportqa úlasqan. Bәlkim, sondyqtan da bolar búl doyby oiyn retinde taralmay, júmbaq kýiinde qalghan kórinedi.

Anaqarysqa deyin saqtardyng әskery qolynyng [2]  tómengi bóligi toghyz sarbazdan túrghan jәne maydanda toghyzbasynyng eki jaghyn ala tórt sarbaz ornalasqan. Anaqarys әueli toghyzdyqty eki qatargha bólip, aldyna tórteu, sonyna beseuin ornalastyrghan. Agha sarbaz ekinshi qatardyng qaq ortasynda bolghan. Keyin ol әskery bólimsheni ýsh qatargha ornalasqan 14 sarbazdan jasaqtaydy: birinshi qatarda – bes sarbaz, ekinshi qatarda – tórteu jәne ýshinshisinde – bes sarbaz. Sóitip, toghyzbasy ýshinshi qatardyng qaq ortasynda bolady. Keyin osy taktikagha sәikes saq sarbazdary qúmarta oinaytyn ekitýsti doybynyng 9H9 ólshemi ózgerip, ýsh qatarly 5:4:5 týrindegi doyby tastarynyng jayghasuy týzilgen. Al erekshe mýmkindigi bar doybydaghy by taqtada týpki qatardaghy ortada jayghasady. Osylaysha bolashaq shahmat tastarynyng jayghasu tәrtibine alghysharty jasalghan kórinedi.

Anaqarys doybysynyng attylardyng әskeriy-taktikalyq oilau jýiesining kórinisi ekendiginde shәk joq. Al býginde payda bolghanyna kemi 4 myng jyl bolghan toghyzqúmalaq oiynyna qarap, búl oiynnyng Anaqarysqa deyingi qalyptasqan attyly qogham mәdeniyetining tanymdyq-filosofiyalyq әri әskeriy-taktikalyq oijýie ekendigine kóz  jibergen dúrys.

Birinshiden, búl Anaqarysqa deyingi toghyzbasydan túratyn [1,2]  saqtardyng әskery qúrylymyn eske salady.

Ekinshiden, toghyzqúmalaq oiyny qazaqtarda HIH ghasyrdyng sonyna deyin «toghyzat» dep atalghan. Búghan patshalyq Reseyding shendisi әri qazaq-qyrghyzdyng etnografiyalyq múralaryn zerdelegen Toqmaq qalasynyng әmirshisi G.S. Zagryajskiyding [3] 1874 jyly  «Turkmenskie vedomostiy» jurnalynda jaryq kórgen «Byt kochevogo naseleniya dolin Chu y Syr-Dariiy» jinaghyndaghy «Toghyz at» maqalasy kuә. Oiynnyng toghyzat ataluy onyng әskery sipatyn tanytady. Óitkeni kóshpeli júrttyng tanymynda attyly adam ghana әsker, qaruly kýsh sanalghan jәne de toghyz at oiynynyng әr tasy sarbazdyng rólinde dep úqqan abzal.

Ýshinshiden, toghyzqúmalaqtyng taqtasy әskery demokratiyalyq memleketting jýiesin tanytady: ejelgi tanym boyynsha kiyeli 9 sanyna iyek artqan attylylar qoghamy basty sheshushi mәndi 9 sanymen sipattaghan da, memleket qúrushy elder/taypalar sanyn da toghyzben eseptegen. Osydan kelip, toghyz oghyz, toghyz oba, toqsoba úghymdary ornyqqan. Toghyz taypanyng birigip bir handyq qúratynynan toghyzqúmalaq taqtasyndaghy әr tarapqa tәn sany toghyz otau/ýy atalatyn oiyn qúrylymy da maqúldaydy.

Tórtinshiden, toghyzqúmalaq oiynynyng basty terminderi men ataulary attylar qoghamyna tiyesili, әsirese jylqyny dәripteydi. Tómendegi kestede berilgen otau ataularynan [4,17-21], [5,12] attyly qoghamnyng oilau jýiesin ghana qanaghattandyratyn sózdik qordy bayqaugha bolady.

