Eldik mýdde. Ábilqayyr han jәne dala elitasy
Birikken qazaq әskerining bas qolbasshysy Ábilqayyr han 1730 jylghy sәuirding sonynda jonghar qontayshysy Galdan Serenmen beybit kelisimshart jasady. Sol aktimen «Aqtaban shúbyryndy» qasiretinen beri órshy ýsken qantógisti azattyq kýresining shyrqau shynyna ainalghan Anyraqay shayqasyn qorytyndylap, 1723–1730 jyldarghy Otan soghysyna jenisti nýkte qoydy. Búl jenis qazaq halqynyng jauyngerlik ruhyn nyghaytty, halyqtyng etnostyq birligin, tútastyq sezimin jәne óz eline degen sýiispenshiligin, jýzder, ru-taypalar arasyndaghy auyzbirshilikting manyzyn arttyrdy.
Kóshpendi handyqtar ishindegi asa quatty jonghar әmirshisi Galdan Serendi jengen ataghy Ábilqayyr bahadýrdi sayasy túrghyda qazaqtyng agha hany mәrtebesinde tanyta týsti. Qadirli batyr-hanynyng esimin jenisti shayqastar jýrgizgen tau, ózen, anghargha bergen (Arqada «Qalmaqqyrylghan» degen jerde «Ábilqayyr ózeni», Shu men Talas ózenderining arasynda «Ábilqayyr dalasy» bar. Sonda «Qalmaq qyrylghan» degen eki jer atauy saqtalghan. Qaratau qoynauynda «Ábilqayyr búlaghy» bar. «Ýlken Orda qonghan», «Kishi Orda qonghan» degen jer ataulary – azattyq soghysyn basqarghan agha han, kishi han stavkalarynyng túrghan ornyn kórsetedi. Al Balqashtyng ontýstigindegi әigili Anyraqay shayqasy ótken ónirde, Ilege taqauyraqta – Hantau, odan Shugha qaray sozylyp jatqan «Ábilqayyr jaly» degen tau atauy saqtalghan. Býgin bizdin kónilimiz qanshama tarylyp, qazaqtyng 1723–1730 jyldardaghy Otan soghysynyng bas qaharmanynyng enbegin moyyndaghymyz kelmese de, geografiyalyq jer ataularynyng ózi-aq onyng da, bizding de kim ekenimizdi kózge shúqyp aityp túrghan joq pa?) óz júrtynda ghana emes, kórshi elderde de ol ýlken qúrmetke bólendi. Orta Aziya handyqtarynyng biyleushileri onymen tuystyq qarym-qatynasqa jetuge úmtyldy. Qolbasshy, әmirshi, sayasatker Ábilqayyr han Anyraqay shayqasynan keyingi jaghdaydy kóregendikpen saralay bilgendikten, jonghar qontayshysymen bitimge keldi...
Alayda búl tújyrymnyng tarihshylar arasynda: «Anyraqay shayqasynan keyin qazaq biyleushilerding arasynda jik tudy» degen maghynada kópten qalyptasqan, tipti resmy «Qazaqstan tarihynyn» ýshinshi tomy tanbalap qoyghan elita ishinde «jogharghy biylik ýshin kýres» jýrgeni jayyndaghy pikirge qayshy ekeni týsinikti. Resmy tariyh: «Tәukening úly, qaytys bolghan agha han Bolattyng ornyna Orta jýzden – Sәmeke, Kishi jýzden Ábilqayyr ýmittendi. Kópshilikting tandauy Ábilmәmbetke týsti. Sәmeke men Ábilqayyr ózderin eleusiz qaldyrdy dep tauyp, shayqas alanynan ketip qaldy, sol arqyly qazaq jerlerin jonghar basqynshylarynan azat etuding ortaq isine ondyrmay soqqy berdi», – dep habarlaydy. Elimizding eng basty tarih kitabynyng kýni keshe – 2010 jyly jaryq kórgen akademiyalyq basylymynyng tap osynday eskirgen maghlúmatty shegelep taratuy ókinishti-aq. Óitkeni sodan bir mýshel ilgeride, ótken ghasyrdyng songhy jyldarynda, jekelegen tarihshylar (aytalyq, I. Erofeeva) senimdi derekkózderdi ainalymgha tartu arqyly onday baylamnyng qate ekenin dәleldegen bolatyn. Bolat hannyng «Aqtaban shúbyryndy, Alqakól súlama» qasiretining bastapqy jyldarynyng birinde dýniyeden ótkenin, onyng eshqashan agha han bolmaghanyn, agha han mәrtebesi 1715 jyly Qayypqa, 1719 jyly Ábilqayyrgha tiygenin, Anyraqay shayqasynan keyin eshqanday da agha han (úly han) saylauy ótkizilmegenin dәleldegen zertteulerin jariya etken edi. «Sәmeke men Ábilqayyr ózderin eleusiz qaldyrghandyqtan» emes, kýn tәrtibindegi jaghdaygha baylanysty, soghys ayaqtalyp, tiyisti bitim jasalghannan son, ózderine qarasty ru-taypalar mekendeytin aumaqtargha kýn tәrtibine shyqqan mәselelerdi retteu ýshin ketken bolatyn. Demek, «shayqas alanynan» ketip qaldy deu de, «sol arqyly qazaq jerlerin jonghar basqynshylarynan azat etuding ortaq isine ondyrmay soqqy berdi» dep tújyrymdau da naqty tarihy shyndyqqa sәikes kelmeydi.
Bas qolbasshy Ábilqayyr han ontýstikte belgili bir maqsatta, belgili bir mólsherde әskery kýsh qaldyrdy. Tәuelsizdikting alghashqy jyldary «Sin úly dinastiyasynyng hronikasy» degen atpen jariyalanghan qytay qújattary jinaghynda qazaq hany Ábilqayyr (Abuerhayli) qazaq jigitterining 70 myndyq әskerin óz búiryghymen inisi Búlqayyrgha (Buerhayli) basqartyp, jongharlargha qarsy joryqqa shyqty delinetin aqparat keltirilgen. Sonday-aq olardyng Shu-Talas jerinde túratyn oirattardyng myng shanyraghyn týgel basyp alghany jәne Jonghariyanyng ózge kóshi-qondarynan 2–3 myng at aidap әketkeni aitylghan. Búl oqigha imperator Yunchjen basqarghan merzimning 9-shy jylyndaghy 2-shi aida oryn aldy dep kórsetilgen. Ony bizding tarihshylar 1731 jylghy nauryz ben sәuir ailarynyng bastapqy kýnderine sәikesedi dep belgilep jýr. Imperator Kansy 1722 jyly qaytys boldy, artynsha taqqa Yunchjen otyrdy. Demek, imperator Yunchjenning biylikti qolgha alghan uaqyty 1722 jyl, al onyng imperiyany basqarghan merzimining toghyzynshy (toghyz emes!) jyly 1730 jylgha, yaghny jongharlargha qarsy Otan soghysyn tamamdaghan Anyraqay shayqasy bolghan jylgha tura keledi. Demek Yunchjen jylnamasynyng 9-shy jylyndaghy 2-shi aida, yaghny 1730 jylghy 8 nauryz ben 6 sәuirding arasynda bas qolbasshy Ábilqayyr han, aldynghy tarauda aitqanymyzday, әskerin Shu-Talas aimaghynan Anyraqay ónirine auystyryp, jonghar kýshterimen sheshushi shayqasqa shyghugha әzirlendi jәne ony sәtti jýrgizip, sol sәuirding sonyna qaray Galdan Serenning kýieubalasy, tәjiriybeli әskerbasy Laszan Seren basqarghan jonghar jasaqtaryn birjola jendi de, mamyr aiynda qontashynyng ózimen kelissóz jýrgizip, bitimge kelgen. Sodan song oirattardyng yqtimal shabuyldaryna toytarys beru ýshin Búlqayyr súltan qolbasshylyq jasaytyn әskerdi ónirde qaldyryp, ózi batys shekaragha attandy.
