Bókeyhanov Álihan Núrmúhamedúly (1870-1937) - kórnekti qogham jәne memleket qayratkeri, ghúlama ghalym, últ azattyq qozghalysynyng teoriyalyq negizin salushy әri kósemi, qazaqtyng túnghysh sayasy partiyasyn úiymdastyrushy jәne Alashorda ýkimetining tóraghasy. Tughan jeri búrynghy Semey oblysyndaghy Qarqaraly uezining Toqyrauyn bolysy, qazirgi Qaraghandy oblysynyng Aqtoghay audany. Ata tegi Shynghys hannyng ýlken úly Joshydan taraytyn tóre túqymy. Arghy atasy ataqty Kókjal Baraq. Qazaqtyng songhy handarynyng biri Bókey han osy Kókjal Baraqtyng balasy. Bókeyden Batyr, odan Myrzatay, odan Álihannyng әkesi Núrmúhamed.

Bókeyhanov Álihan Núrmúhamedúly (1870-1937) - kórnekti qogham jәne memleket qayratkeri, ghúlama ghalym, últ azattyq qozghalysynyng teoriyalyq negizin salushy әri kósemi, qazaqtyng túnghysh sayasy partiyasyn úiymdastyrushy jәne Alashorda ýkimetining tóraghasy. Tughan jeri búrynghy Semey oblysyndaghy Qarqaraly uezining Toqyrauyn bolysy, qazirgi Qaraghandy oblysynyng Aqtoghay audany. Ata tegi Shynghys hannyng ýlken úly Joshydan taraytyn tóre túqymy. Arghy atasy ataqty Kókjal Baraq. Qazaqtyng songhy handarynyng biri Bókey han osy Kókjal Baraqtyng balasy. Bókeyden Batyr, odan Myrzatay, odan Álihannyng әkesi Núrmúhamed.

Álihandy әkesi toghyz jasynda Qarqaralygha aparyp, jergilikti moldanyng qolyna oqugha beredi. Biraq zerdeli bala moldadan oqyghandardan góri osyndaghy mektepte oqyp jýrgenderding sauattylyghyn angharyp, qaladaghy ýsh klastyq bastauysh mektepke óz erkimen auysyp alady. Búdan keyin ol Qarqaraly qalasynyng ýsh jyldyq uchiliyshesine týsip, ony da «óte jaqsy» degen baghamen bitirip shyghady. Osydan keyin on alty jasar Álihan Ombynyng tehnikalyq uchiliyshesine qabyldanady. Tórt jyl boyy ýzdik oqyghan alghyr shәkirtine riza bolghan mýmkindik jasaydy. Sóitip ol jiyrma jasynda Dala general gubernator kensesining úsynys haty men qazaq qauymdastyghynyng 200 som stiypendiyasyn alyp, Reseyding astanasy Sankt Peterburgke baryp, Orman sharuashylyghy isntitutyna týsedi. Ol múnda jýrip kýndelikti sabaqtaryna qosa studentterding sayasi, әdebi, ekonomikalyq jәne taghy basqa ýiirmelerding júmysyna qyzu aralasyp, studenttik tolqulargha qatysady.

Ony eki ghasyrgha juyq Resey imperiyasynyng qol astynda otyrghan halqynyng auyr taghdyry qatty tolghandyra bastaydy. Qaranghylyq pen nadandyqtyng shyrmauynda otyrghan halqyna bilim men mәdeniyet kerek ekenin úghady, elding túrmysyn, mәdeniyetin, bilimin kóterudi ózining aldyna maqsat etip qoyady. Oquyn bitirip, Ombygha oarlghanda Á.Bókeyhanov Resey imperiyasynyng qazaq dalasyna jýrgizgen otarshyldyq sayasatyna degen ózindik kózqarasy qalyptasqan, marksizmning kapitalistik qoghamnyng qanau tetikterin ashyp bergen ekonomikalyq qaghidalarymen qarulanghan, sayasy astyrtyn kýresting týrleri men әdisterin ýirenip, bilgen, kýres tartystan birshama tәjiriybesi bar sayasy kýresker bolatyn. Ol Ombygha kelisimen qalanyng sayasy әleumettik, qoghamdyq júmysyna belsene aralasady. «Halyq bostandyghy» partiyasynyng qataryna ótip, ózi qazaq ziyalylary men sayasy belsendilerining arasynda osy partiyanyng shaghyn tobyn úiymdastyrady.

