Asharshylyqtyng ashy shyndyghy. Danila Bektúrghanov. Úly jút
Kenes rejiymi óz qarastyndaghy halyqtargha tek qana atu, asu, qughyndau, zorlyqpen jer audaru (deportasiyalau) siyaqty amaldarmen ghana zobalang tudyryp qoyghan joq. Sonymen birge qoldan jasalghan ashtyqpen de zúlmattar jasady. Qoldan jasalghan ashtyq qyrghyny Reseyding Povoljiesinde, Ukraina men Qazaqstanda bolghany belgili. Biraq ashtyq qyrghyny jayly óz halqyna barlyq shyndyqty ashyp jayghan, Úly ashtyq qyrghynyn halyqaralyq dengeyge kótergen,ashtyq qúrbandaryna keremet kesene salghan, jyl sayyn ony Azaly kýn retinde atap ótetin tek Ukraina bolyp otyr. Qazaqstan basshylyghyna búl shyndyqty óz halqyna aitugha Resey «rúqsat bermey» otyrsa kerek.
Osy orayda 2010 jyldyng 12 jeltoqsanynda Ukrainanyng «Nashe slovo» gazetinde (ukrain tilinde) shyqqan qazaqstandyq sayasattanushy Danila Bektúrghanovtyng «Úly jút nemese qazaq dalasyndaghy Úly ashtyq qyrghyny jayly» maqalasyn nazarlarynyzgha úsynamyz. Óz elinde óz halqy jayly shyndyqty aita almaghan qazaqtardyng maqalasyn basqan ukraindyqtargha alghystan basqa aitarymyz joq.
ÚLY JÚT nemese qazaq dalasyndaghy Úly ashtyq qyrghyny jayly.
Kenes rejiymi óz qarastyndaghy halyqtargha tek qana atu, asu, qughyndau, zorlyqpen jer audaru (deportasiyalau) siyaqty amaldarmen ghana zobalang tudyryp qoyghan joq. Sonymen birge qoldan jasalghan ashtyqpen de zúlmattar jasady. Qoldan jasalghan ashtyq qyrghyny Reseyding Povoljiesinde, Ukraina men Qazaqstanda bolghany belgili. Biraq ashtyq qyrghyny jayly óz halqyna barlyq shyndyqty ashyp jayghan, Úly ashtyq qyrghynyn halyqaralyq dengeyge kótergen,ashtyq qúrbandaryna keremet kesene salghan, jyl sayyn ony Azaly kýn retinde atap ótetin tek Ukraina bolyp otyr. Qazaqstan basshylyghyna búl shyndyqty óz halqyna aitugha Resey «rúqsat bermey» otyrsa kerek.
Osy orayda 2010 jyldyng 12 jeltoqsanynda Ukrainanyng «Nashe slovo» gazetinde (ukrain tilinde) shyqqan qazaqstandyq sayasattanushy Danila Bektúrghanovtyng «Úly jút nemese qazaq dalasyndaghy Úly ashtyq qyrghyny jayly» maqalasyn nazarlarynyzgha úsynamyz. Óz elinde óz halqy jayly shyndyqty aita almaghan qazaqtardyng maqalasyn basqan ukraindyqtargha alghystan basqa aitarymyz joq.
ÚLY JÚT nemese qazaq dalasyndaghy Úly ashtyq qyrghyny jayly.
Qazaqstandaghy Úly ashtyq qyrghyny jayly әngimeni eki óte manyzdy eskertuden bastaghan jón bolar: kenes zamanynda Qazaqstanda eki ret ashtyq qyrghyny bolghanyn aitugha tiyispiz. Áriyne, eng ýlken ashtyq qyrghyny ótken ghasyrdyng 30-shy jyldary oryn aldy. Ol tarihta Úly jút - Asharshylyq jyldary degen atpen atalady. Biraq, sonymen birge 1919-1922 jyldary oryn alghan asharshylyqty da úmytpaghan jón bolar. Osy kezderi Qazaqstanda millionnan astam adam ashtan ólgen. Sondyqtan da osy eki qyrghyndy da әngime etpekpiz.
