Búl konferensiya 14-16 mausym aralyghynda Astana qalasynda ótti.
Sharagha kýlli týrki júrtynyng ghalymdarymen qatar tiybet, qytay, búlghar ókilderi de qatysty.
Tәnir – týrkilerding eng jogharghy әri jalghyz qúdayy bolatyn
Ashyq ensiklopediyadaghy derekterde Tәnirshildik – dәstýrli týrkilik dýniyetanymnyng bastauyndaghy diny senim.
Tәnirshildik senimning Úly Tәnirisi – berik qandastyq jýiege negizdelgen týrki qoghamynyng Jaratushysy әri IYesi. Úly Tәnirding eli de, qaghany da, jeri de kiyeli әri quatty dep tanylghan. Tәnirshildik últtyq psihologiyany, yaghny últtyng dildik sipatyn anyqtaytyn tanymdyq ólshem.
Ibn Fadlan (Abbas halifatynyng elshisi) 10 ghasyrdyng basynda oghyz eline jasaghan sayahatynda "týrikterding qiyn-qystau kezende "Bir Tәniri" dep, basyn kókke qaratyp minәjat etetindikterin" aitqan.
Ár týrli din adamdaryn pikirtalasqa shaqyrghan Mónke hannyn: "…Biz tek qana Bir Tәnirge qúlshylyq etemiz» degen ústanymyn europalyq missioner-sayahatshylar Marko Polo, Djovanny Plano Karpini, Viligelim Rubruk mәlimdegen.
"Tәnir" úghymy Shumer syna jazularynda, ghúndarda “zingiyr” (qazaqta "zengir" sózi bar) týrinde kezdesedi. Úly Tәnirdi "Kók, Úly, Núr", t. b. sipattaudyng bәri aspandy bildiredi.
Qazaqta Tәnirshildik – «Bir Alla» úghymymen almasty
VII ghasyrda islam dinining keluimen qazaqtyng Tәnir turaly úghym-nanymy týgel músylmandyq týsinikke almasty.
Atap aitqanda, "Bir Tәnirshildik" tanymy "Jalghyz Alla-Taghalanyn" úghymyna dәlme-dәl keldi. Qazaqtar әli kýnge deyin "Alla jarylqasyn" men "Tәnir jarylqasyn" úghymdaryn qatar qoldanady. Tәnir – úly Allany bildiretin úghymgha ainaldy.
Desek te onyng elementteri men tanymdary qazaqtyng boyyna islam qúndylyqtarymen kirigip, býginge deyin jetip otyr. Yrym, tarihy salt-dәstýrge ainalyp, úrpaqtan úrpaqqa jalghasyp keledi.
Al islam men hristan, budda dinderi jetpegen saha, hakas, buryat syndy týrki halyqtary ýshin kәdimgi din dәrejesine deyin kóterilgen.
Otpen alastau – otqa tabynu emes
Ár halyqta әr qalay otpen alastaydy. Ol dәuirde týnde paydalanatyn ottan basqa quatty jaryq kózi, shyraghdan bolmaghan. Kishkentay sәbiyin besikke bóleytin ana әldebir jylan-shayandar kirip ketpesin dep, sәbiyin qorghau ýshin ot jaghyp, besiktegi jayalyqtardy sonyng jaryghymen tekserip, jaman nәrselerdi alyp tastap otyrady.
Alastay otyryp, sәbii ýshin tilek tileydi. Mine, tarihi, ghylymi, diny túrghydan alghanda búl eshqanday otqa tabynu emes.
Degenmen otqa jylynyp, tamaq pisirip, jaryghyn paydalanghan júrt ony kiyeli sanaydy. Sondyqtan islam dini jetpegen key halyqtar әli kýnge ot arqyly diny joralghylaryn jasap jýr.
Saha Respublikasy jәne onyng manyndaghy bir qauym el Tәnirshildikti din retinde tandady. Sol arqyly óz úlystaryn bir senim, bir dinge jinap otyr. Tipten, respublikalyq dengeyde nasihattap, diny ghibadathanalar sala bastady.
Búl ýrdis endi músylman halyqtary sanalatyn tatar, bashqúrt, qazaq, qyrghyzdarda da tarala bastapty.
