Qazirgi kýni Islam dinining úlylyghyna, Jaratushy tarapynan adamzat balasy ýshin jiberilgen songhy din ekenin moyyndamaghan jer betinde oishyl joq dese bolady. Qazirgi kýnning ózinde qanshama ghalymdar men ghúlamalar Islamnyng úlylyghyna bas iyip otyr desek artyq aitqandyq emes. Solay bola túra әlem halyqtarynyng sanasynda «Islam» dese qorqynysh sezimi payda bolyp otyrghany da, «terrordy» qatar eske alatyny jasyryn emes. "Nelikten Úly dindi, Islamdy sonshalyqty tómen dәrejege týsirdi? Onyng sebebi nede?" degen súraqtargha jauap beru qazirgi kýnning ózekti mәselesine ainalyp otyr.

Alayda, búl súraqtargha jauap beru onay emes. Ol ýshin Islam dini tarihyndaghy alghashqy jiktelushilikting shyghu sebepteri men olardyng arasyndaghy erekshelikterge taldau jasau qajettigi tuyndaydy. Bizding osy maqala shenberinde saraptauymyzgha týsetin negizgi mәsele Islamdaghy alghashqy ahl al-sunna ua-l jamaʻanyng qalyptasuy, osy negizde qalyptasqan Ahl ar-Ray men Ahl al-Hadis baghyttarynyng erekshelikteri, búl baghyttardyng Islamdaghy mazhabtar men sopylyq tariqattardyng qalyptasuyna yqpaly turaly mәseleler bolmaq. Óitkeni, qazirgi kezendegi diniy-ruhani  ýderisterge taldau jasaghanymyzda, Islamnyng alghashqy kezenindegi ýderister yqpalyna dúrys taldau jasay almasaq, onda qazaq halqynyng dәstýrli dinining negizi bolghan Yasauy jolynyng qalyptasu erekshelikteri men qazirgi kezende tuyndap otyrghan diniy-ruhany ýderistegi qayshylyqty  mәselelerge dúrys bagha bere almaymyz.

Ahl-y sýnnet pikir ramkasy (diniy-tanymdyq kózqarasynyng qalyptasuy)  

Ahl-y sýnnetting tarihy qalyptasuynda tarihiy-sayasy tәjriybe men biyleushiler manyzdy roli atqardy. Ahl-y sýnnetting sayasy shenberin anyqtaghan eki manyzdy mәsele boldy: Birinshisi, Ázireti Payghambardan keyin alghashqy zandy halifalardyn  Ázireti Abu Bәkir, odan keyin Ázireti Omar, Ázireti Ospan, Ázireti Aliyding kezegimen boluy búlardyng tarihy dәuirinin  izgilik kezeni bolghany turaly pikir edi. Ekinshisi, Jamal jәne Siffin soghysynda ólgenderden  Alla aqyrette esebin alady degen ýkim men sahabalardyng músylmandarmen soghysyp, óltirgeni ýshin kәpirge shygharylmauy jәne olar turaly jaman sóz aitugha bolmaydy degen pikirding qalyptasuy edi. Múnyng artynan keybir erekshelikteri bolsa da, negizinen imam men halifalargha mýmin de bolsa, pasyq ta bolsa da moyynsynu kerektigi turaly pikirdin  qalyptasuy, qoghamnyng túraqtylyghyn saqtau túrghysynan aqida kitaptarynda manyzdy oryn aldy.

Imamat/halifat turaly eng kýshti pikirtalastar men qaqtyghystar negizinde ortalyq diny top pen shiʻalar, keyde harijiyler arasynda boldy. Ahl-y sýnnetting sayasy kózqarastary harijiylik pen shiʻalargha qarsy, solardyng biylikke talasyna tosqauyl qoyatynday maqsatta qalyptastyryldy jәne kóbine olar kýndelikti sayasy tartysty sóz etpey, onyng ornyna tarihtaghy tarihy oqighalardy aitqandy dúrys kórdi. Halif shyndyq iyesi retinde adamdardyng bayat etui men saylauda biylik basyna keluimen qorghalsa da, «Imamdardyng Qúraysh taypasynan boluy» shartyn negiz retinde qabyl etip, halifalardyng qúrayysh taypasynan bolu sharty bekitildi.