Jogharyda atalghan Sin boghdyhany Yunchjenning jylnamasynda «Galdan Serenning inisi Lobuszyan-Shunu (Lauzan Shono) qazaq hany Ábilqayyrdyng qyzyn әieldikke aldy, qazir, ynghayy, qazaq jerinde túrady» degen mәlimet bar. Biz múnyng aqiqaty qanday ekenin aita almaymyz, degenmen, Ábilqayyr hannyng bәibishesi qyzymen Týrkistandaghy ordasynan 1723 jyly tútqyndalyp Jonghariyagha әketilgenin eske alsaq, Lauzan Shono han qyzyn aluy yqtimal dep payymdaymyz. Atalmysh qytay derekkózinde odan әri: «Lauzan Shono múrager retinde әkesining taghyna otyru mәselesin sheshu ýshin 1-shi aida óz jaushylaryn Galdan Serenge jiberdi» degen habar aitylady. Búl oqigha, shamasy, Sevan Rabdan dýniyeden kóshken 1727 jyldy menzese kerek. Aldynghy tarauda aitqanymyzday, Galdan Seren әkesi Sevan Rabdannyng kenetten bolghan ólimin ózining ógey sheshesi, Lauzan Shononyng tughan anasy Seterjabtan kóredi de, ony balalarymen, sonday-aq sol tústa Qalmaqiyadan (bәlkim, qytay jylnamasynda aitylghanday maqsatpen Lauzan Shonodan) kelgen elshilerding keybirin óltiredi. Sondyqtan, boghdyhan sarayynyng shejiresinde odan әri aitylghanday, «Galdan Seren onyng anasyn, sonday-aq birge tughan inisi men qaryndasyn óltirgendikten», Lauzan Shono «Galdan Serennen ósh aludy qatty tilep jýr. Oghan әskery shabuyl jasaghysy keledi». Búnday ahualdyng Ábilqayyr hannyng oirattarmen de, qalmaqtarmen de bitim jasauyna janama týrde bolsa da әser etui mýmkindigin moyyndaymyz. (Tek Lauzan Shono «qazaq jerinde túrady» degeni jansaq, ol Qalmaq handyghynda túrghan. Qontayshy Galdan Seren ózining taghyna bәsekeles dúshpanyn ústap berudi qalmaq hany Seren Donduktan talap etken bolatyn).
Anyraqay shayqasynan keyin jasalghan beybit kelisimshart eki jaqqa da tiyimdi edi. Galdan Seren qazaqtarmen bitimge kelu arqyly siyn-qytay jaghyndaghy shekarasyna әskery kýshterin toptastyrugha mýmkindik aldy. Imperator Yunchjen oirattarmen soghysty qayta janghyrtu jayynda 1729 jyly sheshim qabyldaghan bolatyn. Qazaqtarmen 1730 jyly bitimge kelip, qolyn kýsheytuge mýmkindik alghan qontayshy sol jyldyng ózinde qytay әskerin Barkól manynda tas-talqan etip, endi Altayda soghysugha әzirlik jýrgize bastady. Al jongharmen soghysty odan әri sozbay, bitim jasaudy maqúl kórgen Ábilqayyr han soltýstik-batys shekaragha jana shabuyldarymen qaytadan qauip-qater tóndirip túrghandar kórshilermen – orys memleketine qarasty kazaktar qauymymen, qalmaq jәne bashqúrt elderimen ara-qatynasty retke keltiruge attanghan edi. Ol orys imperiyasymen shekaradaghy mazasyzdyqty tynyshtandyrugha kýsh saldy.
1730 jylghy mamyr aiynda Ábilqayyr hannyng Torghay ólkesindegi jazghy ordasyna Kishi jýz ben Orta jýzding bas adamdary bas qosty. Búl mәjiliste orys shekarasyna taqau kóship-qonyp jýrgen júrtqa qyrghiday tiyip jýrgen Jayyq jәne Sibir orys kazaktarynyn, Edil qalmaqtarynyng shapqynshylyq qylyqtary, qalmaqtarmen aradaghy qatynas, jonghardy jenuge baylanysty, qazirgi sәtte birshama rettelip, tynshyghanmen, týbi bir týrki bolsa da, jelkelerindegi otarshyl әkimderining astyrtyn aidap saluyna kónip, qazaq auyldaryna tútqiyldan jortuyldatyp airyqsha maza ketirip jýrgen bashqúrttar jayy talqygha týsti. Osynau mәjiliske deyin Ábilqayyr hangha bashqúrt elining qúrmetti adamy tarhan Aldar Esengeldin (IYsekeev) jolyghyp qaytqan. Búl sodan jiyrma shaqty jyl búryn Ábilqayyr bahadýrdi bashqúrt taghyna shaqyrudy úiymdastyrghan, onymen birge orysqa qarsy iyq tirese kýresken әskeriy-basshy túlgha bolatyn. Búl qos ýzengiles bahadýr әrәdik kezdesip, әrdayym dostyq peyilmen jyly súqbattasyp otyratyn. Osynau kózqarastary erteden jarasqan eki el aghalarynyng súqbattary әrdayym ózara týsinistik rәuishte ótetin. Endeshe osynau qarulas әm pikirles qos әmirshining qaramaghyndaghy adamdar nelikten ózara shabuylgha shygha beruin dogharmaydy? Múnda qanday syr bar? Áriyne, ekeuara ótken kenesting býge-shigesin bilmegenmen, shamalaugha bolady: olar sol mәseleni týbegeyli sheshudegi kedergilerdi saraptap, olardy joy joldaryn aqylgha salysty...
(Kezinde imperiyagha qarsy túrghan bashqúrt jetekshisin óz jaghyna útymdy tarta alghan patsha әkimshiligining úsynuymen oghan atalghan tarhan aiyrym-belgisi berilgen. Jalpy, tarhan ataghy Altyn Orda handary dәuirinde shirkeu adamdaryna olardyng óz sharualaryn sheshuge erikti ekendikterin kórsetu ýshin berilip túrghan. Keyin ony orys knyazideri de jekelegen adamdargha alym-salyqtan bosatylatynyn, dauly mәselelerde eshkimge baghynbay, tek úly knyaziding óz qúzyryna keluge haqyly ekendigin bildiru ýshin berip jýrdi. Bir-eki mәrte tarhandyq beru mýldem joyylyp tastaldy da, bodan últtardyng bedeldi adamdaryn imperiyagha senimdi ete týsu ýshin, qayta engizildi. Bashqúrt kóterilisshisi Aldardy tarhan mәrtebesine kóteru arqyly patsha әkimshiligi ony ózine órkeniyeti tәsilmen tәueldi etti. Qazaqtar arasynda da tarhan bolghandar bar).
Sol jylghy mamyrda hannyng jazghy ordasyna jinalghan Kishi jәne Orta jýzder súltandarynyn, batyrlary men belgili adamdarynyng qúryltayynda orys patshasynyng ýkimetimen onyng qolastyndaghy qalmaq, bashqúrt jәne orys kazaktarynyng qazaq eline shabuyldaryn doghartudy kózdeytin bitim jasau jóninde sheshim qabyldanghan...
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Ordasynda ótken mәjiliske qatysushy biyler, batyrlar, bas adamdar men súltandardyng teristiktegi alyp kórshimen bitim jasasu jayyndaghy újymdyq sheshimin jýzege asyru ýshin Ábilqayyr han orys patshayymyna arnayy hat jazdy. Ony aparyp tapsyru mindettelgen elshilerine joldaghy orys әkimine kórsetu ýshin de hat berdi, sosyn olarmen onasha úzaq kenesip, diplomatiyalyq sapar barysynda qol jetkizuleri tiyis mәselelerdi pysyqtady...
Úzamay qúramynda on bir adam bar Ábilqayyr han elshiligining kerueni orys imperiyasynyng astanasyn betke ústap, imperator әiel Anna Ioannovnagha hannyng hatyn tapsyru ýshin arnayy sapargha shyqqan. Jolshybay toqtaghan orys qalalaryndaghy patsha әkimshilikteri Sankt-Peterburgti betke ústaghan qazaq elshiligining algha qoyghan maqsaty jayynda olardan súrap bilgen maghlúmattaryn jogharygha joldap otyrghan. Solardan mynanday aqparat mәlim. 1720 jylghy 20 shildede elshilik Ufagha kelgen. Sol jerde, Ufanyng әskery kensesinde, «Qútlúmbet bi, Seytqúl batyr, Toqtamys myrza» auyzsha әngimede ýsh bólikke jýielengen mynanday mәlimet bergen:
Birinshi. «Kóshpendi qazaq halqy 40 myng shanyraq bolady, olardyng basty adamy Ábilqayyr han, elshilikti sol jibergen. Odan basqa taghy eki hany bar – Baraq jәne Ábilmәmet. Úly jәne Kishi taularda, Syr, Sarysu jәne Torghay ózenderi boylarynda, Qaraqúm dalasynda jәne sol jaqtardaghy basqa jerlede kóship-qonyp jýredi. Sol jaqtarda qazaq qalalary bar: basty qalasy Tashkent, ondaghy qoja Jolbarys han, ekinshi qala Týrkistan, onyng iyelenushisi Sәmeke han, ýshinshi qala Sayram, ondaghy iyelenushi Kýshik han. Osy qalalargha qaraytyn qystaqtardyng sany az emes. Barlyq kóshpendilerding de, qalalyqtardyng da handary – múragerlikti ústanady. Olardyn, qazaqtardyn, zany – músylmandyq».
