Qazaq halqynyng úly perzenti, asa kórnekti oishyl, aghartushy-demokrat Shoqan Shynghysúly Uәlihanovtyng (1835-1865) zanghar túlghasy men shygharmashylyq múrasy әr qy­rynan saralanyp, óz baghasyn alyp keledi. Onyng dýniyetanymy, әleumettik-sayasy jәne eko­no­mikalyq kózqarastary, shyghystanushy, tarihshy, geograf, etnograf retindegi bitimi, әdebiyet, til men óner mәseleleri jónindegi múralary san aluan enbekterding arqauy boldy.

Kenes ókimeti túsynda akademik Á.Marghúlannyng qúrastyruymen Sh. Uәlihanovtyng "Bes tomdyq shygharmalar jinaghy" jaryq kórdi. Basylym materialdary taqyryptyq prinsip negizinde ornalastyrylyp, әr tomnyng sonynda kólemdi týsindirmeler berildi.  Sonymen birge enbek jolasty eskertulermen, esimdik, geografiyalyq, etnostyq kórsetkishtermen jabdyqtaldy. Qysqasha sózben aitqanda, Á.Marghúlan núsqasy arheografiyalyq erejeler talaptaryna tolyq sәikes jasaldy. Jinaqtyng alghashqy tórt tomy mәtindik materialdardy qúrady, al besinshi tomy ghalymnyng epistolyarlyq múrasyna arnaldy.

Qazaq halqynyng úly perzenti, asa kórnekti oishyl, aghartushy-demokrat Shoqan Shynghysúly Uәlihanovtyng (1835-1865) zanghar túlghasy men shygharmashylyq múrasy әr qy­rynan saralanyp, óz baghasyn alyp keledi. Onyng dýniyetanymy, әleumettik-sayasy jәne eko­no­mikalyq kózqarastary, shyghystanushy, tarihshy, geograf, etnograf retindegi bitimi, әdebiyet, til men óner mәseleleri jónindegi múralary san aluan enbekterding arqauy boldy.

Kenes ókimeti túsynda akademik Á.Marghúlannyng qúrastyruymen Sh. Uәlihanovtyng "Bes tomdyq shygharmalar jinaghy" jaryq kórdi. Basylym materialdary taqyryptyq prinsip negizinde ornalastyrylyp, әr tomnyng sonynda kólemdi týsindirmeler berildi.  Sonymen birge enbek jolasty eskertulermen, esimdik, geografiyalyq, etnostyq kórsetkishtermen jabdyqtaldy. Qysqasha sózben aitqanda, Á.Marghúlan núsqasy arheografiyalyq erejeler talaptaryna tolyq sәikes jasaldy. Jinaqtyng alghashqy tórt tomy mәtindik materialdardy qúrady, al besinshi tomy ghalymnyng epistolyarlyq múrasyna arnaldy.

Sh.Uәlihanovtyng shygharmashylyq múrasyn joghary baghalaudyng shyrqau shegi onyng tughanyna 150 jyl toluyna oray oryn alghan sharalar kezinde jetken sekildi. YuNESKO-nyng Ortalyq Aziya mәdeniyetin zertteu jónindegi halyqaralyq assosiasiyasynyng KSRO Ghylym akademiyasy men Qazaq KSR Ghylym akademiyasy birlese úiymdastyrghan halyqaralyq konferensiya ayasynda ótkizilgen dóngelek ýstel mәjilisinde Tәjik KSR Ghylym akademiyasynyng preziydenti M.S.Asimov qazaq perzentining "әlemdik órkeniyetke qosqan zor ýlesin" atap kórsetip: "Shoqan óz halqynyng jәne Orta Aziya halyqtarynyng etnogenezi men etnostyq tarihy problemalaryn zertteuding negizin salushylardyng biri, ... әlem halqyn ýlken jýregimen ayalay sýigen úly gumanist, tereng ghúlama", dep jýrekjardy sózderin aitty.

Pәkstandyq ghalym Ahmad Hasan Dani, Tegeran memlekettik uniyversiytetining professory Reza Shebany Samghabardy Sh.Uәlihanovty "adamzatqa ortaq túlgha" dep atady.

1985 jyly Sh.Uәlihanov atyndaghy Tarih jәne etnologiya institutynyng bir top ghalymdary "Bes tomdyq shygharmalar jinaghyn", materialdaryn hronologiyalyq prinsip negizinde ornalastyryp, qayta bastyryp shyghardy. Osy jyly qazaq ghalymynyng tandamaly enbekterining qazaq tilindegi ekinshi basylymy jaryq kórdi. Oghan Sh.Uәlihanovtyng manyzdy-manyzdy dep tanylghan shygharmalary engenimen, basylym oqyrmandar súranysyn ótedi deuge negiz joq. Sol sebepti biyl shygharmalar jinaghynyng 1985 jylghy núsqasyn QR Mәdeny sayasat jәne óner instituty qazaq tiline audaryp oqyrmandargha úsyndy.

Ghalymnyng tughanyna biyl 175 jyl toluyna oray respublikada jәne odan tys jerlerde basqa da sharalar ótkizilip jatyr. Biraq osylardyng kópshiliginde búrynghy kenes zamanynda qalyptasqan ýrdister arylghan joq. Shoqandy "qazaq halqyn Reseyding qolastynda ghana ómir sýruge shaqyrghan", "islam dinine ýzildi-kesildi qarsy shyqqan" túlgha retinde tanushylyq ta, onyng bagha jetpes bay múrasyn barlaushylyq qyzmetimen shatastyru­shy­lyq ta qylang berip keledi.