1919-1922 jyldardaghy ashtyq.
Qazaqstandaghy 1919-1922 jyldardaghy ashtyqtyng bir sebebi elding birneshe aimaqtarynda oryn alghan eginning shyqpay qaluy boldy. Osy jaghdaygha baylanysty kenes ýkimeti 1919 jyldyng qantar aiynan bastap «azyq-týlikti tәrkileu» sayasatyn bastady. Búl sayasat kenes ýkimetining 1918 jyldyng 13 mamyrynan bastap jýrgize bastaghan azyq-týlik diktaturasyna sayma-say dәl kelgen edi.
Qazaqstanda eginshilikpen ainalysushylardyng kóp bolmauyna baylanysty bolishevikter qazaqtyng malyn kәmpeskelep aludy basty maqsat etip qoydy. 1919-1922 jyldardaghy ashtyq negizinen alghanda Qazaqstannyng ontýstik oblystaryn sharpydy.
Mal - kóshpeli halyqtyng kýn kórisining jalghyz ghana kózi. Jergilikti qazaqtar ejelgi ata dәstýrimen mal ósirumen ainalysyp, maldyng jaghdayymen jayylym izdep kóship-qonyp ómir sýretin. Qazaq jerinde túratyn basqa últtar eginshilikpen de ainalysatyn, biraq azyq-týlik sayasatynda basty maqsat etilip - qazaqtyng malyn jinap alu arqyly jýrgizilsin degen tapsyrma qoyyldy. Qazaqtan «mal jinaudyn» týri men әdisterin aiuandyq, taghylyq degen sózdermen ghana teneuge bolady. Mysaly, bir auylgha kelip malyn týgel sypyryp alyp ketu jaghdaylary jii oryn aldy. Áriyne, múndaydan keyin búl auyldyng halqynyng tiri qaluy mýmkin emes edi. Ártýrli derekter boyynsha osy ashtyq jyldarynda millionnan astam halyq ashtan qyrylghan.
Sol kezdegi ashtyqty kórgender ony bylay suretteydi. Qazaqtyng qogham jәne sayasy qayratkeri, publisist Mústapa Shoqay «Kenesting qol astyndaghy Týrkistan. Proletariat diktaturasynyng sipattamasy» kitabynda: «Búl joly әlemde búryn-sondy qúlaq estimegen kenes ýkimetining Týrkistannyng jergilikti halqyna jasaghan «ashtyq sayasaty» jayly әngime etpekpin. Tuzemdikterge, atap aitqanda qazaq halqyna qarsy jasalyp otyrghan ashtyq jayly aita kele Túrar Rysqúlov mynaday derekti algha tartady. Týrkistandaghy Qazan tónkerisine enbegi singen jetekshilerding biri Ivan Toboliyn Týrkistan Ortalyq komiytetining mәjilisinde «qyrghyzdar (qazaqtar) marksistik kózqaraspen aitqanda ekonomikalyq túrghydan әlsiz bolghandyqtan bәribir ólip bituge tiyis. Sondyqtan da, revolusiya ýshin - ashtyqpen kýresip qarajatty shashudyng qajeti joq, onyng ornyna maydandy qoldau manyzdy...» dep ashyqtan ashyq mәlimdegen. Rysqúlovtyng aituynsha ashtyqtan ólgenderdin (músylmandardyn) sany orasan kólemde. Ol sifrlardy keltirmeydi. Kenestik kózder bir million bir jýz on tórt myn degen (1 114 000) jan týrshigetin sifrdy keltiredi. Mәskeuding «últ-azattyq sayasatynyn» bizding últymyzgha әkelgen paydasy osynday».