Ahl-y sunnetting qalyptasu ereksheligine taldau jasaghan týrik ghalymy Sónmez Qútly bylay deydi: «Banu Hashym, Banu Umayya, Qúrayshiyler men Habashiyler, barlyq sahabanyng madaqtaugha túrarlyq bolghandyghyn qabyl etip, olardyng barlyghynan paydalanugha әreket etken barlyq sopylyq baghyttar, fiyhq mektepteri, shygharmashylyq ókilderi ahl-y sýnnetke kiredi. Pikirshi Hanafiyler, sopy kerramiyler, shygharmashyl hanbaliyler, aqylshy muʻtazila da osy tanym shenberine kiredi. Osylardan tys shiʻa biydghat ókili bolyp, nelikten ahl-y sýnnet syrtynda qaldy? Allanyng Elshisining serikterining ishinnen tek әulet ókilderin alyp, solargha sýienip, basqalaryn «iman núrynan tys» dep jariyalauy bir shekten shyqqandyq edi. Búl Qúrannyng negizgi ústanymyna qayshy boldy jәne shiʻalardy ahl-y sýnnet shenberinen shygharghan da osy tanym boldy.»[1, 12]. Búl jerde ghalym mәseleni dúrys qoyyp, shiʻalyq pen ahl-y sýnnet arasyndaghy basty aiyrmashylyqty kórsete bilgendigin aitugha tiyispiz. Egerde osy mәselege basqa qyrynan qaraytyn bolsaq, onda, sol kezenning ahl-y sýnnet ókilderi qabyl etkisi kelmegen taghy bir shyndyq bar bolatyn. Ol  Aly ibn Abu Talib úrpaqtarynda ghana bar «ruh әlemimen sabaqtastyq» edi. Múhammet payghambar qaytqannan keyin ruh әlemimen sabaqtastyq ýzildi, ony jalghastyru mýmkin emes degen týsinik, sol kezendegi Payghambar serikterining kópshiligining Aliyge, keyinnen onyng úrpaqtaryna qarsy shyghuyna yqpal etken basty sebep bolghandyghyn aitugha tiyispiz. Aly úrpaqtaryn Hazireti Payghambar әuleti bolghandyghy ýshin syilap, qúrmetteuge bolghanymen, olardy Payghambardyng ruh әlemimen sabaqtastyghyn jalghastyrushy-uahy әkelushi retinde qarastyru dúrys emestigin qazirgi kóptegen zertteushiler de moyyndaydy [1, 13]. Áriyne, búl jerdegi basty sebep, sayasy biylik ýshin bolghan talas ekendigin moyyndaluy tiyis. Osy «ruh әlemimen sabaqtastyq» mәselesi keyinen ahl-y sýnneting ishtey Ahl-y Ray, Ahl-Hadis bolyp jikteluine yqpal etken negizgi faktordyng biri bolghandyghyna әli kýnge kóptegen zertteushiler kónil audarmay keledi.  Olay deytinimiz Ahl-y Ray kózqarasyndaghylardyng aqylgha mәn beruining astarynda Aly әuleti ókilderining yqpaly bolghandyghyn sol kezendegi tarihy derekter aighaqtaydy. Biz ony týrik ghalymy Huliya Alperding «Maturidiyde aqyl men naqyl baylanysy» atty shygharmasyndaghy myna joldargha sýiene otyryp, kórsete alamyz. Ol bylay deydi: «Omeyyadttar kezeninde  maydangha kelgen sayasy qayshylyqtarmen qatar taghdyr, qalau, ýlken kýnәlәr, kýpir týsinikteri jayly talas-tartys jýrdi. Búl tartys airyqsha islam dini jana tarala bastaghan aimaqtarda basqa din ókilderine qarsy Islamnyng senim negizderin ashyq jәne dindi jana qabyldaghandargha týsine alatyn dengeyde týsindiru jәne olargha tatymdy pikirmen qarsy shyghu qajettigi tudy jәne búl kýres Múhammed ibn al-Hanafiya (81/700 q.b.), Maʻbet al-Juhany (83/702 q.b.), Geylan ad-Dimashqy (120/738 j.q.b.) t.b. kalam bilgirerin ortagha shyghardy. Nәtiyjesinde birinshi ghasyrdyng sondarynda Islamnyng senim negizderin (Qúran ayattary men Payghambar hadisterin aqyldy paydalana otyryp, taldau jasaytyn, ayattardyng ishki mәni men mazmúnyn halyqqa tereng týsindire alatyn,) qorghay alatyn yqpaldy toptyng qalyptasu kezeni boldy. Búl ýderis múʻtazila jәne olardyng alghashqy izasharlary bolghan qadariya jәne jahimiya baghyttarynyng qalyptasuyna yqpal etti.» [2, 21] Búl islam dinining arabtardan tys jerlerge taraluy tek, diny tanym-týsinikterding kenenine yqpal etip qoymaghanyn, sonymen qatar,  Qúran men sýnneti týsinude aqyldy keninen paydalanugha jol ashqanyn kórsetedi. Osy din negizderin  tanuda aqyldyng keninen paydalanyluy diny tanym negizderining terendeuine tikeley yqpal etti. Osy diny tanym negizderin aqylmen tanudy alghash qolgha alghan Aly ibn Abu Talibting Haula atty әielinen tughan úly Múhammed ibn al-Hanafiya bolatyn. Huseyn óltirilgennen keyin Aly әuleti arasynda qúpiya ilim iyesi atanghan túlgha osy Múhammed ibn al-Hanafiya edi [3, 131]. Ol alghash ret Islam tarihynda dindi aqylmen tanudy ýiretetin oqu orny-medreseni ashty [2, 22]. Búl medrese ókilderining Islamdaghy oi-pikirding damuyna, olardyng Qúran men sýnnetti tanuda aqyldy qoldanu tәjiriybesi  keyinnen Ahl-iy-Ray  mektebining qalyptasuyna yqpal etken negizgi qaynar boldy. Alayda, búl top ahl-y sýnnet qabyl etken sharttar men ústanymdardy tolyghymen qabyldady dese bolady. Múhammet ibn al-Hanafiyany jolbasshy retinde tanyghan top, shiʻalar siyaqty ahl-y sýnnet ústanymdaryna týgelimen qarsy shyqqan joq. Tek, ruh әlemimen sabaqtastyq mәselesinde óz ústanymdarynda qaldy.