Ekinshi. Osyghan deyin osy qazaq handary qontayshymen jәne Edil qalmaqtarymen, sonday-aq bashqúrttarmen soghysqan. Qazir olar qontayshymen de, qalmaqtarmen de tatulasty, al bashqúrttar olarmen, qazaqtarmen, imperatordyng úlylyghynyng erik-jigeri bildirilmeyinshe tatulasar emes. Al qazaq handary ózge halyqtardyng shabuyldarynan danqty Resey imperiyasynyng proteksiyasy arqyly qorghanugha mýddeli, sondyqtan olar múny Ábilqayyr hangha tapsyrdy. Sodan onyng elshileri barlyq handardyng kelisimimen belgili bir shartty patshayymgha jetkizu ýshin jiberilip otyr.
Ýshinshi. Eger «úly mәrtebeli imperatrisa qazaq handaryn bodandyqqa qabyldaugha kenshilik etip núsqau berse», sóitip bashqúrttardyng jәne ózge de reseylik bodandardyng olardan oljalaghan bendelerin qazaq handaryna qaytarsa degen úsynystaryn aitpaq. Sonda olar, qazaq handary, ózderindegi oljalanghan reseylik bodandardy qaytarugha jәne qyzmet etip, yasak (búlghyn, týlki, qúndyz, susar jәne basqa da ang terileri týrinde alynatyn alym-salyq – B.Q.) tólep jýrgen bashqúrttar tәrizdi «adal qyzmet etuge» jәne yasak beruge uәde etedi. Al eger olargha әldebir dúshpanda shabuyl jasasa, olardy, «qazaq handaryn úly mәrtebelining bodandarynday» eseptese deydi.
Mәtinnen bayqalyp túrghanday, elshiler bashqúrttarmen til tabysu (tútqyndarmen almasu, ekinshi qaytyp ózara shabuyl jasaspau) jayynda, bashqúrttar imperiya qaramaghyndaghy el bolghandyqtan, imperatrisadan arnayy núsqau beruin súramaq. Múnday tynyshtyqqa jaghday tughyzylghan jәne patshayym syrtqy dúshpandardan qorghanugha septesken jaghdayda, qazaqtar da bashqúrttar tәrizdi yasak berip túrugha әzir. Ábilqayyr hannyng elshileri Resey astanasyna saparynyng maqsatyn osynday auqymda ghana týsindiruge haqyly bolghan. Mәtindegi biz tyrnaqshagha alghan jalynyshtylyq kýy tanytatyn sóilemder orys әkimshilikterindegi qyzmetshilerding patshalyq imperiya atalghaly beri astamshylyq derti ýdey týsken pighyldaryna sәikes óz jandarynan qosqan úghymdardy bildiredi.
Ufadan Sankt-Peterburgke joldanghan aqparatta «Al olargha jol kórsetip kele jatqan bashqúrttar әskery kensege qazaqtardyng Ufadan alty aptada, al olardan, bashqúrttardan, bir aida atpen jýrgende jetuge bolatyn jerde kóship-qonyp jýrgenin aitqan» degen habar bar. Orystardan osynday qashyqtyqta ómir sýrip jatqan halyqtyng olargha basybayly bodan bolugha beyildigin bildirui qisynsyz ekeni dәlel tilemese kerek. Bóten tektilerding tilderindegi qújattardy orysshalaghanda óz pighyldaryn tújyrymdap qoidy orys әkimderi qalmaqtarmen jasaghan kelisimsharttarynda kórsetken (basqy tarauda aitqanymyzday, 17-shi ghasyrda jasalghan qújat boyynsha qalmaqtar orystarmen әskery odaq qúrdyq dep sanasa, orystar olardy bodandyghymyzgha aldyq, qalmaq jasaqtary orys әskeri qúramynda bolady dep sanaghan).
Aymaghynan ótip bara jatqan qazaq elshiligi jayynda ile-shala Basqarushy Senatqa jibergen Ufa voevodasynyng bayanhatynda mynanday qyzyq derek aitylghan. Sol 1730 jylghy 28 mausymda kensege Ufa ýiezi Noghay jolyndaghy (jol – sózbe-sóz alghanda, is jýzinde mәtindegi oryssha «doroga» degen sóz aimaq, ónir, oblys úghymyn beredi, bashqúrt elinde Altyn Orda dәuirinde «daruga» dep qoldanylghan aumaqtyq-әkimshilik birlik úghymyn bildiretin atau – B.Q.) Kubelek, Tabyn bolystarynyng bashqúrttary Qarabay Túrymbetov pen Lyqay Seyitov Qazaq Ordasynyng qazaghy Biatshy Tóleevti joldastarymen alyp kelgen. Ol Ábilqayyr han iyeliginen eken, Ufa ýiezindegi Noghay jolyna (yaghny Noghay aimaghyna, oblysyna) qúddy әskerler jayyn biluge kelgen kórinedi. Olardyng iyesi Ábilqayyr men Sәmeke handar jәne olardyng qazaqtary býginde onyng imperatorlyq úlylyghy proteksiyasynda «qyzmet etip», «bodan bolghysy» keletin siyaqty. Sóitip olardyng qojalary shapshandatyp ózderinen úly mәrtebelige elshiler jibergileri keledi eken. Búl jayynda Basqarushy Senatqa 8 shildede habarlanghan. Demek, búl habar Syrtqy ister alqasyna da mәlimdelse kerek...
Bayanhatta odan әri: «Al Qazaq ordasynan 20 shildede Ábilqayyr hannyng elshileri retinde kelgen qazaqtar ózderinde úly mәrtebeli imperatrisagha arnalghan hat bar ekenin aitqan. Ekinshi hat Ufa provinsiyasynyng voevodasy atyna jazylghan. Ony bergen elshiler Qútlúmbet Qoshtaev pen onyng alty joldasy. Olardyng qastarynda bes adam qosshy bop jýr. Osy bayanhatpen qazaq hanynyng voevodagha jazghan haty orys tiline tәrjimalanyp qosa jiberildi» delingen.
Elshiler Ufadaghy memlekettik qyzmet atqaratyn adamdarmen birge, kýzetpen 1730 jylghy tamyzdyng basynda Sankt-Peterburg (Piyterburh) qalasyna, Basqarushy Senatqa jóneltiledi. Olar 28 tamyzda Mәskeuge, odan qyrkýiekting ayaghyna qaray imperiya astanasyna jetedi. Syrtqy ister alqasyna qazaq elshilerin alyp kelgen bashqúrttar 29 qyrkýiekte jogharyda aitylghan mәlimetterdi qaytalap, ózderining túrghyn-jaylarynyn tórt jolda (yaghny tórt oblysta), atap aitqanda Noghay joly (oblysy), Sibir joly (oblysy), Osy joly (oblysy), Qazan jolynda (oblysy) jerlerinde ekenin, qazaq ordalarynan qashyqta túratyndyqtan olarmen soghys jaghdayynda emestigin aitady. «Úly mәrtebeli patshayymnyng asa meyirimdi pәrmenimen qazaq halqy bodandyqqa qabyldansa», onda bashqúrttar da tynyshtyqta ómir sýrer edi, qazaqtar olargha shabuyl jasap, túrmystaryn kýizeltuge týsirmes edi, bashqúrttan alghan tútqyndaryn qaytarar edi. Bashqúrttargha keler payda osy. Al osynday qazaq syndy úly halyqtyng «óz erkimen bodandyqqa kelui» úly mәrtebelining danqyn arttyra týser edi. Búl jerde de orys әkimshiligi niyetin kórsetetin, búrmalanyp tyqpalanghan sózderdi tyrnaqshagha alyp kórsetip otyrmyz.
Syrtqy ister alqasynda 1730 jylghy 21 qazanda qazaq elshilerining Ábilqayyr hannyng orys patshayymyna hat jazu sebebin týsindirgen sózderi rәsimdeldi. Hattama is jýzinde olardyng 20 shildede Ufada bergen habarlamasyn qaytalaghan, tek qazaq qalalaryndaghy ýiler sanyn: «...bas qala Tashkent, onda qyryq myng túrghyn ýy bar, ekinshi qala Týrkistan, ondaghy túrghynjay otyz eki myng ýi, ýshinshi qala Sayram, ondaghy túrghyn ýiler sany otyz eki myng nemese odan da kóp...» dep qosyp keltirgen. Jәne olardaghy handardyng bәri Ábilqayyrgha baghynatynyn atap kórsetken.
Osy hattamanyn, sonymen birge, әriyne, Ábilqayyr hannyng imperatrisagha jazghan hatynyng orysshalanghan núsqasynyng kóshirmesi asa manyzdy tapsyrmamen qazaq eline attandyrylmaq tilmәsh jәne mәmileger Tevkelevke beriledi. Bәlkim, solardyng imperiya ynghayynda jasalghan mәtini men audarmasyna osynau diplomattyng ózining tikeley qatysy bolghan da shyghar...