Álihannyng sayasy kózqarasynyng pisip, jetiluine, keyin belgili sayasi, qogham, memleket qayratkeri әri qazaq últ azattyq qozghalysynyng úiymdastyrushysy jәne kósei retinde tanyluyna, sayasy kýresker retinde shyndaluyna Ombydaghy kýnderi erekshe yqpal etedi. XX ghasyrdyng basynda qazaq dalasynda eki aghymnyng bolghany belgili. Biri Búhara men Týrkistangha bet búrghan dәstýrshil, panislamshyl aghym, ekinshisi negizinen Batys órkeniyetin ýlgi tútqan janashyl, pantýrkishil aghym. Osy ekinshi aghymnyng basynda Álihan bastaghan orys mektepterinen tәlim tәrbie alghan ozyq oily qazaq ziyalylary túrady. Búl top sayasy ústamdylyq tanytyp, Resey imperiyasyna qarsy ashyq kýreske shyghudyng әli erte ekenin anyq týsinedi.

Sondyqtan olar, eng aldymen, halyqtyng sana sezimin oyatatyn jaghday jasau kerek dep bildi. Bar kýsh quattaryn osy maqsatqa júmyldyrady. Biraq olardyng oidaghyday júmys isteuine jandarmeriya basqarmasynyng jansyzdary mýmkindik bermeydi. Solardyng kórsetuimen qughyngha týsedi, týrmege qamalady. Búdan student kezinde aq senimsizderding qara tizimine iligip, baqylauda jýrgen Álihan da tys qalghan joq, aldymen, Semey týrmesine qamalyp, keyin Samar qalasyna jer audarylady. 1916 jyly jer audaru merzimi bitip, Samarydan Orynbor kelgen Álihan birden qalanyng qoghamdyq, sayasy ómirine aralasyp ketedi. Qalanyng qazaq túrghyndary atynan qalalyq dumagha saylanady. Ol Aqpan tónkerisinen ýlken ýmit kýtedi. Biraq ol ýmiti aqtalmaydy. Uaqytsha ýkimet, onyng ishinde ózi mýshesi bolyp jýrgen kadet partiyasynyng kósemderi qazaqqa avtonomiya beruge qarsy bolady.

Onyng ýstine olarmen jer mәselesi jóninde de ymyragha kele almaydy da, ol búl partiyadan shyghyp, qazaqtan saylanghan toghyz ókildi bastap baryp, Tomsk qalasynda Sibir avtonomisterining qúryltayyna qatysady. Osynda bolashaq Sibir respublikasynyng qúramynda Qazaq avtonomiyasy qúrylmaq bolady. Qúryltaydan oralysymen Álihan qazaq tarihyndaghy túnghysh sayasy úiym Alash partiyasyn úiymdastyrugha kirisedi. Artynsha, 1917 jyldyng jeltoqsanynda býkil qazaqtardyng qúryltayynda Qazaq avtonomiyasy jariyalanyp, Á.Bókeyhanov sol alghashqy Qazaq avtonomiyaly respublikasynyng túnghysh tóraghasy bolyp saylanady.