"Otqa may qúy" turaly
Qazaq arasynda әli de saqtalyp kele jatqan dәstýrding biri – "otqa may qúy". Búl da sol kóne tarihtan Tәnirge minәjat qylghan kezden qalghan yrym. Qazir әdet-ghúryp, salt retinde qabyldanady. Kelin alghash ret ýiding esigin attaghanda ot jaghyp, onyng ýstine may qúiyp, laulatady. Sol kezde de "Qúday (Alla) otymyzdy óshirmesin, laulatsyn! Ot anamyz qoldasyn!" degen sózder de aitylady.
"Otpen alastau" demekshi, Saha Respublikasynan kelgen temirshilerding kóne zaman tәsilimen temir qorytqandaryn kózimizben kórdik.
Aqtyq baylau
"Aghashqa aqtyq (aq shýberek) baylau" – aghashqa tabynudy bildirmeydi. Búl da sol eskiden jetken sarqynshaq. Aqtyq kez kelgen jerge bekerden beker baylanbaydy. Qanday bolmasyn bir kiyesi bar dep eseptelgen nemese әulie adamdardyng mýrdesi jatqan jerlerdegi aghashqa, adamgha saya bolghan japandaghy jalghyz aghashqa baylanady. Búl kiyege degen qúrmet.
Shynymen de kiyening jәne iyening bolatynyn әrkim týsinedi. Óitkeni bәri de tylsym hikmetting baryn týisinedi. Tipten, key jaghdayda ghylym jauap bere almaytyn nәrselerdi kie úghymy arqyly op-onay úghyp ala qoyamyz. Qabir basyndaghy aghashtargha aqtyq baylaudy da aruaqtargha qúrmet retinde týsinuge bolady.
Aruaq attamau
Aruaq – ruhtar. Adam – jan (ruhy) men tәnning birge ómir sýrui. Jan deneden bólek ómir sýredi degen kóne úghymnan tughan diny nanym boyynsha ólgen kisining tirshiliktegi adamdardy jelep-jebep jýretin jany (aruaghy). Halyqta aruaqqa, әsirese tirisinde el aghasy, batyrlar men biyler bolghan qadirli adamdardy, әuliye-әnbiyelerdi qasiyet tútyp, kiyeli sanap, sonyng aruaghyna syiynu salty keng taraghan.
Ertede el qorghaugha attanghan sarbazdar maydangha kirgende, jekpe-jekke shyqqanda nemese namysqa shapqanda rugha, alashqa úran bolghan atalar aruaqtaryna syiynghan. Qazaqtar zirat manynan ótip bara jatyp dúgha jasaydy, qúran oqyp, bata qayyrady. Basyna kýn tuyp, el-júrtynan auyp bara jatqandar zirattan bir uys topyraqty ala ketedi. Malgha indet tiygende ziratqa týnetedi. Bala kótermegen әielder, sozylmaly syrqattar aruaqtardan qayyr-shapaghat tilep, basyna týneydi.
Qúranda: "Eng sonynda ruhtan súralady" – degen ayat bar. Al "Aruaq" "ruh" sózining kópshesi. Últymyzdyng "qaytys boldy", "qaytty" dep atauynda da ýlken mәn bar ekenin osydan týsinemiz. Onyng ýstine qúranda әuliyelerding keletini eskertilgen.
Yaghni, ruhtar "harasat kýnine" deyin ómir sýredi, ólmeydi. Sol sebepti, aruaq ta "Tәnirden (Alladan) tilek tileydi" degen halyqtyq tanym qalyptasqan. "Aruaq qoldasyn!", "Alla atsa onalar, aruaq atqan onbaydy!" degen maqaldar – halqymyzdyng aruaq turaly úghymynyng óte joghary dengeyde ekenin kórsetse kerek. Payghambar Múhammet Mústafanyng (s.gh.s) qabir basyna baryp, aruaqtargha arnap qúran baghyshtaghany turaly hadister de bar.
Búl túrghydan alghanda "Aruaq" úghymy da islamgha jat emes. Allagha serik qosu dep te qaralmaydy.
Bórining de Tәnirisi bar!
Týrki halqy ózderin "kók bóri emgen, kók Tәnirine sengen týrkimiz" dep ataydy. Kók Tәniri – ol týrkilerding eng joghary qúdayy. Tәnirdi aspandaghy jalghyz jaratushy әri basqarushy Qúday dep bilgen, oghan tabynghan. Al kók bóri – óte aqyldy, әri ailaly jyrtqysh an.