Qútlú-Múhammed (Mәmed) Tevkelev jastayynan Reseyding sheteldermen baylanys jasap túratyn ortalyq ýkimettik mekemesi Posoldyq prikaz tilmәshi bolghan. Múnda, jalpy, onyng әkesi Mamesh, nemere aghalary Ramazan men Múrtaza da tilmәshtyq qyzmet atqaratyn. Ortalyq basqaru mekemelerin reformalau kezinde I Petr Posoldyq prikazdy 1720 jyly mýldem joyyp, ornyna Syrtqy ister alqasyn qúrdy. Al Qútlú-Múhammed aghalarynyng kómegimen sol Syrtqy ister alqasyna qyzmetke alyndy. Patsha qúzyryndaghy memlekettik chinovnik lauazymy ony odan әri ósuge, baigha, biyik әleumettik mәrtebege jetuge úmtylta týsedi. Ol I Petrding qaterli bastamalarynyng bәrine qatysady. Tilmashy retinde 1711 jyly Prut joryghyna qatysyp, týrikting sany basym armiyasy orys armiyasyn joyyp jiberuding az-aq aldynda qalghanyn kóredi. Patsha tapsyrmasymen 1717 jyly Ýndistangha jol ashqysy kelgen knyazi Bekovich-Cherkasskiyling Orta Aziya ekspedisiyasynda bolady. Ekspedisiyagha qatysushylardy Hiua hanynyn әskeri qyryp jibergende, әiteuir, ghayyptan aman qalady. Sosyn qaytadan patsha janynan tabylady. 1722 jyly I Petrmen birge onyng tilmәshi retinde Parsy joryghyna shyghady.
Búl joryqtyng da ong nәtiyje bermeui I Petrding nazaryn Qazaq Ordasyna búrady. Tevkelevting jazbalaryna qaraghanda, I Petr qazaq jeri arqyly shyghysqa jol ashu ýshin «million som shyghyndasaq ta qazaq hanynan orystyng qorghauynda bolghymyz keledi degen bir japyraq qaghazdy qolgha týsiru kerek» degen josparyn sol saparynan keyin ile-shala aitqan eken. (Jonghar handyghyn bodany etu әreketi ong nәtiyjege jete qoymaghandyqtan, Aziya qaqpasy kiltin Qazaq Ordasyn qúzyryna qaratu arqyly qolyna alghysy kelgen). Alayda taghdyr onyng josparyn ózine oryndatugha jazbady (1725 jyly qaytys boldy). Ony jýzege asyrugha I Petrding amanatyn kókiregine myqtap baylaghan mansapqor tilmәsh Mәmed (Aleksey Ivanovich) Tevkelev Ábilqayyr hannyng Resey bodany bolyp tabylatyn bashqúrtpen qarym-qatynasty beybit sipatqa týsiru ýshin Anna Ioannovna patshayymgha bitim jasau jayynda elshilik jiberuine oray qúlshyna kiristi...
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Mәn-maghynasy búrmalanyp ómirge engiziluge jazylghan taghdyrsheshti betbúrystyng negizgi qújaty Ábilqayyr hannyng orys imperatrisasyna jazghan haty ekeni belgili. Kýni býginge deyin ózgere qoymaghan kópshilik arasyndaghy pikir boyynsha, ol jeke basynyng qamy ýshin Reseyge qaramaghyndaghy halqymen bodan bolugha ózi súranghan, yaghny satqyn delinedi. Alayda múnday pikirding týrli búrmalaushylyqtyng jeteginde ketu saldarynan qalyptasqany songhy jyldary anyqqa shyqty.
Ábilqayyr hannyng bizge orys tili arqyly mәlim bolghan «satqyndyq hatyn» ýstimizdegi ghasyrdyng basynda tarihshy Amantay Isin týpnúsqadan oqyp, qayta tәrjimәlady. Nәtiyjesinde ghylymy ainalymda jýrgen tarihy hattyng oryssha núsqasyndaghy birqatar sózderding týpnúsqada joq ekenin, birazynyng maghynasy ózgertilip berilgenin anyqtady. Onyng sebebin tarihshy «dala biyleushileri jazghan hattardyng resmy audarmalarynda... basy artyq, baghynyshty sózderdi qosyp jiberu – Mәskeu memleketi kense qyzmeti qalyptastyryp, Resey imperiyasy ýdetip jibergen әdet» bolghandyqtan, sodan jәne «kenes zamanyndaghy úly halyqty agha tútqan qúlshynystan» kóredi. Sol zamandaghy shyghys әmirshileri qoldanghan arab, parsy sózderi aralas týrki-qazaq tilinde jazghan hatyndaghy «han sózderi ústamdy, belgili bir tústarynda asqaq. Kishireni de, ózge memleket iyesimen teng sezinui de, qúrmet kórsetui, sypayy sóz saptauy, mýddeli isi de ýilesimdi, salmaqty ólshemmen jetkizilgen. Búl hattan artyq jalbarynu, Resey patshalyghyna ashyq moyynsúnu, qúldana sóileu degen bayqalmaydy». Endi A. Isin zertteu maqalasynda keltirgen týpnúsqalyq mәtinge kóz jýgirteyik:
«Úlúghlaryng auua marhamaty biyik, dәuleti artyq, yer yýzine biylegen aqna úlúgh padsha hazyretlering húzyryna bendelik etemiz. Kýnden kýn, aidan aigha, yyldan yylgha dәulet sәlemet ziyada olar ansha tasyghay.
Biz gharyzbande hazyretinizge bú dәrge. Siz úlúgh hazyretning Oral eshtegi bashqúrt halayyqy birle arada elligimiz yoq erdi.
Emdi el-hal, Siz dәuleti úlúgh padsha hazyretine sayasyda panah olyp, satigh munqaz olmaq ýchin toghay yoly Oral eshtegi bendeniz Aldarbaygha elshi qosyp yiberdim. Ol Aldarbay Siz úlúgh padshanyng haziretige elshi tilegeni ýchin biz, Ábilhayyr han, qyryq san qazaq Orta yýz, Kishi yýz barsha raghayat qarashalarym birle bash saldym.
Yarlyq: Siznin-dýr ol qullarynyz Oral eshtegi birle el qylyp Irishu[i]nni tileymiz. Sizning yarlyghynyz birle el bolghaymyz.
Seyitqúl yibergen elshi bash Qútlymet yoldashlary birle».
Imperiyanyng Syrtqy ister alqasyndaghy audarmashylar – bәlkim, tәrjimә jasaugha Qútlúmúhammed (Mәmed, Aleksey Ivanovich) Tevkelevting tikeley qatysy da bolghan shyghar – qazaq hanynyng hatyn patshayymgha úsynu ýshin mәtindi orys tilinde mynanday núsqagha týsirgen eken:
«Velichayshey, blagorodnoy, bogatoy y umnoy obladateliniyse mnogih zemeli, ee velichestvu gosudaryne imperatriyse ejednevno, ejemesyachno y ejegodno jelaem bojiey milostiu blagopoluchnogo gosudarstvovaniya. Nashe zayavlenie Vashemu velichestvu sostoit v tom, chto s poddannym Vam bashkirskim narodom, kotoryy nahoditsya za Uralom, u nas blizkih otnosheniy ne bylo. Jelaya byti sovershenno podvlastnym Vashemu velichestvu, ya posylai svoego poslannika vmeste s Vashim poddannym Aldarbaem. Etot Aldarbay treboval poslannika ot nas k Vashemu velichestvu, y poetomu my, Abulhaiyr-han s podvlastnym mne mnogochislennym kazahskim narodom Srednego y Malogo juzov, vse preklonyaemsya pered Vami, yavlyaemsya Vashimy slugamy y vse vmeste v prostym narodom jelaem Vashego pokroviytelistva y ojidaem Vashey pomoshi, chtoby s poddannym Vam bashkirskim narodom, nahodyashimsya za Uralom, jiti v soglasiiy.
Jelaem Vam vsyakogo blagopoluchiya y budem Vashimy poddannymiy.
(Peredaliy): Seitkul. Glavnyy poslannik Kuttumbet s tovarishamiy».
Tәrjimәdaghy «blagorodnoy», «umnoy», «bojiey milostiu», «kotoryy nahoditsya za Uralom», «blizkih otnosheniy», «mnogochislennym», «yavlyaemsya Vashimy slugamy y vse vmeste v prostym narodom jelaem Vashego pokroviytelistva y ojidaem Vashey pomoshiy», «nahodyashimsya za Uralom», «Jelaem Vam vsyakogo blagopoluchiya y budem Vashimy poddannymi» degen sózderding balamasynyng týpnúsqada joqtyghyn, yaghny olardyng audarma jasau barysynda mәtinge janadan nemese maghynasy ózgertilip qosylghanyn aita kelip, A.Isin hattyng mynanday jana audarmasyn jasaydy:
«Velichiya y milosty vysokoy, gosudarstva prevyshe, pravyashey [vsemi] zemlyamy ee velichestvu beloy velikoy imperatriyse obrashaemsya s obydennym namereniyem. Izo dnya v deni, iz mesyasa v mesyas, iz goda v god gosudarstvo [Vashe] da prebyvaet v zdraviy y priumnojaetsya.