Kenes ýkimetining Týrkistanda jýrgizgen otarshyldyq, últty ezgileu sayasatyn kuәlendiretin taghy bir-eki mysal. «Perovsk qalasynda (qazir Qyzylorda) Gerjot degen samoderjes (bizdinshe diktator, aud.) otyr. (Gerjot Iosif Ivanovich, Perovsk uezdik sovdepting tóraghasy). Odan týgel bir halyq - qyrghyzdar (qazaqtar) qashyp kóship ketken. Osy kóshu kezinde bir milliongha juyq adam ólgen». Búl jayly «Pravda» gazetining 1920 jylghy 20 mausymynda shyqqan 133 nómirinde jazylghan.
Zinoviev (Zinoviev Grigoriy Evseevich, revolusioner, kenestik sayasy jәne memlekettik qayratker), 3-shi Internasionaldyng basshysy kezinde, Shyghys halyqtarynyng Bakude ótken sezinde (1920 jyl, qyrkýiek) «kenes ýkimetining Týrkistandaghy agentteri týzemdik sharualardy renjitedi, olardyng malyn, jerin tartyp alady, olargha eng tómengi satydaghy nәsil retinde qaraydy» dep moyyndaugha mәjbýr bolghan edi.
Áriyne, kenes ýkimetining múnday sayasaty qazaqtar tarapynan narazylyq, qarsylyq kórdi. Biraq, mal tartyp alugha kelgenderge qarsylyq kórsetkenderdi sol kezdegi «Prodarmiya» (sol kezdegi mal tartyp alugha jiberilgen qaruly otryadtar osylay atalghan) jәne Qyzyl armiyanyng erekshe maqsattaghy otryadtary (ChON - chrezvychaynyy otryad osobogo naznacheniya) olardy ayausyz qataldyqpen basyp jazalady.
Jalpy alghanda, 1919-1922 jyldardaghy ashtyq kezderinde bir millionnan astam qazaq ashtan ólgen. Sol kezdegi qazaqtyng sanynyng búl shamamen 20-22 payyzyn qúraydy. Degenmen, qazaqtyng sanyn solqyldatyp qúrtqan ashtyq otyzynshy jyldary oryn aldy.
Otyzynshy jyldardaghy ashtyq - Úly Asharshylyq.
Qazaq dalasynyng tarihyndaghy eng jan týrshigerlik ashtyqtyn sebebi - sol kezde jýrgizilgen KSRO-ng ishki sayasaty deuge bolady. Qazaqstanda bolghan (Ukrainada, Povoljiede t.b. jerde) búl ashtyqtyng sebepterin týsinu ýshin KSRO-ng ótken ghasyrdyng 20-shy jyldardyng ayaghy, 30-shy jyldardyng basyndaghy sayasatyna qysqasha sapar jasau qajet.
1927 jyly ótken VKP(b) HV sezinde «KSRO-ng halyq sharuashylyghyn damytudyng birinshi besjyldyq josparyn jasau jónindegi diyrektivalar» qabyldandy. Osy diyrektivalargha sәikes birinshi besjyldyq jospar jasalynyp, onda KSRO-da újymdastyru men industriyalandyrudy bastau maqsaty qoyyldy. Algha qoyylghan is-sharalardyng boyynsha KSRO-a quatty qorghanys ónerkәsibin qúru maqsaty qoyyldy. Qorghanys ónerkәsibining maqsaty, birinshiden - elding qorghanystyq qabiletin qamtamasyz etu bolsa, ekinshiden - bolashaq jyldarda Evropadaghy kórshi elderge kommunistik ekspansiyany әri qaray jalghastyru edi. Áriyne, múnday maqsat kóp qarajatty qajet etedi. Iri óndiristik kәsiporyndardy ashugha, eng bastysy, zamanauily joghary tehnologiyalar satyp alugha kenes ýkimeti aqshany ayaghan joq. Aqsha jinau kózderi, onyng auyrlyghy negizinen alghanda sharualargha týsti. Tipti «qarajatty auyl sharuashylyghynan ónerkәsipke aidau» degen termin oilap shygharyldy. Auyldyng túrghyndaryn kolhozdargha aidap әkeldi, mal (eginshiligi nashar damyghan Qazaqstanda negizgi qúndylyq mal bolatyn) ortaqtandyryldy.