Ahl ar-Ray baghytynyng qalyptasuy jәne onyng erekshelikteri

Osy baghyt ókilderi VIII ghasyrdyng ortasyna qaray Kufada Ahl ar-Raydyng negizin qalady. Aldymen Kufa murjiʻiylerining jetekshisi bolghan Hammad bin Sýleymen qasynda bolghanyn, al 120/737 jyly ol kisi qaytys bolghan song sol jerdegi mujiiylerge Abu Hanifanyng jetekshilik etkenin jazylady.[1, 24] Abu Hanifa Núghman bin Sәbit hijranyng 80 jyly Kufa qalasynda dýniyege kelgen. Onyng tegi anyq qay halyqtan ekendigi belgisiz. Birak, Amudariyanyng shyghysyndaghy Termez qalasynan ekendigi, sol sebepti onyng týrik nemese parsy boluy mýmkin ekendigi aitylady. Ata-anasynyng Ahl al-Baytpen baylanysy bolghandyghy, ata-anasynyng dinge yqlasy erekshe bolyp, onyng әseri úldary Núghmangha da әser etedi. [4, 8-11]. Sol sebepti, Abu Hanifany murjiʻilar ókili edi dep aitu qiyn. Onyng ýstine Abu Hanifanyng óz shygharmasy «Fiyhq al-Akbar» kitabynda murjiʻa aghymy turaly teris pikirde bolghandyghyn kóruge bolady. [5, 17] Búl jerde jogharyda aitylghandargha qarap, naqty tújyrym jasaugha bolmaydy. Sol kezdegi qalyptasqan jaghdaygha qaray, murjiʻilarmen bir topta bolyp, keyinnen kózqarastary kelispey ajyraghan boluy da yqtimal. Qalay bolghanda da Abu Hanifa Núghman bin Sәbit islam dinindegi bar músylman moyyndaghan tórt mazhabtyng birining negizin salushy boldy. Tórt mazhab negizinen sharighiy-húqyqtyq mәseleler tónreginde toptasty degen pikir basym. Alayda, onyng ruhany múrasyna nazar salatyn bolsaq, Abu Hanifanyng tek qúqyqtyq mәselelermen ainalysqan joq. Aldymen ol dindegi senim mәselelerine kónil bólgendigin kóremiz. Mysaly, «Al-fiyhq al-Akbar» atty enbegi Islamnyng negizgi mәselesi – Iman negizderin taldaugha arnalghan. Ol kitapta Alla Taghalanyng birligi men Alla Taghalanyng sipattaryna, Qúrannyng qoldan jaratylmaghandyghy men Payghambarlardyng Alla tarapynan jiberilgendigine, Payghambarlar múghjizasynyng shyndyghy men Alla Taghalanyng búl jaratylysty jaratpas búryn da Jaratushy bolghandyghyna, «Iman» men «Islamnyn» mәni turaly mәselelerge taldau jasalady. Al, qúqyqtyq mәselede Abu Hanifa Qúran ayattaryna sýiene otyryp, islam dinin qabyldaghan  әrbir halyq arabtyng dәstýrlerin qabyldamay-aq, Qúrangha qayshy kelmeytin salt-dәstýrlerin saqtap qalugha qúqyly degen prinsipti ústandy. Onyng búl tújyrymdary onyng «Kitabu-l Alim ua-l Mutaʻaliym» degen kitabynda bayandaldy. Eng bastysy Abu Hanifa Qúran ayattaryn taldauda aqylgha basa mәn berdi.  Onyng sebebin biz jogharyda atap óttik. Islam dinining arab emes halyqtargha taraluyna baylanysty ol halyqtargha dindi týsindiruding jana joldaryn qarastyrudyng qajettigine baylanysty boldy. Endi osy mәselelerge kenirek toqtalyp, Abu Hanifanyng hanafy mazhabyn qalyptastyrudaghy ústanghan negizgi ústanymdaryna toqtalyp óteyik. Abu Hanifanyng qúqyqtyq mәselelerdegi negizgi ústanymdaryna taldau jasau ýshin, onyng «Al-Alim ua-l Mutaalliym» atty shygharmasyna kezek berelik. Búl kitapta kóterilgen mәsele óte kýrdeli jәne islam dinin qabyldaghan halyqtardyng islamda bola túryp, ózderining ruhani, mәdeny bolmysy men ózindik erekshelikterin saqtap qalu mýmkindigi barlyghyn Qúran ayattaryna sýiene otyryp, taldap kórsetip bergenining kuәsi bolamyz. Ol kisi Qúranda jazylghan dinning bir, sharighattyng kóp ekendigin algha tarta otyryp, әr halyqtyng ózining әdet-ghúryp, salt-dәstýrinde qalu qajettigine mәn beredi. Kitap ústaz ben shәkirt arasyndaghy súraq-jauap formasynda jazylghan. Endigi kezekte sol kitapta aitylghan Abu Hanifa tújyrymdaryna nazar salyp kórelik: Qúranda «Ey, muminder, әr birine bir sharighat, bir jol berdik. Alla qalasa, senderding barlyghyndy bir ýmmet jasar edi.»(Maida,5/48), Búl ayatta Alla Taghalanyng әr últqa ózine ylayyq sharighat jәne jol bergenin kórsetip túr. Jәne әrbir halyqqa jeke-jeke payghambar jiberilgendigi bir emes, birneshe Qúran ayattarynda kórsetilgen. «Ár ýmmmet ýshin bir eskertushi bolghan edi» [35/24], «Ár qoghamnyng bir jetekshisi bar edi» [13/7], «Sonyra biz birinen song birin payghambarlarymyzdy jiberdik» [23/44], «Ol halyqtargha ózderinen bir elshi jiberilgen bolatyn» [62/2]. Mine osy ayattarda kórsetilgen basty mәsele – jer betindegi bar halyqqa payghambarlar jiberilip, solar arqyly, әr qoghamnyng ózine ylayyqty tәrtibin-sharighatyn, salt-dәstýrin Alla Taghalanyng Ózi qalyptastyrghandyghyn kóruimizge bolady. Jalpy búl mәsele «Hujrat» sýresining on ýshinshi ayatynda da «Ey, adamdar, rasynda biz senderdi bir erkek (Adam) jәne bir әielden (Hauadan) jarattyq jәne de bir-birlerinmen tanysularyng ýshin senderdi halyqtar men ru-taypalar etip qoydyq». Osy ayattardy negizge ala otyryp, Abu Hanifa din men sharighatty bólip qarastyrdy. Abu Hanifanyng búl enbegi músylman dinindegi halyqtardyng salt-dәstýri men mәdeniyetining saqtalyp qaluyna mýmkindik berdi. Abu Hanifanyng din men sharighatty bólip qarastyruynda ýlken mәn bar edi. Óitkeni,  Tәnir Taghala adamzat balasyna bir ghana din berdi. Ol – Islam. Ol turaly Qúran Kәrimde «Dinderine bekem bolyndar! Nuhqa tapsyrghan dindi saghan da uahy etkenimizdi, Ibrahimge, Músagha, Isagha bergenderimizdi Alla saghan da din etip berdi[42/13]. Demek, Jaratushy Qúdiret әr halyqtyng ózine ylayyqty sharighatyn bergenimen, halyqtardyng barlyghyna bir ghana din beripti. Ol din – Islam. Ol adamnyng janyna, ruhyna beriledi. Abu Hanifa osylay din men sharighatty bólip qarastyru arqyly ruhty, ruh әlemimen sabaqtastyqty dinning ajyramas bólshegi dep bildi. Abu Hanifanyng osylay din men sharighatty bólip qarastyru arqyly ruhty, ruh әlemimen sabaqtastyqty islamnyng senim negizderining biri retinde kórsetip otyrghanyna kuә bolamyz. Abu Hanifa osylay din men ruh arasyndaghy sabaqtastyqty asha otyryp, iman men amal arasyndaghy aiyrmashylyqty da kórsketip berdi. Ol bylay deydi: «... Alla Taghalanyng dinin ózgertu turaly sóz qozghaudyng ózi artyq. Din eshqashan ózgermedi, basqa halge keltirilmedi jәne ózgertilmedi. Sharighattar bolsa, ózgerdi. Sebebi, qanshama zat keybir adamdar ýshin adal bolsa, Alla Taghala olardy basqa adamdar ýshin aram etti. Sansyz zattar bar, olardy qoldanu ýshin adamdargha әmir etti. Al, baghzy adamdargha olardy qoldanugha tyiym saldy. Demek, sharighattar kóp jәne bir-birinen aiyrmashylyqtary bar. Sharighatty oryndau paryz. Múnymen bara-bar mәsele – Allanyng әmir etkenin, barlyq ýkimderin oryndau, qabyl etpegenderinen bas tartu, Allanyng qalauyna say keledi. Alla Taghalanyng әmir etkenderin tәrik etip, tyiym salghan nәrselerin jasaghan adam Alla Taghalanyng dinin tәrik etken bolar edi jәne kәpir bolar edi. Alla mýminderge paryz amaldaryn tek dindi qabyl etkennen keyin ghana paryz etti.