Nashe zayavlenie Vashemu velichestvu sleduishee. S narodom Vashego velichestva uraliskimy eshtek-bashkortamy mej namy net soglasiya.
Teperi, jelaya poluchiti pod pokrovom Vashego imperatorskogo velichestva zashitu y spokoystviye, posylaiy, prisoediniv k lesnoy dorogy uraliskomu eshteku poddannomu Vashemu Aldarbay, svoego posla. Poskoliku etot Aldarbay prosil posla k Vashemu imperatorskomu velichii, my, Abulhaiyr-han, sorok sanov kazahov, Sredniy y Mladshiy juzy so vsemy podvlastnymy mne karasha sklonyaem golovu.
Yarlyk: s Vashimy slugamy uraliskimy eshtekamy hotim dostichi soglasiya. S Vashim yarlykom da budem v soglasiiy.
Poslannyy posol Seitkul vo glave s Kutlymetom s tovarishiy».
Endi týpnúsqanyng key tústarymen eki audarmany salystyryp qarayyq Týpnúsqa: «Biz gharyzbande hazyretinizge bú dәrge. Siz úlúgh hazyretning Oral eshtegi bashqúrt halayyqy birle arada elligimiz yoq erdi». Syrtqy ister alqasynyng audarmasy: «Nashe zayavlenie Vashemu velichestvu sostoit v tom, chto s poddannym Vam bashkirskim narodom, kotoryy nahoditsya za Uralom, u nas blizkih otnosheniy ne bylo». Tarihshy A.Isin jasaghan jana audarma: «Nashe zayavlenie Vashemu velichestvu sleduishee. S narodom Vashego velichestva uraliskimy eshtek-bashkortamy mej namy net soglasiya». Osy ýzik býgingi qoldanystaghy óz tilimizde bylay bolar edi: «Biz Sizding úly mәrtebenizge mynanday mәlimdeme jasaymyz. Sizding úly mәrtebenizding halayyghy Oral bashqúrt-estekterimen arada eldik kelisim bolmay túr».
Odan әri hattyng týpnúsqasynda: «Emdi el-hal, Siz dәuleti úlúgh padsha hazyretine sayasyda panah olyp, satigh munqaz olmaq ýchin toghay yoly Oral eshtegi bendeniz Aldarbaygha elshi qosyp yiberdim. Ol Aldarbay Siz úlúgh padshanyng haziretige elshi tilegeni ýchin biz, Ábilhayyr han, qyryq san qazaq Orta yýz, Kishi yýz barsha raghayat qarashalarym birle bash saldym», – delinedi. Patshalyq tәrjimәsinde búl ýzik týpnúsqada joq sózder men úghymdardy qosyp, bylay berilgen: «Jelaya byti sovershenno podvlastnym Vashemu velichestvu, ya posylai svoego poslannika vmeste s Vashim poddannym Aldarbaem. Etot Aldarbay treboval poslannika ot nas k Vashemu velichestvu, y poetomu my, Abulhaiyr-han s podvlastnym mne mnogochislennym kazahskim narodom Srednego y Malogo juzov, vse preklonyaemsya pered Vami, yavlyaemsya Vashimy slugamy y vse vmeste v prostym narodom jelaem Vashego pokroviytelistva y ojidaem Vashey pomoshi, chtoby s poddannym Vam bashkirskim narodom, nahodyashimsya za Uralom, jiti v soglasiiy». Artyq sózderdi alyp tastap, maghynasy ózgergen sózderdi (aytalyq, «elshi tilegeni», yaghny «elshi jiberudi ótingeni» degen tirkesti – «treboval poslannika», yaghny elshi jiberudi talap etti» dep bergendi) týzetip jasaghan jana audarmada jogharghy ýzindi bylay bop shyqqan: «Teperi, jelaya poluchiti pod pokrovom Vashego imperatorskogo velichestva zashitu y spokoystviye, posylaiy, prisoediniv k lesnoy dorogy uraliskomu eshteku poddannomu Vashemu Aldarbay, svoego posla. Poskoliku etot Aldarbay prosil posla k Vashemu imperatorskomu velichii, my, Abulhaiyr-han, sorok sanov kazahov, Sredniy y Mladshiy juzy so vsemy podvlastnymy mne karasha sklonyaem golovu». Qazaqshasy: «Endi, Sizding úly memleket patshasy mәrtebenizdin sayasynda qorghalyp, tynyshtyq almaq ýshin Noghay jolyndaghy Oral estegi bendeniz (bodanynyz) Aldarbaygha elshi qosyp jiberdim. Osy Aldarbay Sizding úly patsha mәrtebenizge elshi jiberudi ótingeni ýshin biz, Ábilqayyr han, qyryq san qazaq, qaramaghymdaghy Orta jýz ben Kishi jýzdegi barsha qarashalarymmen birge bas iyemin».
Angharylyp túrghanday, týpnúsqadaghy: «...toghay yoly Oral eshtegi...» degen tirkes jana audarmada: «...k lesnoy dorogy uraliskomu eshteku...» dep berilgen. Yaghny «...toghay yoly...» – «lesnaya doroga» dep tóte audarylghan. Búl jayynda A. Isin týpnúsqada solay «toghay» týrinde túrghanyn kórsete otyryp: «Tarihta «Noghay joly» degen jol (baghyt) bar. Biraq búl jerde «noghay joly» dep qabyldau ýshin anyq jazylghan «toghay joly» degen úghymdy joqqa shygharu kerek», – deydi. Alayda arab әripterimen jazylghan týpnúsqada bir noqattyng abaysyzda artyq týsip ketui de yqtimal ekenin oilau jón, eki nýkte – «t», eger bir nýkte bolsa – «n» bolar edi. Ári ol zamanda, bashqúrt kóterilisin qangha boyap basqannan keyin, patshalyq bashqúrt jerin tórt әkimshilik aumaqqa – jolgha bólgen, «jol» (yol, doroga, daruga) – okrug, oblys, audan siyaqty aumaqtyq-әkimshilik birlikti bildiretin sóz bolyp ketken. Qazaq jerimen әldeneshe bolystardan qúralatyn Noghay jәne Sibir joldary (audandary) shektesip jatatyn. Sondyqtan, hat mәtinindegi «toghay» degen sózdi kezdeysoq qos nýkte týsip ketkendikten ketken qate retinde týzetip, «noghay» dep batyl ózgertip jazu kerek. Mәtindi qazaqshalaghanda solay – «Noghay joly» dep kórsetildi.
Hattyng týiini: «Yarlyq: Siznin-dýr ol qullarynyz Oral eshtegi birle el qylyp Irishu[i]nni tileymiz. Sizning yarlyghynyz birle el bolghaymyz». Patshalyq tәrjimәsi: «...s poddannym Vam bashkirskim narodom, nahodyashimsya za Uralom, jiti v soglasii. Jelaem Vam vsyakogo blagopoluchiya y budem Vashimy poddannymiy». Jana audarma: «Yarlyk: s Vashimy slugamy uraliskimy eshtekamy hotim dostichi soglasiya. S Vashim yarlykom da budem v soglasiiy». Qazaqshasy: «Jarlyq: Sizding qúldarynyz Oral estekterimen yntymaqqa qol jetkizgimiz keledi. Sizding jarlyghynyzben yntymaqtas bolamyz».
Ábilqayyr han 1730 jyly Anna Ionnovnagha osynday tilek aitqan edi.
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Ábilqayyr han elining soltýstigindegi kýshti de qaharly imperiya taghynda otyrghan patshayym Anna Ioannovnagha joldaghan, qazaq ýshin taghdyrsheshtilik mәni bolghan hattyng týp mәtinindegi: «Jarlyq: Sizding qúldarynyz Oral estekterimen yntymaqqa qol jetkizgimiz keledi. Sizding jarlyghynyzben yntymaqtas bolamyz», – degen týiindi joldar onyng maqsatyn jetkilikti dәrejede aiqyn kórsetip túr. Jәne onyng eshqanday da «óz erkimen bodandyqqa súrandy» degen úghym bermeytini de anyq.