Biraq kóp úzamay jeniske jetken bolishevikter Qazaq avtonomiyasynyng júmysyn toqtatyp, basshylaryn qughyngha salady. Á.Bókeyhanov Mәskeuge jer audarylady. Onda on jyl ýy qamauynda otyrghan Álihandy 1937 jyldyng tamyzynda qayyra tútqyndap, bir aidan keyin jalghan jalamen ólim jazasyna kesedi. Býkil maghynaly ómirin halqynyng azattyq alyp, erkin el boluyna arnaghan ayauly azamattyng songhy demi bitkenshe sol maqsat jolynda jasaghan qyzmeti san qily. Ol Resey jergilikti jәne qalalyq qogham qayratkerleri sezining delegaty, Reseyding I Memlekettik Dumasynyng jәne músylman halyqtary sezining deputaty, IV Memlekettik Dumanyng músylmandar fraksiyasynyng Buro mýshesi, ghúlama ghalym ormantanushy, ekonomist, mal sharuashylyghyn zertteudi ghylymy jolgha qoyshy, tarihshy, etnograf, әdebiyettanushy, audarmagy, әri publisist retinde qazaq halqynyng sayasy әleumettik, mәdeny ruhany tarihynda óshpestey iz qaldyrghan úly túlgha.

Alashorda ýkimetine saylanghandargha jeke-jeke toqtalghanda aldymen auyzgha alynatyndardyng arasynda, әriyne, siyez saylaghan onyng tóraghasy - Álihan Bókeyhanov bolyp tabylady.

Zamandastary men halqy qadirlep «Áleken» dep atap ketken Álihan Bókeyhanov - býkil sanaly ómirin qazaq halqynyng últtyq sayasy bostandyghy men derbestigi ýshin arnaghan ayauly úly túlghamyz. Ata tegi jaghynan tóreler túqymynan ekeni mәlim.

1866 jyly 5 nauryzda (ózining tergeude bergen jauabynan) búrynghy Semey oblysy, Qarqaraly uezi, Toqyrauyn bolysynyng 7-auylynda tughan. Álekenning tughan jyly turaly derekter әr týrli. Degenmen de búl derek dúrys bolar deymiz. Sebebi onyng jasy turaly keltirilgen eng alghashqy arhivtik derek QR ortalyq arhiyvinde saqtalghan qújatta Álekenning Qarqaraly erler prihod uchiliyshesining dayyndyq bóliminde 1878/79-jylynyng 1-shi jarty jyldyghynda oqyp jýrgen 23 qazaq balasymen birge oqu ýlgerimi turaly vedomosindegi derekte, Álekeng uchiliyshege 1878 jyly 16 qyrkýiekte týskende jasy 11-de dep kórsetilgen. Yaghny tughan jyly 1867 bolmaq. Búl jyl Álekenning ózi kórsetken 1866 jylgha jaqyn. Sondyqtan onyng 1866 jyly tughany kýmәn tughyzbasa kerek.

1886-1890 jyldary Omby tehnikalyq uchiliyshesinde oqyp shyghyp, 1894 jyly Sankt-Peterburg orman institutynyng ekonomika fakulitetin bitirgen. JOO bitirgen song uchiliyshede matematikadan sabaq beredi.

Qazaq dalasynyng qonysynyng jer jaghdayyn zerttegen, yaghny ókimetting qazaqtyng «artyq jerin» zang jýzinde negizdeu ýshin qúrylghan F.A.Sherbina ekspedisiyasynyng qúramynda bolyp, qazaqty jerge ornalastyru mә­selesimen týbegeyli tanysyp, zertteydi.

Á.Bókeyhanov Reseyding kórnekti ekonomist, geograf ghalymdarymen birlese otyryp, «Rossiya bizding otanymyzdyng jalpy geografiyalyq sipattamasy» atty kóp tomdyq enbekting 1903 jyly shyqqan qazaq ólkesine arnalghan 18 tomnyng taraularyn jazugha qatysqan. Álekeng qazaqtar turaly shynayy mәlimetter keltirip, qazaqtardy asqaqtatady. Qazaqtyng oi-órisi men dýnie tanymy, ejelgi mәdeniyeti men tarihy siyaqty qasiyetteri anaghúrlym ozyq túrghanyn anghartady.