Egerde týrli dinderdegi búl paryzdar iman bolsa, búlardy oryndamayynsha, olardy músylman demes edi. Alayda, Alla Taghala imandy búl amaldardan ýstin (joghary) qyldy jәne ony myna ayattarda bayan etti: «Iman etip, jaqsy amaldy tapqandar.»[Nisa, 4/122]. «Kim shynymen jýzin búryp, Allagha moyyn úsynsa, onyng Allanyng qasynda syiy bar.» [Baqara, 2/112]. «Kim de kim mýmin bolghan halynda aqyretti oilasa, sol ýshin amal etse, әreketi Allanyng әmirine say bolar.» [Isra, 17/19].

Alla Taghala osylay imandy amaldan aiyrdy. Sondyqtan mýminder Allagha iman keltirgeni ýshin namaz oqyr, zeket berer, oraza tútar, hajygha barar, Allany zikir eter. Olay bolmasa, namazdarynan, zeketterinen, orazalarynan jәne qajylyqtarynan basqasy Allagha iman etu emes.» [4, 55-57]. Demek, iman dindegi bar amaldyng aldynda túr. Iman joq jerde din de joq. Biraq dinde zorlyq ta joq. Adam balasynyng iman keltirui, keltirmeui erkindegi mәsele. Jalpy Abu Hanifa búl mәseleni «Al-fiyhq al-Akbar» kitabynda da naqtylap kórsetken bolatyn. Ol bylay deydi: «Ol [Alla Taghalagha] jaratylghandardyng eshqaysysyn kýpirlikke nemese iman keltiruge mәjbýrlemeydi. Olardy mýmin nemese kәpir adam etip jaratqan joq. Biraq olardy adam etip jaratty. Iman keltiru men kýpirlik – pendelerding isi. Kim Alla Taghalany joqqa shygharsa, Ol, ony sol qalpynda «kәpir» dep biledi. Odan keyin [Alla Taghalagha] iman keltirse, sol kýiinde ony mýmin dep biledi. Múnday jaghdaylargha baylanysty Alla Taghalanyng ilimi de, sipaty da ózgermeydi. Pendelerding әreket ýstindegi nemese toqtap túrghan halde jasaghan isteri, [Alla] baghynyshty kezinde jasaghandary nemese qasarysushylyqtary – aqiqatynda adamdardyng ózderi tapqan isteri.» [5, 15-16]. Basqasha aitqanda, dinde zorlyq joq. Qabyldau, qabyldamau adam balasynyng erkine berilgen nәrse.