Orys imperiyasy qolastyndaghy Oral bashqúrttary qazaq jer-suynyng biraz ónirin ózderiniki dep esepteytin de, patshalyq qysqan sayyn, jana jayylymdargha kóshu maqsatymen, Qazaq eline jiyi-jii shabuyldap tynym bermeytin. Ábilqayyr hannyng haty solardy imperatrisa jarlyghymen auyzdyqtaugha qol jetkizudi kózdegeni kýmәn tughyzbaydy. Hatynda estekterdi (bashqúrttardy) orys memleketining «qúldary» dep atap kórsetip otyrghanynda, endi óz halqyn da sonday «qúldyqqa» aluyn patshayymnan «jalbarynyp» súrauy qisynsyzdyng qisynsyzy ekeni dәlel tilemese kerek. Tarihshylardyng birqatary 1926 jylghy Qoybaghar Kóbekúly elshiligin de Sankt-Peterburgke Ábilqayyr han jibergen, ol osylay orys qolastyna ótuge búryn da әreket etken dep sanaydy. Alayda búl kezde Ábilqayyr han Otanynyng basqynshy tabanyna týsken týstik ónirin azat etu, basqynshynyng teristiktegi sybaylasynyng arqadan pyshaq saluy yqtimal shapqynshylyghynyng aldyn alu sharalaryn jasap, birese ontýstikte jongharlarmen, birese soltýstikte kazachestvo, qalmaq, bashqúrttarmen qazaq jer-suyn qorghau jolynda alasúra soghysyp jýrgen. Atalghan missiya jekelegen rubasylardyng bastamasy bolatyn. Qoybaghar bastaghan elshilikting Qazaq handyghy bas әmirshisining jiberuimen kelmegenin, sondyqtan da onyng tiyisti ókilettilik kýshi joqtyghyn patsha ýkimeti birden týsingen. Týsingen de, oghan eshqanday jauap bermey, eleusiz kýide qaytarghan bolatyn. Al Qútlúmbet bi, Seytqúl batyr, Toqtamys myrza bastaghan 1930 jylghy elshilik qazaq hanynyng tikeley ózinen orys patshayymyna arnayy jazylghan hat әkelgen edi. Sol sebepti imperiyanyng Syrtqy ister alqasy, ondaghy jauapty qyzmetker – kezinde Birinshi Petrding qazaq eline qatysty josparyn óz auzynan estigen Aleksey Tevkelev, sonday-aq әriyne, patsha ýkimeti men patshayymnyng ózi oghan óte múqiyat qarady. Bәri de Úly Petr amanat etken jobany jýzege asyrar uaqyttyng tuyp kele jatqanyn týisindi. Mәseleni paryqtay kele, patsha ýkimeti qazaq hany ótinishining imperiya mýddesine say tiyanaqtalyp oryndaluyn qamtamasyz etudi oilastyrdy. Sol ýshin barlyq kerek-jaraq, mol qarjy-qarajatpen jabdyqtalghan, qúramyna qazaq elining jer-su bederin, qoghamdyq jәne әleumettik qúrylymyn, hal-jaghdayyn jan-jaqty zerttey alatyn mamandar engizilgen ýlken ekspedisiya qúrdy. Orys imperatrisasy Anna Ioannovnanyng osynau elshiligin basqarugha Syrtqy ister alqasynyng chinovniygi Qútlú-Múhammed Tevkelev taghayyndaldy. Onyng aldyna qoyylghan iri diplomatiyalyq mindetti atqaruda mýltiksiz oryndalugha tiyis núsqaulyq jasaldy. Sonday úiymdastyru jәne jan-jaqty dayyndyq sharalarynan son, ekspedisiya jol jýruge saqaday say boldy. Aqyry, keri qaytatyn mezgili jetken Ábilqayyr hannyng elshilerimen birge, 1731 jylghy sәuirding 30-y kýni Tevkelev bastaghan missiya Qazaq elin betke ústap, Peterburgten shyqty. Eki aidan keyin bashqúrt aimaghyndaghy ortalyq qala Ufagha jetti. Sol jerde elshilikti Aldar tarhan kýtip alghan. Ol Tevkelevke aldymen Ábilqayyr hangha habar jibergen jón degen kenes berdi. Habarshylar attandy da, tamyzdyng 22-sinde han ókilderimen birge oraldy. Olar Ufada qúrmetti eskortpen, qaruly kýzetpen kýsheytilgen ekspedisiyany (imperatrisa Anna Ioannovnanyng elshiligin) hannyng jazghy ordasyna qaray sol aidyng ayaghynda bastap shyqty. Qazaq elining shegine ilige bergende, olardy Ábilqayyr hannyng úly Núraly súltan qarsy aldy. Ol patsha elshiligine protokoldyq qúrmet kórsetu ýshin arnayy jiberilgen edi. Sóitip, qazaq әskerining han tarapynan bólingen eki jýz sarbazdan túratyn saltanatty eskorty әri kýzetining ortasynda, aidan astam jol ýstinde bolghan ekspedisiya, aqyry, 1731 jylghy 5 qazanda Yrghyzdaghy Mәnitóbe alqabyna tigilgen hannyng jazghy ordasyna at basyn tiredi.
Ábilqayyr han orys patshayymynyng elshisi әkelgen habardy kópke sozbay talqygha salu qajet dep sheshti. 1731 jylghy 10 qazandy jinalys ótkizetin kýn dep belgiledi. Oghan 1730 jylghy mamyr aiyndaghy qúryltaygha qatysqan Kishi jәne Orta jýzder shonjarlaryn shaqyrtty. Jinalysqa deyin han aldymen óz elshilerinen múqiyat esep aldy, sosyn orys elshiligining basshysy Tevkelevti qabyldady. Tevkelev hanmen, qazaqtyng bedeldi túlghalarymen (bi, súltan, batyrlarymen), ekspedisiyagha Ufada qosylghan qúrmetti eskortty bastap kelgen Aldar tarhanmen jәne Taymas batyr sekildi ózge de yqpaldy bashqúrttarmen әldeneshe ret kezdesip, aldyna qoyghan mәselesining sheshilu jolyn aqyldasty. Onyng kýndeliginde (jurnalynda) jazylghan aqparattargha qaraghanda, syi-siyapat tarata otyryp qozghalghan әngime týp-týgel qazaqtardy imperiya bodany boluyna moyynsúntu jóninde bolghan siyaqty. Alayda, tapsyrmagha say toltyryp otyrghan jurnalyna patsha qyzmetshisi tek qojayynyna jaghatyn mazmúndaghy sózderdi jazuy tiyis ekenin este ústau kerek. Yaghni, týpki maqsaty bolyp tabylatyn jasandy qújatty – «Reseyge kiriptarlyghyn moyyndaytyn bir japyraq qaghazdy qaytkende qolgha týsiru ýshin, million som júmsasa da, bedeldi qazaqtardy satyp alu» jolynda jýrgizgen júmystaryn әsirelep tanbalauy kýmәn tughyzbaydy. Jurnalyndaghy aqparattardyng imperiyada ózge júrttargha qatysty qalyptasqan toltyru ýlgisinde, kense qaghazyn ózgeni tómenshiktete otyryp jýrgizu dәstýrinde jazylghany anyq. Patshalyq jәne kenestik dәuirlerde, sonday-aq bizding tәuelsiz zamanymyzda da kóptegen ghalymdar Tevkelevting sol shaqta jýrgizgen diplomatiyalyq kelissózderi qazaqqa Reseyding bodany boludy moyyndatugha tireldi dep sanaydy. Dúrysynda, sondaghy kelissózge әr tarap óz úghymynsha mәn bergen. Ábilqayyr hannyng patshayymgha jazghan hatyndaghy «jarlyq» (týiin) maghynasy orys memleketining qazaq eline mazasyzdyq tughyzyp túrghan bodan elimen beybit qatar ómir sýruge qol jetkizudi kózdeu ekeni aiqyn tújyrymdalghan. Hatty imperiya astanasyna aparghan elshiler «imperiya qaramaghyndaghy bashqúrttardyng qazaq eline agressiyasyn toqtatu ýshin imperatrisanyng arnayy núsqau beruin» súrady, shartyn bayan etti: patshayym osylay tynyshtyq tughyzsa jәne qazaqtardyng syrtqy dúshpandardan qorghanuyna septesse – onda Qazaq handyghy da patsha qazynasyna baghaly ang terilerinen dayyndalghan alym (yasak) berip túratyn bolady. Ábilqayyr hannyng elshileri Sankt-Peterburgke saparynyng maqsatyn osynday auqymda ghana týsindiruge haqyly bolghan, solay etken de. Jogharyda qarastyrghanymyzday, orys qújattarynda búl jәit «bodan bolugha qúlshynu» sipatynda jazylghan. Tevkelev qyzmeti barysynda solardy basshylyqqa alady. 1731 jylghy 10 qazandaghy qazaq aqsýiekteri men bedeldi túlghalary aldynda mәmilegerlik amal-aylamen aitqan sózinde qazaqtardyng Resey imperiyasyna eshqanday da qauip-qater tóndire almaytynyn shegeley ayan qylyp, sondyqtan qazaqtarmen beybit kelisimshart jasaudyng Reseyge týkke de kerek emestigin jariya etedi. Múnday kelisimshart qazaqtargha qajet. Óitkeni olargha Resey bodandary tarapynan tónip túrghan qater asa zor. Al odan tek aibyndy Rossiyanyng bodany qataryna qabyldanyp qana qútylugha bolady, eger qazaqtyng osynau bas adamdary «bodan boludy» (jurnalyna týsirilgen búl etistik chinovnikting ishki pighyly bolugha kerek, jiynda, ynghayy, Reseyding qazaq handyghyn qorghauyna aluy, naghyz maghynasyndaghy protektoraty sanauy jayynda aityluy kónilge qonymdy) qabyl kórmese, úly mәrtebeli patshayymnyng elshisi olardy mәjbýrlemeydi. Biraq qazaq әmirshilerimen «beybit kelisimshart jasaugha da barmaydy», sebebi onday shara «quatty da aibarly Rossiya imperiyasy ýshin abyroysyzdyq bolar edi», patshalyqty «múnday masqarashylyqqa úshyratugha» Tevkelev eshqanday da kelise almaydy...