IYә, Shoqan Uәlihanov Resey imperiyasy syrtqy barlauynyng ofiyseri boldy, osyghan oray әreket etti, hattarynda orys ziyalylaryna "óz halqynyng bolashaghy Reseymen baylanysty" dep jazghany da ras. Barlaushylyq júmystyng ýnemi baqylauda bolatynyn jaqsy úqqan ol basqa ne aita alatyn edi?! Biraq ol talay syryn aityp ta, jazyp ta ketti. Eli­mizding tәuelsizdigi jaghdayynda Shoqan "qúpiya­synyn" ashylatyn, shygharmashylyq múrasynyng qayta payymdalatyn kezi keldi.

ShOQANNYNG ÓZGE ÁLEMI

Sh. Uәlihanov - óz halqy men orys mәdeniye­tining perzenti ghana emes, әlemdik órkeniyetting ozyq oi-pikirleri, ruhany qazynasy negizinde qalyptasqan úly túlgha.

Óz damuynda algha ketken elderding oqu-bilim, ghylym salasyndaghy jetistikterimen jete tanysu ýshin Shoqan kadet korpusynda jýrgenining ózinde shet tilderdi oqyp ýirenuge zer saldy. P.P.Se­menov - Tyani-Shanskiy Shoqannyng tilderdi ýi­renudegi asa qabilettiligin, fransuz, nemis tilderin jaqsy mengergendigin jazady.

Týrik jәne qytay tilderi arasyndaghy bayla­nys­tar men búl tilderdegi keybir sózderding etimo­lo­giyasy turaly Shoqannyng eskertuleri onyng qytay tilin de oqy bastaghanyn kórsetedi. Ol qúrastyrghan "Qytay, monghol jәne týrik sózderining sózdigi" osy­ny menzeydi. Syrtqy ister ministrligi múra­gha­tynda saqtalghan Shoqan Uәlihanovtyng jeke qoryn­da qazaq ghalymynyng óz qolymen monghol tilinde jazylghan onshaqty bet materialdyng úshyrasuy kezdeysoq nәrse emes.

Ghalymdar Shoqannyng arab tilin bilgendigi jó­ninde de joramal jasaydy. Oghan qazaq, tatar, ózbek, qyrghyz, úighyr jәne basqa da tuystas tilderde týsinisu de, jaza bilu de qiyngha soqpaghan.

Sh.Uәlihanovtyng enbekterinde hakas, chulym, yakut tilderi jóninde de mәlimetter úshyrasady.

Qazaq ghalymynyng dýnie jýzi halyqtarynyng tilin biluge qúshtarlyghy onyng әlem órkeniyetin tanyp-biluge úmtylysynan tuyndaghan edi. Sebebi ol halyqtyng tilin bilmey, onyng tarihy men mә­deniyetin shynayy zertteu mýmkin emes dep eseptedi. Basqa tilderdi bilu Shoqangha batys elderining tarihy jәne mәdeniyetimen tanysugha jol ashady. Student­tik kezining ózinde ol aghylshyn, fransuz, nemis әde­biyetining ýzdik tuyndylaryn oqy bastaydy. Keyi­nirek G.N.Potaniyn: "Aghylshyn әdebiyeti jóninde, kóbine audarmalar boyynsha, әriyne Shoqannan qúlaqtanatynbyz. Ol Angliya jәne aghylshyn ómiri turaly oqudy jaqsy kóretin", - dep eske alady. Shoqan әsirese, Charliz Dikkens (1812-1870) pen Uiliyam Tekkereyding (1811-1863) shygharmalaryn erekshe únatady. Naqtyly mәlimetter bolma­ghanymen, óz tabighatyna oray Shoqan Ch.Dikkensting "Pikvik klubynyng ólgennen keyingi jazbalary" (1837) atty yumorlyq sarynda jazylghan, "Oliyver Tvisting basynan keshkenderi (1838), "Nikolas Niklibi" (1839) degen ózekti qoghamdyq taqyryp­tardy qozghaytyn romandaryn, U.Tekkereyding bur­juaziyalyq qoghamdaghy ekijýzdilik pen dýniye­qo­nyzdyqty әshkereleytin "Danqqúmarlar jәr­men­kesi" (1848) degen romanyn oqyghangha úqsaydy.

Shoqan Batystyng әdeby esimderi ishinen Djordj Bayron (1788-1824) men Genrih Geyneni (1797-1856) qúrmet tútady. Aghylshyn aqynynyng shyghys taqyryptaryna jazylghan poemalary da, "Don Juan" satiralyq poemasy da Shoqandy bey-jay qaldyrmasa kerek. V.A.Obruchevtin: "Potaninning sayasy oi-órisin keneytu maqsatynda Shoqan ony "1848 jylghy revolusiya dabylshysy" Geynening shygharmalarymen tanystyrdy" (Uәlihanov Sh. Kóp tomdyq shygharma­lar jinaghy. Almaty, 2010. Besinshi tom. 433-b.) deuine qaraghanda, lirikalyq jәne sayasy poeziyanyng asqan sheberi esepteletin nemis aqynynyng erkindik sýigishtik pen kekesinge toly "Ólender kitaby" (1827), feodaldyq-monarhiyalyq Germaniyany mysqyl jebesine alghan, sonymen birge revolusiyalyq-demokratiyalyq oy úshqyndary da oryn alghan "Atta Troli" (1843) jәne "Germaniya. Qysqy ertegi" poemalary qazaq ghalymynyng dýniyetanymy kókjiyegin keneyte týsken. Shoqannyng nazarynan G.Geynening "Germaniyadaghy din men filosofiya tarihyna" degen publisistikalyq kitaby da tys qalmasa kerek.