Tipten, bórining apanynyng manyndaghy maldargha tiyispeytini, qorghaytyny, bóltirigine qas qylghandardy ayamaytyny turaly aitylatyn anyz-әpsanalar óte kóp. Búl turaly: "Qasqyr da qas qylmaydy joldasyna", "Itting iyesi, bórining Tәnirisi bar", "Bórining ózi bar, izi joq", "It ala bolsa, bórining baghy" degen sekildi týrli maqal-mәtelder kóp taralghan.
Erterekte kók bórining qylshyghyn jana tughan sәbiyding auzyna salyp sorghyzghandardy da kórdik. Ondaghysy sәbiyin bóridey aqyldy, batyr, opaly bolsa eken degen niyetinen tughan yrym. Bóri asyghyn, túmsyghyn, tisin de yrymdap paydalanady. Búl da jaqsy niyetten tughan amal ghana emes, qúdayy Tәnir bolghan zamannyng úrpaq tәrbiyesi ýshin paydalanghan ýlken qúraly boldy.
Adyraspanmen alastau
Adyraspandy tútatyp, alastap jýrgenderdi bazardan әli kýnge kóruge bolady. Ony bireuler qúrapilyq esepteydi.
Adyraspan – u qaytaratyn, týrli bakteriyalardy, mikrobtardy óltiretin uly ósimdik. Ony tútatu arqyly ýidi týtinmen, alastap, týrli mikrobtardan aryltugha bolady. Sonymen birge kóshpeli halyqtar ony sabyngha salyp, bylghaydy. Qoldan jasalatyn ol sabyndar da adam denesindegi týrli teri aurulary men bóritkenderdi emdeydi. Tipten dala anshylary adyraspannan u jasap, qasqyr, týlki de aulaytyn bolghan.
Búl túrghydan alghanda adyraspan – óte qúndy ósimdik ekenin kóremiz. Ghylymy qúnyn týsingen halyq kәdimgi әdet-ghúryp retinde júrttyng sanasyna sinirdi. Onyng ýstine kiyeli ósimdikting shaytannan, jaman energetikadan, qastyq dualardan da alastaytyn qasiyeti bar degen senim myqtap qalyptasqan.
Arshamen alastau
Arsha da – mikrobtardy, bakteriyalardy óltiretin mәngi jasyl ósimdik. Anyzdargha sýiensek, arshagha Tәnirding meyirimimen "ólmesting suy" tamghan eken. Sol sebepti mәngi jasyl bolyp túrady. Júrt ony qúmandaghy sugha salyp qoyyp, әr kýni juynugha paydalandy. Tútatyp ýy ishin de alastaydy. Jyn-shaytandy, jaman dualar men qara energiyalardy quady. "Arsha túrghan jerge shaytan barmaydy" degen nanym bar. Búny "Tәnirding meyiri týsip, ólmesting suy tamghan" qasiyetti ósimdikting kiyesinen shaytannyng da qorqatyndyghymen týsindiredi.
Qamshymen alastau
Alastaugha kóp qoldanylatyn taghy bir zat – qamshy. Qamshy әdette teri taspalardan órilip, kóbinese tobylghy aghashpen saptalady. Úzaq uaqyt paydalanylghan qamshygha jylqynyng teri sinedi. Ádette ýige kirgen jylangha jylqynyng terligin jaba salsa, sespey qatady eken. Búdan dala halqy ýshin onyng qanshalyqty kerek zat ekenin kóremiz. Onyng ýstine shaytannyng "qamshydan, arshadan qorqatyndyghy" turaly anyz-әpsanalar óte kóp. Syrtta jýrip úshynghan, jyn kirgen adamdardy qamshymen sabalap alastaghanyn kórip jýrmiz. Búny qazir moldalar da paydalanuda.
"Qúdaydyng búiryghynsyz quray da synbaydy". Jogharyda aitylghandardyng bәri de ghylymi, diny jәne tarihy týrde synnan ótken әdet-ghúryptar. Ony eshkim de joqqa shyghara almaydy. Sondyqtan búnday ghúryptardy "Allagha serik qosty" dep tanu – óte ýlken nadandyq.