Jinalysqa qatysushylargha orys elshisining keng auqymdy, bayypty, tereng sózi qatty әser etedi. Oghan Tabyn Bókenbay batyr qoldau kórsete sóileydi. Qazaq ýshin qazirgi tanda kýshti elge arqa sýieu asa qajet ekenin aitady. (Bókenbay batyr 1710 jylghy qúryltayda qazaq jasaqtarynyng sardarlyghyna saylanyp, Ábilqayyr hanmen birge jaudan elin azat etuge belsene qatysqan. 1726 jyly Jayyq ýshin shayqasyp jýrip, beybit kelisimshart jasaugha qajettilik tughanda, qalmaq әskerinde amanatta qalghan. Jalpy, Otan soghysy kezinde talay shayqastyng kýiinishi men sýiinishin hanmen birge bastan keshken. Ábilqayyr hannyng eng senimdi batyrlarynyng biri bolatyn. Ol osy jiyn aldynda ghana Tevkelevting ózine úsynghan iri kólemdegi tólemaqysyn aludan bastartqan edi: aqsha alsam – aqshagha satylghan bolyp shygham degen, men elime qorghan bolatyn patshayymgha aqysyz-púlsyz, elimning tynyshtyghy men abyroyy ýshin adaldyq saqtaudy ózime borysh sanaymyn degen). Onyng sózi bas adamdardyng birqataryna ong әser etti. Olar Reseydi qorghanysh tútugha beyildik tanytty. Al birqatary qarsy boldy. Olar orys patshalyghymen beybit kelisim jasaugha qarsy emes. Ángime eki el arasynda bir-birine әskery kómek berudi eskeretin uaghdalastyqqa qol jetkizu jóninde bolsa – qúba-qúp. Múny olar qoldar edi. Byltyrghy qúryltayda olar hangha patshayymmen kelisip, bashqúrt mazasyzdyghyn tynyshtandyrudy tapsyrghan. Basqa eshtene emes. Patshayymdy qazaq handyghynyng birden bir qamqory tútugha shaqyryp, han óz ókilettigin asyra paydalanbaq. Búghan búlar qarsy. Orys memleketin qorghanysh kóruge qarsy. Kelisim tek qana beybitshilik saqtau jayynda ghana bolsyn. Olar Ábilqayyr hangha imperatrisa elshiligin osynday jauappen keri qaytarugha shaqyrady.
Sonda Ábilqayyr han ózining sayasy oiyn meylinshe aiqyn, esh býkpesiz jariya etti. Eger handyq Reseyding qorghauyndaghy el qataryna kirse, onyng qolastyndaghy qalmaq pen bashqúrt, Jayyq jәne Sibir kazaktary jýgensizdik jasay almaytyn bolady. Olardyng әskery qúrylymdarynyng qazaq elin shaba beruine toqtau salynady. Resey de olargha astyrtyn kómek beruin, qazaqtargha qúpiyalap aidap sala beruin qoyady. Búl bir. Ekinshiden, Qazaq handyghy Resey qorghaytyn el qatarynda bolsa, onyng qolastyndaghy Qalmaq handyghynan kem týspeytin, ortalyqtandyrylghan birtútas kýshti memleket qúruyna Ábilqayyr hangha da mýmkindik tuady...
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Soltýstiktegi quatty memleketke qaray sheshimtaldyqpen betbúrys jasauynyng shyndyghyn Ábilqayyr han 1731 jylghy 10 qazanda dala elitasy aldynda aiqara ashty. 1730 jylghy mamyr qúryltayy sheshimine say ol orys patshayymyna arnayy hatpen elshi jibergeninde, hatynda aitylghan tilek pen qoyghan shartynyng mazmúnyn qanday auqymda týsindiruge bolatyny jayynda elshilerine qúpiya týrde tiyisti núsqauyn bergen. Alystan boljaytyn kóregen sayasatker retinde, Ábilqayyr han teristigindegi alyp kórshisimen tatu túru arqyly ghana jýzderge bólinip basqaruly Qazaq handyghynyng tútastyghyn saqtay alatynyn, sonda ghana ózining jalpaq jer-sudy alyp jatqan bytyranqy elinde bir ortalyqqa baghynatyn birtútas kýshti memleket qúruyna mýmkindik tuatynyn úqqan. Alayda búghan kedergi kóp-tin...
Orys patshayymynyng elshiligi qatysqan jiynda qazaqtyng eldik mýddesin oilaytyn bas adamdar Ábilqayyr handy týsinuge tiyis jәne onyng úsynysyn qoldaugha mindetti bolugha kerek edi. Mәsele mynada. Ony jiyrma jyldan beri han deydi. Kishi jýz ben Orta jýzding bir bóligining hany, onyng ishinde keyingi on bir jyl boyy qazaq elining agha hany lauazymyn alyp keledi. Osy uaqyt boyynda qily jaghdaygha oray jasaq jiyp, әsker qúrdy, soghys ónerin tәp-tәuir mengergenining arqasynda, qazaqtyng aituly batyrlarymen birge manyzdy jenisterge jetip jýrdi. Beybit shaqtardaghy el biyleuding qyr-syryn da әjepteuir týsindi, sonday kezenderde ózining tóre túqymdastary men kýlli qara halyqtyng qily ókilderining jaqsy-jaman qasiyetterin әbden tanyp-bildi...
Orys derekkózderinen mәlim, bashqúrttyng belgili bas adamdary (Aldar tarhan, Taymas batyr jәne t.b.) 1730 jyly imperiyanyng Syrtqy ister alqasyna bergen mәlimetterinde «qazaqtarda alty han bar, ishterindegi zory Ábilqayyr han. Sol handardyng bәri barlyq isterde Ábilqayyr hangha qúlaq asady», – degen. Bir aidan keyin búl mәlimetti patshayymgha arnayy jiberilgen qazaq elshileri rastaydy. Olar әlgi mәlimetti Úly jýz biyleushisi Jolbarys han men Orta jýz handary Sәmeke men Kýshik Ábilqayyr hannyng aitqanynan shyqpaydy degen sózderimen naqtylay týsti. Áygili qazaq batyry Tabyn Bókenbay 1731 jyly qazaq dalasyna kelgen Qútlú-Múhammed Tevkelevke: qazaq elinde «Tәuke hannan keyingi basty әmirshi – Ábilqayyr han, ol óz erkimen, eshkimnen kedergi kórmesten, kóp isti jýzege asyrdy» dedi. Orta jýz hany Sәmeke Ábilqayyrdy «bas hanymyz» dep atady. Orystyng kóptegen qújattarynda belgili qazaq batyrlary men bas adamdarynyn, sonday-aq Abylaydyng jәne ózge de súltandardyn Ábilqayyrdy bas han, agha han dep ataghan derekteri saqtalghan.