Sh.Uәlihanov dýniyetanymynyng qalyptasuyna batys filosoftarynyng enbekteri erekshe yqpal etken. Onyng nazaryna eng aldymen fransuz filosofy Jan Jak Russonyng (1712-1778) "Ghylym men óner jayyndaghy payymdaular", "Adamdar arasyndaghy tensizdikting shyghuy men negizderi jónindegi" enbekteri iligedi. "Qoghamdyq shart" turaly ilimdegi fransuz filosofynyng әdiletti qoghamgha kóshu joldaryn izdestirui de Shoqannyng kónil-kýy auanyna qozghalys beredi. Keyin Shoqan shygharmalarynyng bir arnasyn qazaq qoghamyndaghy tendik, tensizdik mәseleleri qúraydy.

Sh.Uәlihanovtyng enbekterinde nemis aqyny, aghartushy IY.V.Getening (1749-1832), nemis filosofy M. Kanttyng (1724-1804), fransuz jazushysy Jorj Sandtyng (1804-1876), aghylshyn filosofy, ekonomist jәne qogham qayratkeri Djon Stuart Milliding (1806-1873) esimderi kezdesedi. Songhy avtordyng "Bostandyq turaly", "Mazmúndy basqaru turaly" enbekterinde burjuaziyalyq reformizm jónindegi payymdaularyna zeyin qoysa, aghylshyn tarihshysy, әri filosofy Genry Tomas Bokliding (1821-1862) "Angliyadaghy órkeniyet tarihy" (1857-1861) degen enbegin oqyp, ondaghy adamzat tarihyn­daghy aqyl-oy damuynyng mәn-manyzyn joghary qoyghan tújyrymdary ózining de oqu-bilim arqyly otandastaryn óz damuynda algha ketken halyqtar qataryna qosudy armandaghan pikirlerine ýndes keledi.

Aghylshyn filosofy, әri tarihshysy Tomas Karleyliding (1795-1881) 1837 jyly jaryq kórgen "Fransiya revolusiyasynyng tarihy" degen ýsh tomdyq kitabyn Shoqan týpnúsqada, aghylshyn tilinde oqyghan sekildi. Shoqan kóptegen elderding qoghamdyq ómirine yqpal etip kele jatqan úly Fransuz revolusiyasynyng tarihymen tanysudy asa qajettilik retinde sanap, kitapty oqyp qana qoymay, ony konspektilep, óz enbekterinde birneshe jerde paydalanady. Qazaqtar arasyndaghy shamandyq turaly enbeginde Sh. Uәlihanov "Kók tәnirine tabynatyn shamandyq jónindegi tamasha týsiniktemeni biz Karleyliding jauabynan tabamyz" dep jazady.

Shoqan Karleyliding enbekterinen "Túlgha jәne tarihtaghy túlghalyq" degen tuyndysyndaghy keybir oi-pikirlerine silteme jasaydy. Qazaq ghalymynyng enbekterin paraqtay otyryp, onyng Berlin uniyversiytetining professory Genrih Gneysting (1816-1895) "Angliya memlekettik mekemelerining tarihy", Oksford uniyversiytetining professory Blekston Uiliyamnyng "Aghylshyn zandaryna týsinik" degen, fransuz ghalymy Sharli Konttyng (1782-1832) Fransuz revolusiyasy iydeyalaryn quattaghan enbekterimen tanys bolghanyn kóremiz.

Jana reformalyq teoriyalar, olardyng ishinde fransuz ghalymy Jorj Kuviening (1769-1832) evolusiyalyq teoriyasy Shoqandy qogham men tabighattaghy ózgeristerding úzaq merzimdi damudyng nәtiyjesi ekendigi, olardyng zandylyqtary men sipaty turaly týsiniktermen bayytady. Qogham damuyndaghy týrli faktorlardyn, olardyng ishinde qorshaghan ortanyng róli jónindegi tújyrymdarymen qanyghady.

"Altyshar nemese Qashqariya turaly" degen enbeginde Shoqan: "Shyghys Týrkistanda músylmandyq fanatizmning kýshti boluynyng sebebi, әriyne, elding geografiyalyq jaghdayyna baylanysty", - dep jazady. Búghan qaraghanda, qazaq ghalymynyng materialistik kózqarastaryna "geografiyalyq mektep" ókilderining enbekteri birshama әser etken sekildi. Alayda onyng pikirinshe, adamzat óz damuynda joghary satylargha kóterilgen sayyn geografiyalyq faktordyng qoghamgha yqpaly әlsirey týsedi. "Taypalyq organizm jaghdayynda ony qorshaghan orta, aua rayy, jer jaghdayy birinshi kezekke qoyyluy kerek, sebebi adamnyng oyanu sezimi, kerekti fizikalyq qúbylys pen әleumettik jaghdaydyng birtútas әserine baylanysty emes pe", - dep jazady. "Sot reformasy turaly jazba" (28 aqpan, 1864 j.) degen enbeginde Sh. Uә­liy­hanovtyng qogham damuy teoriyalarymen jәne Fran­suz burjuaziyalyq revolusiyasy tarihymen jete tanysuy onyng oy órisin ólsheusiz keneytedi. Sonyng nәtiyjesinde ol osy enbeginde: "1793 jyldan beri Eu­ropada bolghan barlyq tónkerister ókimetting bos­tandyq ýshin bolghan halyq qozghalysyn basyp tastaugha degen jalghyz-aq úmtylysy saldarynan oryn aldy", - dep ashyq aitady( Sonda. Tórtinshi tom. 85-86 b.).