Jalpy alastaudyng týrleri óte kóp. Mysaly, sumen alastau (kóbinese hristandarda), su býrkip dem salu, qúranmen alastau, duany sheshu, otpen alastau t.b. bar.
Tasattyq beru – qúrbandyq shalyp, Alladan janbyr súrau
Tasattyq beru – kóneden kele jatqan saltymyz. Búl da barlyq týrki halyqtary arasynda taralghan. Alayda músylman halyqtarynda dinge de kirikken. Eski nanym boyynsha týrkiler siqyrmen jyn shaqyryp, janbyr jaughyzatyn jәne dauyl soqtyratyn bolghan. Búl tәsilderdi paydalanyp jýrgen týrkiler әli bar. Mysaly, saha, hakastardyng kóptegen diny joralghylary soghan keledi.
Al tasattyq – qazaqta jauyn tileu maqsatymen Qúday razylyghy ýshin kópshilik atynan qúrban shalu maghynasynda qoldanylady. Shamalaryna qaray iri qara, úsaq maldy qúrbandyqqa shalyp, kópshilikke etin asyp, dastarqan jayyp beredi, qúran oqyp, dúgha jasap, Jaratushy iyemizden elding tynyshtyghyn, týrli qauip-qaterden saqtauyn, eginning ónimdi boluyn súraydy, janbyr tileydi. Bir sózben aitqanda tasattyq – diny rәsimge ainalghan.
Tasattyqqa soyylghan maldyng qan-jyny aghyn sugha ne kólge tógiledi. Dúghasy jasalyp, tilek tilenedi. Yaghni, amal men niyet qabysqan.
Tasattyq berilgen kezden bastap, tilekteri oryndalyp jauyn jauady. Osynday hikmetke ózimiz talay ret kuә boldyq. Kózben kórip túryp senbeuge de bolmaydy.
Kýn jaylatu
Al oquy jetik ghúlama moldalar "kýn jaylatu" arqyly da janbyr jaughyzyp, dauyl soqtyrady nemese túman týsiredi.
Mysaly, әkemiz Ahmet Sýleymenúly marqúm (jany jәnnәtta bolsyn!): "molda jarty ne býtin jylqy tezegine dúgha jasap, dem salyp, sugha tastap kep jibergende kóp ótpey túman basyp, jauyn jauatyn" dep aityp otyratyn.
Al sol jauyndy toqtatu ýshin de jetik diny bilim kerek deytin. Eger sol dúghany qaytaryp, janbyrdy toqtata almasa, moldanyng ózi isip-keuip ketedi eken. Jauyn jaughyzudyng búl týrin "Kýn jaylatu" dep ataydy. Kýn jaylatudy basqa maqsattarda da qoldanady.
Qydyr ata nemese Qyzyr payghambar
Qydyr ata – miftik beyne. Týrki halyqtary mifologiyasynda Qydyr beynesining astarynan islam dinine deyingi jәne onan keyingi kezende payda bolghan eki diniy-foliklorlyq dәstýr týsinigi qatar angharylady.
Qydyr ata – qazaq týsinigine qydyryp jýretin, kezdesken adamy únasa bata beretin aqsaqal. Bata alghan adam «Qydyr daryghan» atalyp, sәttilik pen baqytqa keneledi eken.
Qydyr – әr týrli keyipte (kóbine kedey adam sekildi) qydyryp jýredi. Odan syy ne bata alu ýshin kez kelgen adamgha, onyng әleumettik mansap-mәrtebesi men baylyghyna, kiyimine, týr-әlpetine qaramay, yqylas kórsetu kerek (óitkeni ol Qydyr bolyp shyghuy mýmkin). “Qyryqtyng biri Qydyr” degen sóz sodan qalghan.
Al Qúranda Qyzyr turaly ashyq aitylmaydy. Alayda «Kәhf» sýresining 60-82 ayattaryndaghy: "Óz tarapymyzdan oghan raqym bergen jәne ilim ýiretken qúldarymyzdyng biri" (18/65) dep tilge tiyek etiletin kisining Qyzyr (a.s.) ekeni bilinude. Óitkeni tike payghambarymyzdan jetken sahih hadisterde búl kisining Qyzyr ekeni anyq aitylghan (Búhari, Ilm, 16, 44).