Búl lauazymgha ol 1719 jyldan ie bop kele jatqan jәne sonsha uaqyt boyy attan týspey, úlan-ghayyr qazaq jerining ontýstigine de, teristigine de qorghan bolmaqqa, jauynger jasaghyn bastap әldeneshe attanghan. Nebir shayqastar jýrgizip, elding azattyghy men tútastyghyn saqtau ýshin alysqan. Osynsha uaqyt belden qynyndaghy qylysh pen jebe toly qoramsa sheshilmedi. Sadaq pen semserdi bekem ústap, túlparynan týsken joq. Jauynger sarbazdaryn bastap, damyl tappay, qazaq jerining bir qiyrynan ekinshi qiyryna qúiyndata shapty. El mýddesi ýshin qústay úshyp, qysqa merzimde aishylyq jerlerdi shaldy. Bas qolbasshy retinde, qazaq әskerin kýrdeli maydandarda jeniske bastady. Ontýstikte qazaqtyng astanasy men talay ózge de shaharyn, shúrayly jer-suyn jonghar-basqynshydan azat etti. Teristik-batysta orys ýkimeti aitaqtaghan, orys qolastyndaghy qalmaq, kazak-orys, bashqúrttan el-júrtyn qorghady. Jayyq ýshin jan ayamay shayqasty (Ábilqayyr hannyng orys ókimetine mәlimdemesi: «Qazaq halqy Jayyqtan ózen suy sarqylyp bitkenshe airylmaydy!»). Jonghar basqynshylaryna qarsy jýrgizgen Otan soghysyn jenispen ayaqtady. Qontayshy Galdan Seren syndy quatty әm qaterli, әskery kýshining mýmkindigi mol bas dúshpanymen abyroyly kelisimge qol jetkizdi. Ne kerek, Ábilqayyr bahadýr ózining agha han retindegi lauazymyn bilegining kýshimen, qolbasshylyq biligimen bekemdedi. Ol bir mýsheldey uaqyt boyy ózining is jýzinde elding basty hany ekenin isimen dәleldep keledi.
1736 jyly ordasynda bolyp qaytqan shetel sayahatshysy Djon Kestliding jazuyna qaraghanda, Ábilqayyr han biyik boyly, myghym deneli, qyzyl shyrayly jýzi jaqsylyq, tilektestik núryn shashqan bahadýr bolatúghyn. Sonymen qatar ol óte qajyrly, asa quatty kýsh iyesi edi, býkil qazaq halqy ishinde sadaq tartuda oghan teng keletin jan joq bolatyn (Kestli kýndeliginde ony osylay surettedi, búl oghan Ábilqayyr hannyng eluding ortasyna kelgen shaghyndaghy beynesining bergen әseri). Ábilqayyr han shynynda da kelbetti, kýsh-quaty kemerinen asqan, óte qaruly, jauyngerlik sheberligi jauyn da tәnti etken, sonymen birge asa iri úiymdastyrushy jәne ghalamat qolbasshy talantyn qúday bir boyyna ayamay darytqan jan bolghan. Onyng jongharlargha qarsy jauyngerlik shayqastarynda da, Rossiyanyng shekaralyq audandaryna jasaghan әskery joryqtarynda da kórsetken essizdikke barabar jýrekjútqandyghyn, keremet batyldyghyn orys әkimderi erekshe qolbasylyq darynymen qosa atap kórsetip otyrghan. Sýiikti arghymaghynan týspeytin dala qolbasshysynyng asa sheber shabandozdyq ónerine tikeley kuә bolghanyn shekara jasaqtarynyng komandirleri de jii eske alghan. 1723 jylghy apatty jenilis tughyzghan kónil-kýy halyqtyng ensesin basyp, jappay týnilu oryn alghan eng qiyn jaghdaylardyng ózinde Ábilqayyr han sabyr saqtap, oy aiqyndyghyn joghaltpay, ózining erjýrektigi, sheshimtaldyghy arqasynda batyl әreketter jasay bildi. Júrt bosyp ketken «Aqtaban shúbyryndyda» esteri shyqqan kóptegen qarulas shynghystúqymdy bauyrlaryna úqsamay, ol tez әsker jinay aldy. Sarbazdaryn dúshpannyng shapqynshylyq jasaghan baghyttarynda toptastyrdy. Basqynshy qoldaryn shapshan, qarqyndy týrde shabuyldau arqyly kóp rette basymdyqqa jetip, shayqastarda jii jenip shyghyp jýrdi.
Kýreske toly úzaq jyldarda kózining jetkeni – qazaq júrty erkindikti sýiedi, dúshpangha aldyrghysy kelmeydi, batyr, alayda, memleketining qúrylymy әlsiz. Tәuke hannyng reformasynda kózdelgen ólkelerdegi biylikti kýsheytu arqyly memlekettik birlikti arttyru iydeyasy jýzege aspay qalghan. Bas-basyna by bolugha qúmarlyq ýdep, eldi bytyranqylyq jaylap ketken. Óitkeni tóre de, qara da myqty memlekettik qúrylym jәne ony nyghayta týsu jolynda atqarylmaq paryz haqynda sanasyna ong úghym úyalatpaghan. Olar Ábilqayyrdy bas han dep sanamaydy, onyng agha han retindegi biyligin moyyndamaugha beyim, ony tek Kishi jýz hany ghana dep tanugha ong iyqtaryn berip túrady. Al Kishi jýzding ózinde de, shyndap kelgende, han biyligine sózsiz qúldyq úra bermeydi. Biyler kenesine sonau Esim han zamanynan berilip, Tәuke han dәuirinde kýsheytile týsken ókilettilik tap qazirgi tanda keri әser etip túr. Ókinishti-aq, biraq hannyng el birligin kózdeytin pәrmendi júmys jýrgizuine kedergi bola týsude.
Ábilqayyr han 10 qazandaghy mәjiliste osy jәitti kýiine aitty: onyng býginde han degen aty ghana bar, qúzyryndaghy bodandaryna beybit kýnde sózi ótpeydi, qazaq ishindegi qazirgi jaghdayy «iyesiz jabayy atqa úqsaydy», «onday atty adamdar úryp-soghyp, quyp әlek, al andar ústap alyp jep qongha úmtylady». Alayda ol elding tútastyghyn arttyrghysy keledi. Memleketi kýshti, ornyqty bolsa eken deydi. Solay jasau ýshin naqty biylikke qol jetkizudi armandaydy. Al onday jaghday Resey syndy quatty monarhiyany arqa tútqanda ghana mýmkin bolmaq. Reseyding protektoraty retinde birtútas, biylik jýiesi bir ortalyqtandyrylghan quatty memleket qúru qajet. Múnday jaghdaygha, әne, ózderi talay shayqasqan Qalmaq handyghy jetip otyr...
Ábilqayyr hannyng tap osylay aghynan aqtaryluyn barshasy múqiyat tyndady. Soltýstiktegi kýshti kórshini suzeren retinde tanudyng tap sol shaqtaghy ahualda shyn mәnindegi memlekettik mýdde túrghysynan jasalugha qajet shara ekenin oghan eng qarsy toptyng ózi de týsindi. Jәne moyyndady, tek ishtey ghana. Biraq hannyng onday sheshimimen kelise almady. Sebebi Ábilqayyr hannyng jýzege asyrugha bekem bekingen maqsaty qazaq elindegi dәstýrli әleumettik-sayasy jýiege ýlken ózgeris engizetinin qay-qaysysy da sezdi. Turasyn aitqanda, onyng ortalyq ókimetti qatty kýsheytuge aparatyn shara ekenin úqty. Búl sharanyng qazaq eli aumaghynda Qasym han zamanynan beri bolmaghan biylik jýiesin janasha janghyrtatynyn payymdady. El ishinde agha hannyng bir ózi basqaratyn kýshti rejim ornatugha aparatynyn zayyr týsindi. Sony týsingendikten de, tiyisinshe – qoryqty. Óitkeni, agha hangha býkil eldi bir ózi biyleytin әmirshi qúqtaryn bergen jaghdayda, qazirgi barsha bas adamdar ózderining qazaq halqyn basqaru salasyndaghy búrynghy artyqshylyqtarynan airylyp qalatyndaryn týisindi. Bir qolgha alynghan handyq biylikke búryn-sondy bolmaghan dәrejede tәueldi bolyp shyghatyndaryn shamalady. Sondyqtan da, 10 qazandaghy jinalysta elding birqatar bas adamdary (bi, súltan, batyr, starshyn) alauyzdyqqa jol berdi. Hangha bir auyzdan qoldau kórsetpedi. Degenmen, sýienetin suzeren tandau mәselesinde ol joly Ábilqayyr handy Bókenbay, Eset batyrlar jәne Qúdaynazar myrza ashyq qoldaghan, olardy el ishinde bedeli bar taghy jiyrma jeti belgili túlgha jaqtady.
Ábilqayyr hannyng Reseyge arqa sýieu arqyly kýshti memleket ornatpaq jolyndaghy alghashqy ashyq qadamy osylay jasaldy. Jogharyda aitqanymyzday, mәjilis ýstinde birden eldik mýddege basymdyq bere almaushylyq pen pendeshilik úsaq mýddeler boy kórsetip, basqarushy elita arasyndaghy tar óristi kembaghal qayshylyq kózge úrdy. Degenmen Ábilqayyr han búl alauyzdyqty jenuden ýmittendi. Alayda onyng jenilmek týgil, ýdey týsuine han senim artqan suzerenning ózi mýddeli edi. Ol Ábilqayyr hannyng birtútas handyq qúru josparyn qaytkende oryndatpau jaghyn kózdeytin...
Beybit Qoyshybaev
Abai.kz