"Aghartushylyq" - progresshil iydeyalyq qozghalys bolghandyghy, onyng oqu-bilim arqyly qoghamda әdilet­tilik ornatqysy kelgendigi mәlim. Shoqan XVIII gha­syr­daghy batys aghartushylary bolsyn, ne XIX ghasyr­dyng birinshi jartysyndaghy orys aghartushylary bol­syn - bәrine de ózining oy órisi túrghysynan qarady. Quatty talantynyng arqasynda búl iydeyalyq aghymnyng kýngey de, kólenkeli tústaryn kóre bildi. Ol "halyq­shylardyn" oqu-bilim salasyndaghy ústanymdaryna qarsy shyghyp, aqyl-oy jeke bir halyqtyng mo­no­poliyasy emes dep sanady. Biz "tar shenberli" halyq­shyldar teoriyasyn qabylday almaymyz, "europalyq, adamzattyq bilimdi iygeru jәne oghan jetu jolyndaghy barlyq kedergilermen batyl kýresu damu men mәdeniyetke qabiletti әr halyqtyng týpki maqsaty boluy kerek", - deydi.

Aghartushylyq isinde últtyq, memlekettik, ne bol­masa basqa da shekteushilikke jol berilmeui jónindegi Shoqan ústanymy jana ghana Qazaqstandy ózine qaratqan Resey imperiyasynyng "órkeniyettik róli" jónindegi resmy iydeologiyagha qarsy baghyttalghan edi.

Sh.Uәlihanovtyng óz halqyn batyseuropalyq jәne adamzattyq mәdeny qúndylyqtar negizinde ósip jetiluin qalaghandyghy - talassyz aqiqat. Shoqan dýniyetanymynyng bastaularyn tek "orystyq ortadan" izdestiru, ony birde A. I. Gersennin, birde N.G.Cher­ny­shevskiyding iydeyalyq ústanymdaryna qaray jete­lep, odan "revolusioner" jasaugha tyrysushylyq qazaq ghalymynyng intellektualdyq әlemin, arman-tilegin tolyq sipattap bere almaydy.

Qazaq perzentining feodaldyq-krepostniktik Reseyding qoghamdyq oi-pikiri ayasynan shyghyp, әlemdik dengeyge kóterilgeni, janamalap bolsa da, orys ziyalylyry tarapynan da moyyndalghan. Ádebiyettanushy, Peterburg Ghylym akademiyasynyng akademiygi, N.G.Chernyshevskiyding jaqyn dosy A. N. Pypin (1833-1904): "Uәlihanovty jaqyn bilgen adamdar ózining kónil auany, oilau baghyt-baghdary ja­ghynan onyng orys batysshyly bolghandyghyn aitady", - dep bagha bergen (Sonda. Birinshi tom. 73-b.). N.M.Yad­rinsev te Shoqannyng óz halqyn ómirining so­ny­na deyin sýiip ótkendigin, onyng europalyq bilim bú­laghynan susyndauyn armandaghanyn eske alady (Sonda. 31-bet). Osy saryndas pikirdi P.P.Semenov Tyani-Shanskiy de aitady: "Uәlihanov óz eline jan-tәnimen berilgen edi, ol qazaq ómirin sýietin, sony­men birge batys órkeniyetin joghary baghalay aldy", - deydi. Osy sóilemdi orys ghalymy: "Sh.Uәlihanov óz halqynyng jarqyn bolashaghy Reseyding qamqor­ly­ghyna ghana baylanysty ekenin qiyadan boljady", dep jalghastyrady. Búl tújyrymnyng qazaq jerleri men Orta Aziya handyqtarynyng Resey qolastyna alynyp, orys qaruynyng "danqy" shyrqap túrghan kezdegi imperiyalyq iydeologiyanyng kórinisi ekendigi, ony Kaufman men Chernyaev te, Chernyshevskiy men Dostoevskiy de bóliskenigi qúpiya emes.

Al Sh. Uәlihanov ýshin әskery antynyng jalghasy ispettes búl sózder-metropoliyagha (Reseyge) adaldy­ghyn aighaqtaytyn ózge últ ókilining auzynan mindetti týrde aitylugha tiyisti sózder ekendigi, biraq onyng shynayy nanym-senimnen tuyndamaghany belgili. Resey armiyasy Bas shtabynyn, Syrtqy ister miniys­tr­ligi men basqa da vedomstvolardyng jiti baqy­lau­ynda jýrgen, P.P.Semenov-Tyani-Shanskiyding de, F.M.Dostoevskiyding de qazaq, ózbek, t.b. "jatjúrt­tyqtar" jónindegi kózqarastaryn tym jaqsy biletin Sh.Uәlihanov sekildi ghúlama ghalymnyng olargha basqa ne aituy mýmkin?! Orys ziyalylarynan týrik-mú­syl­man halyqtaryn tarih subektisi retinde tanyp, olardyng jeke dara ómir sýruin, bólek memleket bo­luyn qoldaghan, tipti, birli-jarym ókilderin tap basyp aitu qiyn.