Abaydy alghash ret orys oqyrmandaryna tanystyrady, onyng qazaq әdebiyetindegi alatyn ornyn baghamdaydy.

1905 jyly Semey oblysynan 1 Memlekettik Dumagha deputat bolyp saylanyp, Duma taratylar aldynda ghana ýlgeredi.

Álekenning sayasy ómirge belsene aralasuy osy kezden bastalady. Orys baspasózinde qazaq dalasyndaghy patsha ókimetining otarshyldyq sayasatyn әshkereleytin maqalalar jariyalaydy. Ár týrli sayasy jinalystargha bel­sene qatysyp, qazaq kadet partiyasyn qúrudy kózdeydi.

Mine, Álihan Bókeyhanovtyng osynday belsendi sayasy qimyldary patsha ókimetin seskendirip, ony qazaq dalasynan alastap, Samara qalasyna jer audarady. Áleken, onda 1908-1917 jyldary túryp, qazaq qoghamynyng tynys-tirshiliginen qol ýzbey «Qazaq» gazetine «Qyr balasy» degen atpen el tirshiligining ótkir de týitkil mәselelerine den qoyghan maqalalar jazady.

Aqpan tónkerisinen son, ontayly sayasy ahualdy qalt jibermey paydalanyp qazaq eldigining derbestigi ýshin belsene qimyldaydy.

1917 jyldary shilde jәne jeltoqsan ailarynda ótken jalpy qazaqtyq siyezderdi úiymdastyryp, onda «Alash» partiyasy men «Alashorda» ýkimetin qúrugha qol jetkizedi. Alashorda ýkimetining tóraghalyghyna saylanady.

Azamat soghysy jyldary qazaq halqynyng aq pen qyzyldyng teke tiresinde tekten-tekke qosaq arasyna ketpeuine kýsh salady. Osy baghytta júmystar jýrgiziledi.

Kenes kezeninde ókimet oryndary Qazaqstanda túrghyzbay, Mәskeude ústaydy, sayasatpen ainalysugha mýmkindik bermeydi. Jana jaghdaygha bayla­nysty, búrynghy alash ziyalylary ózderining kýreskerlik jolyn óz hal­qynyng sauatyn ashu ýshin oqulyqtar jazyp, foliklorlyq әr týrli jinaq­tar shygharyp, ghylymmen shúghyldanyp, audarmalarmen ainalysyp, qazaq sharuashylyghyn úiymdastyruda basqa júrttyng ozyq mәdeny týrlerin paydalanudyng joldaryn kórsetip nasihattaugha baghyttaydy.

Kenes oryndary Álihan Bókeyhanovqa tynyshtyq bermey, 20-jyldary eki ret tútqyndap, onda amalsyz bosatyp, aqyr ayaghynda 1937 jyldyng nauqanynda qandy shengelge alady.

Eshkimning Álihangha bar ma sózi,

Demeydi qanday qazaq ony ong kózi.

Semey túrsyn, jeti oblys - bar qazaqtan,

Talassyz jeke-dara túr ghoy ózi, - dep S.Torayghyrov aitqanday, Álekeng әrqashan da qazaq jýreginde jeke dara túlgha bolyp qala bermek.