Oyynda barlyq otauy qúmalaqsyz qalghan oiynshynyng auyr jaghdayyn «atsyrau» úghymymen bildiredi, búl – atsyz qalyp jayau qalu, sarbazdyq mәrtebeden ajyrau degendi bildiredi. Tipti, oiyn kezindegi jýristing «kóshu» etistigimen aitylatyny da [6,537]  toghyzattyng «kóshpeli» bolmysyn asha týsedi. Sayyp kelgende toghyzat oinaushy qos tarap, toghyz taypalyq әrbir handyqtyng taqta betindegi talasy bolyp tabylady. Endeshe oiynnyng bar mazmúny attyly, kóshpeli qoghamdy dәripteuimen manyzdy, qúndy jәne qyzyqty.

Biz keltirgen toghyzqúmalaqtyng attylar mәdeniyetining әskeriy-taktikalyq oilau sipaty men ýlgisin kórsetetin ishinara nyshandaryna qosa    toghyzattanushy Maqsat Shotaevtyng [6,513] myna payymyn keltire ketuge bolady: «...toghyzqúmalaqta jýris baghytqa negizdelgendikten, shyndap kelgende betpe-bet soghysu joq. Oiyn erejelerine kónedegi ghúndardyng senimi әser etken. Sonday-aq toghyzqúmalaq oiynynda ghúndardyng tandap alghan soghysu strategiyasyna sәikes, taktikalary da kórinis tapqan. Mәselen, shabuyldau, qorghanu, toruyldau, negizgi kýshterdi artqy kýshterden bólip tastau, jaularyn óz jerine terendey engizu arqyly tútqiyldan shabuyl jasau jәne t.b.»

Qoryta kelgende, toghyzat  pen Anaqarys doybysy  birin biri tolyqtyratyn  attyly týrkilerding mәdeniy-tanymdyq qúndylyghyn boyyna sinirgen  әskeriy-taktikalyq oilau sipaty men ýlgisi menmúndalap túrghan qúndy jәdigeri ekenine nazar audaratyn uaqyt jetti degimiz keledi.              Serik Erghali, mәdeniyettanushy,

pedagogika ghylymdarynyng magistri

Derekkózder

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2.  V. Latyshev. Izvestiya drevnih pisateley o Skifiy y Kavkaze.

3.  G.S. Zagryajskiy. Byt kochevogo naseleniya dolin Chu y Syr-Darii. «Turkmenskie vedomostiy»,1874 g., №29.(priyvedeno po 531 straniyse knigy "Igry narodov SSSR", 1933 g.,"Poligrafkniga", g. Leningrad, 563 str.)

4.  Súltanbekov T. Shahmat, doyby, toghyzqúmalaq. – Almaty: Qazaqstan, 1967.

5.  Orozobakov T., Chylymov A. Toguz korgool. – Bishkek, 1997.

6.  Týrkologiyalyq zertteuler. Jauapty redaktor Saghidolda G. – Astana, «Saryarqa» baspa ýii, 2012. – 560 b. 

7.  A.Mashanov. Ál-Farabi. «Jazushy», 1970 j.245 bet.   

8.  Á.Aqshoraev. «Toghyzqúmalaq», «Qazaqstan» baspasy, 1979 j. – 204 bet.

9.  Makkey E. Drevneyshaya kulitura doliny Inda. – M.:Izd.Inostrannaya liyteratura, 1951. – S.125

10.  Á. Akshoraev, N.Jýnisbaev«Toghyzqúmalaq». – Almaty, «Mektep», 1980

11.  Krasnov A.N. Ocherk byta Semiyrechenskiyh  kirgizi.(Izvestiya russkogo geograficheskogo obshestva). Obsh.23 tom,1887.

12.  Amanjolov S. Toghyzqúmalaq. – A., 1936. Qazaqsha jәne oryssha.

13.  Karuts R. Sredy kirgizov y turkmenov v Mangyshlaki. S-Peterburgi, Izdanie A.F.Devriene, 1910.

14.  Popova A., Deledicq A. Wariet Solo: Le Jeu de Calcul African. Cedic, Paris (France), 1977.

15.  Shilyaev A.,  Togyz-kumalak. Kazahskaya igra - sviydetelistvo zarojdeniya desyatirichnoy sistemy schisleniya - http://thaichess.narod2.ru/shahmatnie_legendi/nagrada_izobretatelyu/

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