Sol kezding ózinde-aq qazaq dalasyndaghy orys әkimshiligining zorlyq-zombylyqtaryn kózimen kórgen, Shoqan halyqtyng progress jolyna týsuining alghy­sharttary retinde: "Órkendeuding qanday satysynda túrsa da, halyqtyng qalypty ósui ýshin ózdiginen damuy, ózin-ózi qorghay bilui, ózin-ózi basqaruy jәne ózindik sot jýrgizu isi qajet",­ - dep kórsetken (Sonda. Tórtinshi tom. 103 b.).

Shoqan filosofiyasynyng ózegi retinde tanylugha tiyisti búl sózderine qaraghanda, ol "ózin-ózi basqaru" prinsiypin halyqtyng últtyq bostandyghy retinde týsingen (Sonda. Birinshi tom. 66 b.).

Batys ghalymdarynyng filosofiyalyq-publiy­siys­tikalyq traktattaryn, 1793 jylghy Fransuz revo­lu­siyasy tarihyn qúmarta oqyghan Sh. Uәlihanovtyng Parijde bolyp qaytuy - zandylyq. Onyng 1860 jyldyng 4 qarashasynda әkesine jazghan hatynda: "Qúday búiyrtsa, bir aidan keyin Peterbordan Pa­rijge attanamyn. Aqshany qaryzgha alamyn, múndaghy bir kisiden. Sol sebepti Sizding jibergen aqshanyz meni Peterbordan tappas", - dep habarlaydy.

Hat sarynynan Shoqannyn, auylynan aqsha kelip ýlgergenshe kýtpey, Parijge ketkeli túrghany bayqa­lady. Fransiyadaghy orys elshiliginde isteytin A.E.Vran­geli: "Men ony keyin Peterborda jәne Pa­rijde kezdestirdim", - dep esine alady (Sonda. Be­sinshi tom. 231b.). Shoqannyng Parijde bolghandyghyn akademik Á. H. Marghúlan da qoldaydy. "Keybir janama mәlimetterge qaraghanda, - dep jazady ol, - Shoqan Europagha barar jolda Ukrainada, Qyrymda, Moldaviyada bolyp, sosyn Fransiyagha barghan da, Germaniya arqyly Peterborgha oralghan. Parijge ol dosy D.IY.Romanovskiymen birge 1860 jyldyng ayaghy - 1861 jyldyng basy kezinde bolghangha úqsaydy" (Vestnik AN KazSSR. 1966. № 10 (258). S. 29).

Fransiya, Germaniya sekildi elder túrghyndarynyng materialdyq jay-kýii men mәdeniyeti asa sezimtal qazaq ghalymyn oilandyrghanyn dәleldep jatudyng qajeti bola qoymas.

Áriyne, osy sapardan keyingi Shoqannyng oi-tolghamdarynda keybir ózgeristerding oryn alghandyghy onyng 1861-1865 jyldar aralyghyndaghy jazbalar men hattarynan aiqyn bayqalady. Ony óz halqynyng bolashaghy, tarih sahnasynda saqtalyp qalu mәseleleri kóp tolghandyrady.

ShOQAN ShYQQAN ShYN

Qay jazba, qay enbegin alyp qaramayyq, Shoqan eng aldymen óz halqynyng tarihyn jete zertteuge úmtylady. Qazaqtardyng shyghu tegin zerdeleu Shoqan ýshin ghylymiy-teoriyalyq túrghydan ghana emes, praktikalyq túrghydan da manyzdy bolatyn. Halyqqa óz atauyn qaytaru, onyng etnostyq biregeyligin anyqtau jer-suyna ie boluy ýshin, otarlyq ýstemdik jaghdayynda joyylyp ketpeui ýshin qajet bolghandyghyn patsha iydeologtary әuel basta anghara almay da qalghan shyghar. Qazaqtardyng "qyrghyzdar", "qyrghyz-qaysaqtar" ataluy uaqyt óte kele onyng tarihsyz halyq, basqa jaqtan auyp kelgen "kelimsek" ataluyna jol ashatyn edi. Búl bolsa óz kezeginde qazaqtyng bayyrghy atamekeninen aiyryluyna әkeletin.

Sh.Uәlihanov Reseyding ontýstik-shyghysynan Sibirding ontýstigine deyingi Jonghariya, Qytay men Qoqan handyghy aralyghyndaghy baytaq ólkede qonystanghan halyqtyng shyn atauy - qazaqtar dep, qazaqtar men qyrghyzdardyng eki bólek halyq ekendigin, olardy shatastyrmau kerektigin eskertedi.

Qazaq halqynyng etnogenezi, qalyptasu uaqyty, etnostyq qúramy, tili, mәdeniyeti, sharuashylyghy, "qazaq" atauynyng әleumettik jәne etnostyq mәni sekildi asa kýrdeli mәselelerdi zertteude ol tarih qana emes, onymen birge arheologiya, etnografiya, antropologiya, geografiya, lingvistika, t.b. ghylym salalarynyng jetistikterine sýienedi.

Qanly, shanyshqyly, kereytter, uyzdar (oghyz­dar), qypshaqtar, pechenegter, dulat, ýisin, jalay­yrlar, naymandar, kereyler, t.b. ru-taypalardyng kóne zamandaghy qonystary jónindegi maghlúmattardy jinastyrady. Kishi jýz taypalarynyng avtoh­ton­dyghyn aitady. Qazaq jýzderining qalyptasuy jóninde óz pikirlerin bildiredi.