Jalpy, Islam ghalymdary múnday kóne tanym-týsinikterdi zertteu arqyly dinimizge sayatyn ortaqtyqty kóptep taba alady.
Tәnirge senetin qazaqtar da óz ghibadathanalaryn salghysy keledi
Atalmysh konferensiya ayasynda "Tәnirlik tanymnyng tuuy jәne ghibadathanasy" atty pikirtalas qyzyqty da qyzu boldy.
Almatylyq azamat (aty-jónin aitpaudy ótingen): "Biz qoghamdyq úiym retinde tirkelsek te din retinde tirkele almay otyrmyz", – dep otyr.
Búl jigitting aituynsha, eger tәnirshildik zang jýzinde "din" retinde tanylsa ýkimet jer berip, ghibadathana saluyna rúqsat etuge mindetti eken.
Óitkeni, zang boyynsha barlyq dinderge birdey jaghday jasau qarastyrylghan. Almatylyq tәnirshilder búl tetikti paydalanu ýshin bir jaghynan mýddeli adamdar tobyn qúryp, endi bir jaghynan diny joralghy joldaryn qarastyryp jatyr.
"Arnayy diny joralghy ótkizetin ghibadathana kerek"
Lena Fedorova: "Tәnirshildikti zertteu halyqaralyq qorynyn" atqarushy diyrektory: "Tәnirshildikti ústanatyn júrtshylyqtyng kóbeygeni belgili, júrt óz ata-babalarynyng nanym-senimimen jýrgisi keledi. Olar minәjat jasaghysy keledi. Ol ýshin filosoftar, etnograftar, astronomiya ghalymdary jәne basqa da zertteushiler men mýddeli halyq shoghyry qalyptasuy jәne birlese júmys isteui kerek.
Tәnirshildikting babalarymyzdyng diny senimi ekeni shyndyq. Endeshe meshit, shirkeu sekildi onyng da ghibadathanasy bolghandyghyn talap etuge tiyispiz".
Tatarstan arnayy ghibadathana salugha rúqsat bermey otyr
Bezertinov Rafaeli Nurudinovich, tatar jazushysy, tarihshy: "Biz Qazan qalasynan ghibadathana salu ýshin jer súraghan bolatynbyz. Alayda bizding jamaghattyng kóp jyldan bergi jasaghan úsynystary da týrli shygharyp salma jauaptarmen oryndalmady. Tipten, ótken jyly Reseyde «arnauly ghibadathanada ghana diny joralghy ótkizu kerek» degen zandyq norma qabyldanghan. Osy sebepten, Qazan qalasynan 40 shaqyrym jerdegi daladaghy diny joralghy jasaytyn jerimizde de diny qimyldar jasay almay otyrmyz. Búl mening Almatylyq әriptesime jauabym".
Rafaeli myrzanyng aituynsha "Tәnirshildik dini" óz otanynda úlyqtalmay otyr. Tek Hristian, Islam syndy kirme dinderge jol bergen.
"Tәnirshildik – biz ýshin tarih ghana..."
Qarjaubay Sartqoja, týrkolog, akademiyk: " Shyn mәninde sahalar da jәne basqa týrki halyqtary da Tәnirshildik turaly tolyq bile bermeydi. Sonau týrki imperiyalarynyng kezindegi dýnie tanymnyng sarqynshaqtary ghana qalghan. Keybir Europa tarihshylarynyng jazbasymen "Shamanizm" nemese "Tәnirshildik" atalyp ketti. Dinning aty Býgu bolatyn. Tәnirshildikting ghibadathanasy retinde Tonykók, Kýltegin eskertkishterin ataugha bolady. Ol ghibadathanalargha adam jerlenbegen, tek týrli joralghylar ótip otyrghan.
Biz ýshin alghanda, Tәnirshildik – babalarymyzdyng tarihy. Biz sol túrghydan qarastyramyz әri zertteymiz".
Qarjaubay aghamyzdyng aituynsha Saha sekildi elder Tәnir ghibadathanasyn salu ýshin ýlken ghalymdardan kenes alyp qana, naqty tújyrymdamasyn jasaulary kerek eken. Óitkeni olardyng óz ishinde de jerine jetkize zerttep jýrgender joqtyng qasy nemese Europa sekildi shetelderding ghalymdarynyng deregine sýienip otyr.
Beysen Ahmetúly