Abu Hanifanyng din, sharighat, iman turaly tújyrymdary Islam dinining qanatyn keninen jayyp, shalghay aimaqtargha jayyluyna yqpal etken basty faktor boldy desek artyq aitqandyq emes. Ol úsynghan búl prinsiyp, kez kelgen halyqtyng Islamda bola túryp ózining dәstýrli mәdeniyetin saqtap qalu mýmkin ekendigin kórsetip berdi. Abu Hanifa bastaghan Ahl ar-Ray tobynyng dindi tanu, tanytudaghy búl baghytyn Ahl al-Hadis ókilderi qabylday almady. Óitkeni, olar Abu Hanifany Ahl al-Baytty jaqtaushylardyng úrpaghy dep senimsizdik tanytty. [1, 25].

Ahl al-Hadis baghytynyng qalyptasuy

Osy Ahl ar-Ray qalyptasqan kezende Hidjaz ólkesinde Islamnyng tazalyghyn saqtap qalu maqsatyn kózdegen ekinshi bir top qalyptasty. Olar harijiylik, shiʻa men muʻtazilagha qarsylyq retinde payda bolghan murjiʻiyler men onyng ainalasyna toptasqandar bolatyn. Osylardyng ishinde ghasyr sonyna qaray qaray Ahl al-Hadiys atty top olardyng aldyna shyqty. Búlar negizinen naqylshylardyng alghashqy qalyptasa bastaghan toptary edi.

Ahl al-Hadis sýnnet pen eskiden alghan әngimelerdi negizge alghan, arabtyq dәstýrshil diny týsinikti joghary qoyghan toptyng aty bolatyn. Olar Islamnyng negizi bolyp tabylatyn Qúran men Payghambar sýnneti jәne sahabalar men tabiindardyng aitqandaryn negizge alyp, solardy ghana islamdyq tanymnyng negizi etti. Búlardyng tysynda qalghan jeke kózqaras pen aqylmen tapqan dәlelderdi qoldanugha qarsy boldy. Islamnyng ekinshi ghasyry ortasynda qalyptasqan búl tanym jýiesi Ahl al-Hadiys, Ahl as-sunna nemese ashab al-hadis dep ataldy.

Harijiylik, murjiʻia, shiʻa, muʻtazila siyaqty ruhany ústanymdarynyng birligi negizinde úiymdasqan toptar men sayasy mýdde túrghysynan toptasqan toptargha qarsy soqqy beretin úiymdasqan kýsh retinde ortagha shyqqan Ahl-y Hadis ókilderi músylmandardy bólshekteuden saqtau ýshin qoghamdyq ómirding iydealy retinde Payghambar zamanyn aldy jәne qoghamdy soghan úqsas formada birlik pen tútastyq negizinde qalyptastyrudy maqsat etti. Búl sebepten olarda Kitapqa say, sheshimin Payghambar hadisteri men sahabalar men tabiinderding sózderin bir jerge jinap, taqyryptargha qaray toptastyryp, negizgi kózqarasty hadisterge negizdep, sol ruhany negizge úlastyrudy maqsat etti. Kitap pen hadiske negizdelmegen kózqarasty (qiasty) qabyl etpegen jәne onday kózqarasty qoldaytyndardy synaytyn top ortagha shyqty.

Ahl-hadis Islamnyng iman, ghibadat, ahlaq jәne basqa ghibadattardy bir-birinen aiyrudyng mýmkin emestigin algha tartty. Sol sebepten, olardyng jazghan «Kitab al-asar» atty enbekterinde iman, aqida, ahlaq, ghibadat siyaqty qúlshylyq týrleri bir-birinen ajyramas, býtin retinde qarastyryldy. Ahl-y hadisting kózqarastary tauhiyd, iman men ýlken kýnә, adamnyng әrekti men taghdyr, imamat pen sayasat, biydghat jәne basqa taqyryptarda toptastyryldy. Olargha kózqarastarynda Alla bir jәne odan basqa Tәnir joq. Ázireti Múhammed Onyng Elshisi, nәbii әri qúly. Allanyng búdan basqa da esimderi bar. Iman niyet jәne amaldan túrady. Taghy bir negizgi anyqtamada iman – tilmen aityp, moyynúsynu, jýrekpen bekitu, dene mýshelerimen amal etu jәne ýrkinderdi sonyna jetkizu.  Iman Islamnan basqa nәrse. Amaldar imannyng bóligi. Búlardyng jiyntyghy 70 bólikten(qaldyq) asady. Iman artar jәne azayar. Imandy «Alla qalasa, men mýminmyn jәne ýmit etermin. Men mýmiymin» degen formada ereje boyynsha aituy kerek. Jer jýzinde jasalghan jaqsylyq pen zúlymdyqtyng barlyghy Alladan. Árbir nәrse Onyng qalauymen bolar. Ár jaratylghannyng bir ajaly bar. Payghambar serikterining eng abzaldary kezegimen Ázireti Abu Bәkir, Ázireti Omar, Ázireti Ospan, Ázireti Aly bolatyn. Ázireti Payghambardan songhy adamdardyng ishindegi eng jogharylary de osy tórteui bolatyn. Kitap pen sýnnete ne әmir etilse, soghan moyynúsynyp, nege tyiym salsa, olardan qashatyn. Din basshylary bolghan salaftargha moyynúsynatyn edi.