Kóshpeli halyqtar tarihyn, olardyng shyghu tegin zertteudegi Shoqan Uәlihanovtyng metodologiyalyq ústanymy ózining progresshildigi, tanymdyq әleuetining kendigi túrghysynan batys jәne orys ghalymdarynyng ghylymy jetistikterinen әldeqayda algha ketken bolatyn. Ol Orta Aziyanyng qúnarly jaylaulary men ózen-suy mol úlan-baytaq dalalarynda erte zaman­dar­dan jeke-jeke kóshpeli úrpaqtardyng sansyz kóp ordalary mekendegenin, olardyng ózderining qonys­taryn ýnemi auystyryp, әrtýrli attarmen, birde óz úrpaghynyng atymen, birde birneshe ru birigip, әldi de bedeldi rudyng atymen atalyp kelgendigin jazady.

Múnan "qazaq" atauymen bizding halqymyz XV gha­syrdyng ortasynda tarih sahnasynda payda bolgha­nymen, onyng qúramyna engen ru-taypalardyng osy ónirdi kóne zamannan beri mekendep kele jatqandyghy turaly tújyrym tuyndaydy.

Kóshpeli taypalardyng shyqqan tegi men tarihyn zertteude, atalmysh jaghday, yaghny olardyng ýnemi qo­nys audaryp otyruy, onyng ýstine birden-bir mәlimet kózi bolyp sanalatyn qytay jylnamalary men shy­ghys hronikalaryndaghy birizdilikting joqtyghy Sho­qan­gha ýlken qiyndyqtar tughyzady. Búl jaghdaydy qazaq ghalymynyng ózi de atap ótedi. "Qyrghyzdar turaly jazbalar" enbeginde ol: "Kóshpeli taypalardyng jәne jazu-syzuy bolmaghan jalpy halyqtyng tarihy faktilerge emes, jartylay ertegige úqsas anyzgha negizdelgen, sonymen birge bizge tek qytay men shyghys tarihshylarynan alynghan, birine-biri qayshy, búlynghyr... týrde jetude, osylaysha olardyng kóne zamanghy taghdyry talay syr týigen júmbaq kýiinde qaluda", - dep jazady (Sonda. Ekinshi tom. 53-b.).

Sh.Uәlihanov qazaq halqynyng bastaularyn zert­teu barysynda Rashiyd-ad-dinning "Jamy at-tauariyh", Múhammed Haydardyng "Tarih iy-Rashidiyi", Qadyr­ghaly Jalairiyding "Jamy at-tauariyh", t.b. shyghys ghúlamalarynyng enbekterindegi maghlúmattardy orys derekterimen, dalanyng auyzsha tarihnamasyndaghy mәlimetterimen salystyra otyryp ózining oy әleminde qorytady. Altyn Orda handarynyng jarlyqtaryn, Ábilghazynyng "Týrik shejiresin", I. N. Berezin ba­sylymy boyynsha "Sheybaniy-nameni", keyin "Babyr nameni" oqidy. Omby, Sankt-Peterburg qalala­rynyng múraghat qorlaryn paraqtaydy.

Osynyng nәtiyjesinde ghalymnyng qazaq etnogenezi turaly "Qyrghyz shejiresi", "Jonghariya ocherkteri", "Qyrghyzdar turaly jazbalar", "Ýlken qyrghyz-qaysaq ordasynyng anyzdary...", t.b. enbekteri dýniyege keledi. Olarda Shoqan qazaq, qyrghyz jerlerindegi erte zamanghy qala mәdeniyetinin, sulandyru jýielerining qaldyq­taryna, sәulet ónerining eskertkishterine erekshe kónil qoyady. "Jonghariya ocherkterinde" orta ghasyrlarda Qazaqstan aumaghynda, әsirese, Ile angharynda otyryq­shylyqtyng kýshti damyghanyn, qazirgi Almaty qalasynyng Úly Jibek jolynyng boyyndaghy sauda jәne keruen beketi mindetin atqarghanyn atap ótedi.

"Abylay" degen maqalasynda búl qayratkerding syrtqy sayasaty strategiyasynyng diplomatiyalyq jolmen qazaq handyghynyng tәuelsiz ómir sýrip qalugha, qazaq mýddesine jat syrtqy kýshterding óz ýstemdigin ornatuyna qarsy baghyttalghanyn anghartady.

Múnyng barlyghy kóshpeliler jónindegi euro­sentristik kózqarastargha, qazaqtargha ortalyq jýiege ynghayly tarihy dýniyetanymdy tanugha úmtylghan patshalyq Resey sayasatyna qayshy keledi.

Shoqan qazaq dalasyndaghy geografiyalyq nysan­dargha, ózenderi men kólderine, taulary men qyrat­ta­ryna, say-salasy men qoynaularyna, olardyng týr­ki­lik-qazaqylyq ataularyna ýniledi. Qazaq jerin Sol­­týstikten Ontýstikke, Shyghystan Batysqa deyin kar­­ta­gha týsirip, oghan qazaq tilinde (arab qarpinde) týsin­dirmeler beredi. Sonymen ol bolashaq úrpaqqa onyng etnostyq territoriyasy turaly bagha jetpes tarihy qújattar qaldyrady.