Bir derek

Lenin qaytys bola salysymen bar biylikti qolyna jinap alghan kompartiyanyng bas hatshysy Stalinning bedeli kýsheye týsken kez edi, búl. Tipti, Stalinning әmirining kýshtiligi sonday, 1924 jyly 12 mamyrdaghy BKP(b) Ortalyq Ko­miytetining plenumynda jariyalanugha tiyisti N. Krupskaya óz qolymen resmy týrde tabys etken Leninning haty oqylmady. Stalin óz qarsylastarynyng kózin birtindep qúrta bastady. El ishinde "qyzyl terror" órshidi. 1927 jyly Mәskeude ótken BKP(b)-nyng XY siezinde Leninning "Stalin slishkom grub y etot nedostatok, vpolne terpimyy v srede y v obsheniyah mejdu nami, kommunistami, sta­novitsya neterpimym v doljnosty genseka" dep aitylatyn әigili siezge haty taghy da jariya­lanbay qaldy. Kerisinshe osy siezde Troskiy, Zinoviev sekildi oppozisiya kósem­deri partiyadan quyldy. Bәlkim, sol sebepti aldyn ala qauipsizdik sharalaryn saqtau ýshin Tros­kiyding hatynda qazaq ólkesindegi oppozisiya­lyq toptyng basshylary Á.Bókeyhanov pen Á.Ermekovting esimderi әdeyi jazylmay qaldy ma eken?

1927 jyldyng 1 qazanynan bastap Álihan Bókeyhanov Mәskeude OGPU organdarynyng baqylauy astynda túrugha tiyis boldy. Sodan Mәskeude qyzmet etu mýmkin bolmaghandyqtan Qazaqstangha qaytyp oralady. 1928 jyly Á.Bókeyhanov Almatyda QazMU-da, al Á.Er­mekov QazPIY-de sabaq beredi. 1929 jyly 2 mausymda 43 Alash qozghalysynyng qayrat­kerlerimen birge ol Almatyda tútqyngha aly­nyp, osy jyldyng sonyna qaray Mәskeudegi Butyrka abaqtysyna jóneltiledi (Qaranyz, Qazaqstan Últtyq Ensiklopediyasy. Tom-2. Almaty, 1999. 76-b.).

Taghdyr degen qyzyq qoy. 1920 jyldardyng sonyna qaray Troskiyding ózi qazaq elining sol kezdegi astanasy Almatygha sayasy jer audarylyp keldi. Onyng osy "qazaq dostary" arasyna keluinde de ýlken syr bar sekildi. Ol kezde Orta Aziya respublikalary ishinde qazaq últtyq sayasy elitasynyng bedeli óte zor edi. Troskiy ózining Mәskeude iske asyra almaghan opportunistik iydeyalaryn Qazaqstanda, atap aitqanda alashordashylar dep atalatyn últtyq intelliygensiyanyng kórnekti ókilderining kómegimen jýzege asyrghysy keldi me, kim bilsin... Biraq olardyng is-әreketteri әrdayym qatang baqylauda boldy.

Alash kósemi Álihan Bókeyhanov 1929 jyly Almatyda qamaugha alynyp, Mәskeuge Butyrkagha tergeuge týskende, KSRO Halyq ko­miys­sarlar kenesi janyndaghy OGPU "ýshti­ginin" oghan "1921 jyly Orynborda kontrrevo­lusiyalyq úiym qúrdy, ortaaziyalyq pantýrik­shil úiymnyng basshysy Validovpen bayla­nysta boldy. 1927 jyly qazaq dalasynda qaruly kóterilis dayarlau әreketine qatysty" dep aiyp taghyp, RSFSR Qylmystyq Kodek­sining 58-babynyng 2,4 jәne 11-tarmaqtary boyynsha atu jazasyna kesilui tegin emes edi. Alayda, OGPU "ýshtigi" qazaq últy ziyalyla­rynyng kósemi Á.Bókeyhanovtay ýlken túlghany qúrtyp jiberuge qoryqty. Oghan berilgen ólim jazasy abaqtyda óteuine auystyryldy. Aqyry ol OGPU organdaryna últ ziyalylarynyng narazylyq bildiruine baylanysty týrmeden bosatyldy. Ókinishke qaray, onyng sonau bir jyldary Semeyde "Alash" partiyasynyng oblystyq komiytetin, Alashorda ýkimetin birge qúrysyp, qyzmettes bolghan senimdi serikteri Halel Ghabbasov, Jýsipbek Aymauytov jәne t.b. Mәskeudegi Butyrka týrmesinde jazyqsyzdan jazyqsyz atylyp kete bardy.

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