20-shy jyldardyng ayaghy men 30-shy jyldardyng basyndaghy Qazaqstanda kenes ýkimeti «qarajat aidaumen» ghana tynghan joq. Qazaqtardyng mal sharuashylyghy kóship-qou jaghdayynda jýrgizilgendikten ýkimetke malshylardy baqylap qolynda ústap túru qiyn bolatyn.Sol sebepten de qazaqtardyng kóship-qonu ómirin toqtatyp, jerge baylaugha sheshim qabyldandy. Osy maqsatta qazaqtardyng maly tartylyp alynyp, qazaqtar Qyzyl armiyanyng bólimshelerining jәne milisiyanyng kómegimen «otyryqshyldandyru nýktelerine», kolhoz úiymdastyrylyp jatqan jerlerge aydap әkelindi. Bir jerge aidap jinalghan mal sany kóp bolghandyqtan olar sol jerding shóbin tez jep qoyatyn, sol sebepten de olardy jappay soyyp tastaugha mәjbýr boldy. 1933 jyldyng basynda qazaq dalasynda búryn bolghan 40 million bas maldyng onnan biri ghana qaldy.Nәtiyjesinde, osy jýrgizilgen sayasattan qazaqtar japa shekti, sebebi olar ýshin kýnkóristing birden bir kózi mal edi.
Qazaqtardy zorlap otyryqshyldandyru «Kishi Oktyabri» dep ataldy. «Kishi Oktyabridin» negizgi dem berushisi, oryndaushysy aty kópke mәlim, patshanyng otbasyn atyp tastaudy úiymdastyrushylardyng biri Filip Isaevich Goloshekin edi. Ol 1924 jyldyng qazan aiynan bastap 1933 jylgha deyin Qazaqstan kompartiyasynyng ortalyq komiytetining birinshi hatshysy qyzmetin atqarghan. Onyng Qazaqstanda ótkizgen alghashqy is-sharasy 1928 jyldyng kýzinde ótkizgen maldy kәmpeskeleu boldy. Kәmpeskege 700 sharua qojalyghy ilinip, olardan 150 myng mal basy (iri qara mal basyna ainaldyrghanda) tәrkilendi. Búl jerdegi «iri qara mal basyna ainaldyrghanda» degen neni bildiredi? Búl stalindik statistikterding mal basyn azaytudy jasyru ýshin oilap shygharghany bolsa kerek. Statistikterding aituynsha, bir iri qara mal basy, mysaly 1 siyr - 2-3 shoshqagha nemese 10 qoygha ten. Eger 150 myng iri qara bas malyn qoygha ainaldyrsaq, onda әngime kem degende 1,5 million qoy turaly aitugha tiyispiz... 700 sharua qojalyghynyng mýshelerining otbasynyng taghdyrynyng qanshalyqty qayghyly bolghany jayly aitpasa da bolady.
Mal joq jerde, tamaq joq, tirshilik joq. Qazaqtar túratyn auyldar jappay qyryla bastady. Tarihshy A.N.Alekseenkonyng aituynsha «...әrtýrli esepteuler men týzetulerge sýiengende 1930 jylghy qazaq halqynyng qyryluy 1mln 840 myng adam nemese jalpy qazaqtyng 47,3 payyzyn qúraydy.Bәrinen eng kóp qyrylghan respublikanyng shyghysynyng qazaqtary boldy. Búl jaqta 379,4 myng adam nemese 1930 jylghy halyqtyng 64,5 payyzyn qúrady. Búl aimaqtyng halqy kórshi elderge Resey men Qytaygha jappay auyp kóshe bastady. Soltýstik Qazaqstan aimaghy qazaqtardyng jartysynyng kóbinen - 410,1 mynnan nemese 52,3 payyzynan airyldy, Batys Qazaqstan 394,7 myn nemese 45,0 payyz, Ontýstik - 632,7 nemese 42,9 payyz qazaqtan airyldy. Azdau ólim Ortalyq Qazaqstanda - 22,5 myng nemese osy aimaqtyng 15,6 payyzy oryn aldy. Basqa halyqtarda da shyghyn az bolghan joq: ukrainder - 200 myng (23 payyz), ózbekter - 125 myng (54 payyz), úighyrlar - 27 myng (43 payyz). Tek qana 1931 jylda 1 mln 30 myng adap kóship ketti, onyng 616 myny qaytqan joq. Jýzdegen myng qazaq Qytay jaghyna qashty. Olardyng kóp kóshkendigi sonsha Qytayda 1954 jyly Ile-Qazaq avtonomiyalyq okrugi qúrylyp ortalyghy bolyp Qúlja qalasy belgilendi.