Akademik Á.Marghúlan Omby kadet korpusyndaghy oqu baghdarlamasynda Resey imperiyasynyng fiziy­ka­lyq jәne ekonomikalyq geografiyasy boyynsha dә­risterde Qazaqstan geografiyasyna da kóp kónil bó­lin­gendigin aita kelip, alayda búl: "Onyng tabighy baylyqtaryn iygeru maqsatynda emes, әskeriy-strategiyalyq túrghydan qaraldy", - dep kórsetedi (Marghúlan Á. H. Alghy sóz // Kóp tomdyq shygharma­lar jinaghy. Birinshi tom. 21-b.).

Degenmen qazaq ghalymynyng geografiyalyq izde­nisterin onyng taza әskeriy-barlaushylyq mindetterinen tuyndady, rekognossirovkalyq maqsatta jýrgizildi degen payymmen shekteuge bola qoymas. Qazaq halqy mekenining kenistigi, ózen-kólderinin...,t.b. nysan­dar­dyng kóne ataulary sekildi izdenister halyq bo­lashaghyn oilaghan zerdeli jannyng qam-qareketi deuge negiz barshylyq. Osyny týsingen patsha senzurasy N.Veselovskiyge Shoqan Uәlihanovtyng jeke múra­gha­tyndaghy onyng toponimika men onomastika sala­la­ry boyynsha materialdaryn jariyalaugha rúqsat ber­meydi (Qystaubaev B.Tayna Chokana Valihanova. Almaty, 2009. S. 141). Shoqan Uәlihanovty tek orys mektebining týlegi retinde ghana qarastyrushylar taghy bir mәselege - onyng ghylymy zerthanasynda batyseuropalyq avtorlardyng geografiyalyq, ta­rihi, etnografiyalyq, lingvistikalyq shyghar­­ma­larynyng keninen oryn alghanyna toqtala bermeydi.

Shoqan shygharmalarynyng derektemelik negizi Gerodottyng "Tarihy" men "Vizantiya jylnama­larynan" bastap XIX ghasyrdyng orta kezindegi batys sayahatshylarynyng enbekterindegi qazaq, qyrghyz, noghay, ózbek, týrkimen, úighyr halyqtaryna qatysty barlyq maghlúmattardy qamtidy. Olardyng ishinen ejelgi grek ghalymy, geograf Klavdiy Ptolomeyge, Rim aqyny Kvint Gorasiyge, ortaghasyrlyq sayahatshylar Marko Polo men Gans Shilitbergerge siltemeler jasalghan. "Ile ólkesining geografiyalyq ocherkinde" Plano Karpiniyding Qaraqorymgha kelgen kezinde "qymyz atyp túrghan fontandy" su­ret­teuine zer salsa, "Qyrghyz shejiresinde" G.Shilit­­­bergerding Kebek, Kerey-Berdi, Edige, Qúlynshaq sekildi han, batyrlardyng aralaryndaghy kýrdeli qarym-qatynastar jóninde jazghandaryna toqtalady.

Qyrghyzdardyng mekeni jónindegi mongholdardyng Mónke hanyna jiberilgen Ludovik IX-nyng elshisi Viligelm Rubruktyn, odan keyingi G. Klaprottyng mәlimetterin salystyra kelip: "Qyrghyz halqynyng býgingi Alatau ordasynyng túrghan jerin erteden beri mekendeytinin Abeli Remuza bergen tamasha fakt jәne Ritterding Erdkunde atty enbeginen kóshirip alghan ýzindilerimiz aiqyn dәleldeydi", - dep ózinshe qorytady.

Shoqan nemis geografy Karl Ritterding (1779-1859) "Erdkunde von Asien" (Berliyn, 1832-1859) degen klassikalyq enbegine jii sýienip otyrady. Nemis ghalymy, jaratylys zertteushi Aleksandr Gumbolidttyng (1769-1859) 1843 jylghy "Ortalyq Aziya" degen enbegimen Omby kadet korpusynda jýrgen kezinde-aq fransuz tilinde tanysady.

Sol kezdegi әigili ghalymdar V.Shott pen G.Klaprot enbekterinde qazaqtar men qyrghyzdar tarihyn zertteude jiberilgen qatelikterdi syngha alady. D.Erbelonyng "Shyghys kitaphanasy" atty tarihi-aghartushylyq ensiklopediyasyn da joghary baghalay otyryp, onyng da qatelikterin kózden tasa qaldyrmaydy.

Qazaq ghalymy XVII-XVIII ghasyrlardaghy katolik missionerlerining esepterin de Ortalyq Aziya ha­lyq­tary tarihynyng manyzdy derek kózi retinde sa­naydy. Ásirese, Abeli Remuza, Klavdiy Vizdelu, Jo­zef Degini, Stanislav Julien, D'Osson sekildi fransuz avtorlarynyng tuyndylaryna erekshe nazar audarady.

Búl orayda fransuz shyghystanushysy A.K. D'Ossonnyng (1779-1851) "Mongholdardyng Shyn­ghys­hannan Temir bey nemese Tamerlangha deyingi ta­rihy" (Amsterdam, 1834-1835) atty tórt tomdyq en­begi mamandar tarapynan óte joghary baghalan­ghan­dy­ghynda emes, Shoqan ýshin ol kitap kópshilikke bey­magh­lúm ortaghasyrlyq músylman derekterinen jana mate­rialdardyng keltiriluimen manyzdy edi. D'Osson Rashid ad-dinning "Jamy at-tauariyh", sonymen birge Vassaftyn, Mirhondtyng tuyndylaryn jәne Parijdegi Korolidik kitaphanadan tabylghan enbekterdi keninen payda­lan­ghan. Shoqan D'Osson­nyng osy enbegin "Qyrdaghy músylmandyq turaly" degen júmysynda paydagha asyrghan.