Ahl-y sýnnetting qúrylymdyq jýiesin qalyptastyrghan kalam ghylymynyng negizgi sharttary qalyptasqansha ahl-y sýnnet  tarapynan imannyng bekitilui men erkimen iske asyryluy, kýpir men  imanynyng bir-birine qarsy boluy, ýlken kýnәnyng kýpirge shygharylmaytyny, ýlken kýnә istegen jannyng dinnen shygharylmauy, jaqsylyq pen zúlymdyqtyng Alladan boluy siyaqty kózqarastar qabyldandy. Erte kezden bastap búghan berik bolmasa da «ahl-y qybla kәpirge shygharylmaydy» degen  tújyrym qabyldanyp, bekitildi. Adam balasynyng sheksiz erkindigi turaly birshama pikir, negiz retinde teristeldi. Búl ústanymdar negizinen harijiylerding kýpirge shygharu jәne muʻtazilanyng «ýlken kýnә istegen ne kәpir, ne músylman emes» degen tújyrymyna qarsy jasalghan edi jәne ol ahl-y sýnnetting aiyrylmas bólshegi retinde qabyldandy.  Hijranyng ekinshi jәne ýshinshi  ghasyrlarynda Allanyng sipattarynyng jәne onyng zatynyng birdey nemese olay emestigi turaly jәne Qúrannyng qoldan jazylmaghandyghy turaly negizder ahl-y sýnnetting ajyramas bólshegine ainaldy. [1,29-35].

Ahl as-sunna ua-l jamaghanyng eki baghyty osylay qalyptasty. Abu Hanifa negizin salghan Hanafy mazhaby men Ahl al-Hadis mazhabtarynyng qalyptasu tarihyna arnalghan qysqasha taldaudyng ózi eki baghyty arasynda óte ýlken aiyrmashylyqtar bar ekendigine kóz jetkizuge mýmkindik berdi. Abu Hanifa bastaghan Ahl ar-Ray tobynyng Qúran men Sýnnetke ghana sýienbey, búl eki qaynarda sheshimi tabylmaghan mәselelerdi sheshude aqyldy da paydalandy. Jәne aqylmen tabylghan sheshimderdi erkin qoldanatyn edi. Eng bastysy-Aly úrpaqtarynda ruh әlemimen sabaqtastyq barlyghyn moyyndau bolatyn. Sonymen qatar, Abu Hanifa bastaghan top, iman-senim mәselelerin negizdeude aqyldy qoldanu arqyly kalam ghylymyn da damytty. Jalpy Islamdaghy barlyq ghylym men mәdeniyettegi jetistik osy Ahl ar-Ray baghytynyng belsendiligi arqasynda damydy desek, artyq aitqandyq emes. Qay kezende Islamdaghy órleu, órkendeu osy hanafy mazhabynyng Islam әleminde jetekshi oryngha shyqqa kezenimen say keledi. Sopylyq joldyng qalyptasyp, tariqat dengeyine kóterilui de hanafy mazhabynyng negizgi ústanymdaryna say qalyptasty.

Al Hidjazdaghy ahl-y sýnnet ókilderi Abu Hanifa men onyng serikterin Qúran men hadis shenberinen shyghyp, kýrdeli mәselelerdi sheshude aqyldy qoldanghany «biydghat» (janalyq qosu) jәne adasqandyghy ýshin aiyptaytyn. Mysaly, Maliky mazhabynyng negizin salghan Imam Maliyk: «Kim dindi kalam jolymen ýirenetin bolsa, oiyna kelgenin aitar» degen pikirde boldy. Al, shafiʻy mazhabynyng negizin salushy Imam Shafy bolsa, «Islam dini turaly kalam kitaptarynan paydalanugha bolmaydy. Sebebi, kalam ilim retinde qabyldanghan emes» degen pikirde boldy. Hanbaly mazhabynyng negizin qalaghan Ahmet Hanbal bolsa, «Kalammen shúghyldanghandardyng jýrek pen sanalarynyng azghyndaghandyghy nazar audartady,-dedi. [2, 33-38] Olar qalayda Islamdaghy arab halqynyng ruhaniy-mәdeny yqpalyn saqtap qalghysy keldi. Alayda, olardyng búl әreketi islam dinining ishki quatyn shekteytinderin oilamady. Olar oilau, oilanu Islamgha keri yqpalyn tiygizedi degen týsinikte boldy. Al, islam dinin qabyldaghan arab emes halyqtargha Islam men Qúrannyng ishki mazmúnyn bilu qajettigi barlyghyn, sol arqyly Islamnyng úlylyghyna bas iyerin týsinbedi.