Óz malyn tonaudan qorghaghan, kәmpeskeden qashqan qazaqtargha Qyzyl armiyanyn әskerleri jiberilip, ózi ashtyqtan tityqtaghan qazaqtardy ayausyz qyruy asharshylyqty odan da beter órshitti. Keybir auyldar men rular malyn saqtamaq bolyp kóshe bastaghanda olardyng aldynan, sonynan Qyzyl armiyanyng otryadtary jiberilip olardy «basmashy bandylar» retinde jonggha, tútqyndaugha búiryq berildi. Shyn mәninde olar óz maly men otbasy mýshelerin ashtyqtan aman alyp qalu maqsatynda ashtyghy joq Qytay men Reseyge kóshudi oilaghan beybit jandar bolatyn. Qytaygha kóshushilerge tosqauyl qoygha shekarashylar da óz ýlesin qosyp olargha pulemetpen oq atqan kezderi de boldy. Sonshama bolghan tosqauyldargha qaramastan jýzdegen myng ashtyqtan qashqan qazaqtar auyl, auyl bolyp Qytay asty.
Sýitip, kenes ýkimeti jasaghan eki asharshylyqtyng nәtiyjesinde qazaqtar bar bolghany 10-15 jyldyng ishinde halqynyng jartysynan airyldy. Álem tarihynda múnday kólemdegi tragediya eshbir halyqtyng ýlesinde bolghan emes. 1970 jyly ghana qazaqtar 1926 jylghy dengeydegi halyq sanyna jetti.
Búl jerde býgingi biyliktin Úly Asharshylyqta qyrylghan bozdaqtardy eske alugha baylanysty jýrgizip otyrghan sayasatyn aitpasqa bolmas. Osynday asharshylyqty bastan keshken ukraindyqtar óz astanasy Kiyevte asharshylyq qúrbandaryna arnalghan tendesi joq eskertkish salghan kezde, qazaqstandyq biylik «bolashaqta salu oiymyz bar» degen hattamadan artyqqa bara almady. Almatynyng skverlerining birinde (tang qalatyn jeri bar - búl jerding qarsysynda 1930 jyly qanqúily NKVD «súr ýii» ornalasqan eken) «búl jerde otyzynshy jyldardyng ashtyq qúrbandaryna eskertkish ornatylady» degen tas qoyyp barlyq mәseleni «bitirip» otyr. Búl tas 1992 jyly qoyylghan bolatyn. Sodan beri 18 jyl ótti, onyng 8-i, yaghny 2000-n 2008 jyldary Qazaqstannyng ekonomikasy ýshin qarjynyng «tamyljyp qúiqyljyghan» tabysty jyldarynda el biyligi eskertkish salugha qarjy taba almady. Óz ómirin kommunistik rejimnin zorlyqpen jýrgizgen újymdastyruyna, industriyalandyrugha jәne basqa da tolyp jatqan qandy synaqtar ýshin qúrban etken tughan halqynyn, ata-babasynyn, әruaqtarynyng ruhyn mәngileuge, eske alugha qarsy biylikting osynday qiyanat, súrqiya aldamshylyq jasap otyrghanyna eshbir úyalatyn týri joq.
Danila Bektúrghanov, sayasattanushy.
Qazaqshagha audarghan - S.Jýsip
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