Enbekterining birinde Shoqan: "Shyghys tarihshy­larynyng anyzdaryna da talay týsindirme berushiler tabylyp, olardy D'Osson jәne basqalary tereng zerttegen", - dep kórsetedi (Kóp tomdyq shygharma­lar jinaghy. Ekinshi tom. 55-b.).

Julien Stanislas ta (1799-1875), D'Osson se­kildi, belgili shyghystanushy ghalym bolatyn. Ol bir­qa­tar tarihy shygharmalardy qytay tilinen fransuz ti­line audarady. Olardyng qatarynda qytay sayahat­shysy Suani-Szannyng (600-664) ómirbayany da bar.

Fransiya Aziyalyq qoghamynyng preziydenti Abeli Remuzanyng (1785-1832) enbekteri de qazaq ghalymy tuyndylarynyng derektemelik negizine qalanady.

XIX ghasyrdyng orta kezine qaray Ortalyq Aziya Angliya men Reseyding bәseke alanyna ainalady. 1832 jyly Ýndistannan Aughanstan arqyly Búharagha aghylshyn ofiyseri Aleksandr Borns basqarghan "diplomatiyalyq elshilik" attandyrylady. Onyng qúramyndaghy Djon Vud Amudariya ózenining alabyn, al A. Borns Aral-Kaspiy oipatyn zertteuge ki­risedi. Olar Búharada bir jylday bolyp, "Búharagha, Ýndistannan Kabulgha, Tatariyagha, Persiyagha sayahat turaly esep" degen kitap jazady. Ortalyq Aziyadaghy aghylshyndardyng әr qimylyn jiti baqylap otyrghan Reseyde búl enbek 1849 jyly orys tiline auda­rylady da, onymen kóp keshikpey Shoqan da tany­syp shyghady. Onda qazaq ghalymyn aghylshyn avtory surettep jazghan Aral tenizindegi Barsakelmes araly turaly anyz mazmúny qyzyqtyrghan da bolar.

Shoqan Ortalyq Aziya tarihy boyynsha orta gha­syrlyq derekter qatarynda Deshti-Qypshaqpen, Or­ta Aziya jәne Shyghys Týrkistanmen sauda jýrgizgen kópesterge jolbasshy retinde jasalghan italiyandyq kartalardy qarastyrady. Fransisk jәne Dominik Pisichaniyding (1367) kartasy, Katalon kartasy (1375), venesiandyq Fra Mauro (1459) kartasynyng mәlimetterin jazba derektermen salystyrady.

Orys liyberaldyq oi-pikirleri men batyseuro­pa­lyq ghalymdardyng filosofiyalyq-publisistiy­ka­lyq traktattary, qazaq halqynyng ghasyrlar boyghy auyz әdebiyetinde qordalanghan ghibrat pen ósiyet to­ghy­­synda shyndalghan tabighy talant Sh. Uәliy­­­­­­ha­novty ghúlamalyq biyikke kóteredi. Búl sózimizge ne­giz retinde onyng zamanauy qoghamdyq-publisiys­tiy­kalyq oi-pikirding bastauynda túrghandyghyn aitsaq ta jetkilikti. Ol europalyq tiptegi qazaq intel­liygensiyasynyng qalyptasu prosesining qaynar kózi boldy. Shoqannyng tariyh, etnografiya, geografiya, qazaq әdebiyeti, to­ponimika, gidrografiya, zoologiya salalary boyynsha zertteu qorytyndylarynyng ghy­lymy manyzy әli joyylghan joq. Qazaq halqynyng qalyptasuy, onyng memlekettiligi men mәdeniyetin zerdeleu arqyly óz halqynyng janalyqqa qúshtar­lyghy, "ózin-ózi biylegen", óz isin ózi jýrgizgen jaghdayda bilim jetistikterin qabyldaugha qabilettiligi turaly tújyrym jasaydy jәne onymen әlem júrtshylyghyn tanystyrady.

Qazaq halqynyng etnogenezi, avtohtondyghy, ataqonysy, jer-suynyng ejelgi ataulary turaly Shoqan enbekteri bolashaq úrpaq ýshin tәuelsiz Qazaqstannyng territoriyalyq, etnostyq tútastyghyn saqtap qalu jolyndaghy asa manyzdy tarihy qújat bolyp tabylady. Sol sebepti Shoqan shyqqan biyik eshqashan alasarmaydy.

Sóz sonynda dalanyng dara daryny turaly oiymyzdyng jogharydaghy pikirlermen shektelip qalmay­ty­nyn aitqymyz keledi. Halqymyzdyng birtuar úlynyng shet­elde tanyluy, joghalghan jazbalarynyng taghdyry bó­lek bir әngime arqauy. Ol turaly alda bayan etpekpiz.

Kóshim ESMAGhAMBETOV, tarih ghylymdarynyng doktory, professor.

Almaty.

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Suretterde: Sh.Uәlihanovtyng enbekterindegi ózi  syzyp, salghan beyneler.

http://www.egemen.kz/19346.html