Abu Hanifa bolsa islam dinining tek, arab qoghamy ýshin emes, islam dinin qabyldaghan bar halyqtargha, jalpy adamzatqa arnalghandyghyna mәn berdi. Jalpy Islam qoghamy ishinde tuyndaghyn mәselelerdi aqyldy qoldanbay sheshu mýmkin emes bolatyn. Alayda, onyng búl ústanymyn Hidjazdaghy Ahl-y hadiys, ahl-y sýnnet ókilderi qabyldaghan joq. Olar barynsha Abu Hanifa jolyn aiyptaumen ketti. Biraq, islam dinindegi barlyq ghylym men bilimdegi jetistik osy Ahl ar-Ray baghytyndaghy ghalymdary tarapynan jasaldy. Ahl ar-Ray ókilderi Islam әleminde jetekshi oryngha shyqqan kezende Islam әlemi órleu, damu ýstinde boldy. Qazirgi Batys elderi qoldanyp otyrghan ghylym men tehnologiyanyng negizinde osy Ahl ar-Ray baghyty ghalymdarynyng ashqan janalyqtary jatqanyn Batys zertteushilerining ózderi de moyyndaydy.

Al, Ahl-y Hadis ókilderi bolsa, Ázireti Payghambardyng bir hadiysindegi «Eng qayyrly, jaqsy nәsil bolatyndar músylmandar ishindegi «alghashqy salih nәsilderim» degen bolaty Olar osyny negizge ala otyryp, sahabalar men tabiynder kezindegi Islam qoghamyn qalyptastyrudy maqsat etti jәne ol joldy «salafiya» joly dep atady. Olar halaftardyng jolyn Qúran men sýnnettten alystatatyn jol dep týsindi. Olar sonymen qatar, sopylyq, taqualyq joldardy da biydghat jәne adasushylyq retinde baghalady. [6, 84-85] Ahl-y Hadis tobyna shafiya, malikiya, hanbaliya mazhabtary kiretin edi.

Ahl ar-Ray men Ahl al-Hadis arasyndaghy búl aiyrmashylyqtar islam dinindegi halyqtardyng bolashaqtaghy damu kókjiyekterin aiqyndaghan negizgi baghyttar bolyp qalyptasty. VIII ortasyna qaray Ahl ar-Ray tobynyng jaqtastarynyng Islam әlemining shyghys bóliginde yqpaly kýshti boldy. Osy Ahl ar-Ray yqpalymen Kufada al-Múhtar ibn Qaysannyng basshylyghymen qalyptasqan qaysaniyler toby ózderin Múhammed Ibn al-Hanafiya imamatyn jaqtaushylarmyz dep atady. VIII ghasyrdyng ortasynda Abu Muslim bastaghan qaysaniya-mubayydiya qozghalysy omeyyadtardy taqtan ketirip, olardyng ornyna Abbasiyler әuletin otyrghyzghany tarihtan belgili. [7, 112] Qaysaniylerding bir bóligi ózderine imam retinde Abbasiylerdi tanydy. Múhammed ibn al-Hanafiyanyng úly Abu Hashim 716 jyly qaytys bolghan song Payghambardan qalghan erekshe ilim belgisi «sary oramal» Payghambardyng aghasy Abbas әuletine, Múhammed ibn Aliyge ótti dep aityla bastady. [8, 30]  Qaysaniylerdi shiʻalardyng eng jauynger toby dep tarihy derekter jazghanymen [9, 31], olardyng baghyty shialardan bólek bolghandyghyn olar ózderining imamy retinde Múhammed ibn al-Hanafiyany tanyghanyna qarap-aq biluge bolady.  Abbasiylerding ústanghan sayasaty olardyng shiʻagha jatpaytyndyghyn dәleldeydi. Abbasiyler ózderining sayasy ústanymy boyynsha da, dini-iydeologiyalyq baghyty boyynsha da shiʻalyq baghytty qoldamaghanyn, biraq, aqylshylyqqa basymdyq bergenin, múʻtazila siyaqty aghymdargha qoldau kórsetkeninen kóruimizge bolady. Abbasiyler, sonymen birge, Halifattyng shyghysyndaghy qaysaniya-mubayydiya ókilderine qarsy shyghyp, olardyng basshysy Abu Muslimnen bastap óltirdi. Oghan narazy bolghan halyqtyng kóteriliske shyghyp, jenilip, týrkiler arasyna ketkenin tarihy derekter aighaqtaydy. [10]. Ishaq bab bastaghan kóterilisshilerding Týrkistan jerine kelui sol 766/767 jyl bolatyn[11, 88]. Búl Týrkistan jerine alghash kelgen islam dinin taratushylar Ahl ar-Ray ókilderi bolghandyghyn kórsetedi. «Nasab-nama» derekterine qaraghanda Týrkistan jerine alghash ruh әlemimen sabaqtastyqty әkelgen osy Ishaq bab ekendigi jazylady. Ol qoljazbada «sufra, sufradarlik, sufra tútmaq» jәne «ilm al-hikma» degen termindermen beriledi. Sonymen birge,  Ishaq babtyng Hzyr, Ilyaspen súhbatta bolghandyghy jazylady. Ol turaly «Nasab-namada» bylay delingen: «Odan Ishaq bab Shashqa bardy. Shashtan Ka‘bagha bardy. Ka‘badan Sariamgha kelip, Juba meshitin saldy. 3500 altyn qarjy qyldy. Ishaq babtyng 120 jyl ómiri boldy. 90 jyl Hzyr ‘aleyhiy-s-salammen súhbaty boldy.» [12, 76-83]. Nemese «Ol jerde Ishaq bab 85 jyl padshalyq qyldy. Hzyr men Iliyas payghambarlarmen súhbatta bolu ýshin 80 jyl sufradarlyq qyldy. Bir kýnde 100 qoy, 10 soghym (jylqy) soyatyn edi».[13, 116-118].  Búl jerde ruh әlemimen sabaqtastyq Hzyr, Ilyas arqyly bolghandyghyn kórsetip túr. Búl jerde Ishaq babtyng ruh әlemimen sabaqtastyghy Hzyr, Iliyas payghambarlar arqyly bolghandyghy, ol ýshin «sufradarlyq» jasaghandyghy aitylady. Demek, Týrkistan jerindegi ruh әlemimen sabaqtastyqty Týrkistan jerine әkelushi Ishaq bab ekendigin dәleldeydi. Búl óz kezeginde Tәnir dinidegi ruh әlemimen baylanysqa qatysty týrkilik dýniyetanymmen sәikes boldy dep aitugha bolady. Osy ruh әlemimen sabaqtastyq Ishaq babtan Qoja Ahmet Yasauiyge deyin jalghasyp keldi. Yasauy babamyz ol ruh әlemimen sabaqtastyqty qaytadan kýsheytip, Múhammed payghambar zamanyndaghy dengeyge qayta kóterdi. Hanafy mazhabynyng negizgi ústanymdary men Imam Maturidy aqidasyn negizge alghan Qoja Ahmet Yasauy hanafy mazhabynyng basqa formada týleuine yqpalyn tiygizdi. Onyng Yasayuiya tariqatyn qalyptastyruy Abu Hanifanyng din men sharighatty bólip qarastyru ústanymdaryn negizge alyp, Islamnan ruhqa qatysty bes paryzdy alyp, sharighat jolyn tolyghymen týrkining kóneden kele jatqan әdet-ghúryp, salt-dәstýrine berdi. Sonymen birge, sopylyq tanym negizinde qalyptasqan dәstýrler de bar edi. Búl týrki halyqtarynyng dәstýri men mәdeniyetining qaytadan qalpyna keluine mýmkindik berdi. Yasauiyding jolynyn    yqpaly tek týrki halyqtaryna emes, býkil Islam әlemi halyqtaryna tiyidi. Ár halyq Yasauy ýlgisimen tariqattar qalyptastyryp, ózderining dәstýrli mәdeniyetin qaytadan qalpyna keltiruge mýmkindik aldy. Qazirgi kýnge deyin jetip kelgen qazaq halqynyng dәstýrli mәdeniyeti, әdet-ghúryp, salt-dәstýri osy Yasauy joly negizinde qalyptasqan bolatyn. Ókinishke oray, búl jol qazirgi kýni qazaq halqynyng ruhaniy-mәdeny bolmysynan alshaqtatylyp jatyr. Onyng sebebi, qazirgi bizdegi QMDB-nyn, meshitterding ústanghan baghyty – Ahl al-Hadis joly. QMDB-gha qarasty Qazaqstan-Mysyr uniyversiyteti men medreseleri osy Ahl al-Hadis baghyty boyynsha mamandar dayyndauda. Búl QMDB-nyng startegiyalyq baghyty – Ahl al-Hadis joly ekendigin dәleldeydi. Sonda QMDB-nyng maqsaty qazaq halqyn dәstýrli dýniyetanymy men ruhaniy-mәdeny bolmysynan aiyru ma? Maqsaty ne? Ghasyrlar boyy qazaq dalasynda bar mәsele tariqat jolymen sheshilip, sharighat joly mýlde qoldanysta bolmaghandaghyn nege týsingisi kelmeydi? Din halyqtyng ruhaniy-mәdeny bolmysyn qalyptastyratyn, tәrbiyeleytin quatty qúral bolatyn. Qazir dinning ruhany tәrbie qúraly retindegi qyzmeti ysyrylyp tastaldy.  QMDB onyng ornyna arabtyng VIII ghasyrda qalyptastyrylghan sharighy (zandyq) normalaryn qazaq sanasyna sinirude. Nelikten? Álde, keshegi elimiz tәuelsizdik alghannan keyin arab elderine baryp, oqyp kelgen din mamandarynyng jeteginde ketip bara jatyrmyz ba? Shyndyghyna kelgende solay siyaqty. Bar qazaqtyng taghdyry shetelde jat diny baghytty oqyp kelgen din mamandary ýshin qúrbandyqqa shalynady ma? Búl qazirgi qazaq qoghamynyng diny tanym negizinde birneshe topqa jikteluine yqpal etti. Meshitterge baratyn namazhandar sanasynda qazaqtyng dәstýrli diny tanym negizderine qarsy kózqaras qalyptasuda jәne búlar uahhabiylik-salafiylik baghyttardy qabyldaghandar sanatyna jatpaydy. Biraq diny tanym negizderi boyynsha kózqarastary bólek, qazaqtyng dәstýrli diny tanymy negizderine qayshy. Egerde meshitter osy baghyttarynan ainymay óz uaghyzdaryn jalghastyratyn bolsa, onda ertengi kýni qazaq halqynyng etnikalyq jikteluge týsui nemese tolyghymen halyq retinde tarihtan ketui yqtimal.

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 Zikiriya Jandarbek

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