Jalghasy. Basy myna siltemelerde: Birinshi, Ekinshi...

Hazar qaghanaty túrghyndary jayly Ál Masudy derekterine jýginsek: «Jiytely stolisy – musulimane, hristiane, iudey y yazychniki. Iudeyamy yavlyaytsya: sari, ego okrujenie y hazary ego roda. Sari prinyal iudeystvo vo vremya pravleniya halifa Harun ar-Rashida (170-98 gg.h./786-814). Ryad evreev primknul k nemu iz drugih musulimanskih stran y iz Vizantiyskoy imperii. Prichina v tom, chto imperator, pravyashiy nyne, t. e. v 332g.h/943, y nosyashiy imya Armanus obrashal evreev svoey strany v hristianstvo siloy y ne lubil ih y bolishoe chislo evreev bejalo iz Ruma v stranu hazar. Chto kasaetsya yazychnikov v gosudarstve, to sredy razryadov ih nahodyatsya sakaliba y rusy, kotorye jivut na odnoy storone etogo goroda. Ony sjigait svoih mertvesov vmeste s ih konyami, utvariu y ukrasheniyami. Kogda umiraet mujchina, ego jenu zajivo sjigait vmeste s niym, no esly umiraet jenshina, to muja ne sjigait. Esly kto-nibudi umiraet holostym, ego jenyat posmertno, y jenshiny goryacho jelait byti sojjennymi, chtoby s dushamy mujey voyty v ray. Kak my upominali, takov je obychay u indusov, no ih jeny bez ih soglasiya ne sjigaitsya s mujiyamiy. Rusy y sakaliyba, kotorye, kak my uje govorili, yazychnikiy, slujat v voyske sarya y yavlyaytsya ego slugamiy.».

Múnda memleket halqy hristian, músylman, iudey (evrey) dinindegiler men eski senimdegiler delingen. Patshanyng VIII ghasyr sonynda iudey dinine kóshkenin, patsha túqymy men onyng ainalasyndaghylar iudey dindiler ekenin aitady. Key evreyler músylman elderinen kelgeni jәne Vizantiya patshasy qysymynan ondaghy evreyler Hazar qaghanatyna qashyp kelgeni bayandalady. Osy derekting ózi Hazar qaghanatynyng Daghystanda bolmaghanyn aighaqtaydy. Óitkeni, Vizantiya evreyleri Daghystangha jetu ýshin Abhaz, Gruziyn, Alan, Sarir jәne músylman knyazdikteri arqyly ótui tiyis. Ol joldar qauipsiz bolghan dep eshkim aita almas edi. Olar sol elder arqyly Daghystangha qiyndyqpen jetken bolsa, Ál Masudy aitar edi. Onyng deregi evreylerding Vizantiyadan tikeley Hazar qaghanatyna jetkenin bayqatady (Qarateniz ben Azov tenizi manyndaghy Hazar qaghanaty men Vizantiya arasyn tek teniz bólip jatqan, yaghny olar kórshi ornalasqan).

Hazar qaghanatynda rus pen sakalba elining adamdary da bolghany, olardyng eski senimde ekeni jәne memleket әskerinde jauyngerlik qyzmet atqaratyny derekte qamtylghan. Yaghni, Qyrymda otyrghan urus pen sakalban elining bir toby Hazar qaghanatynda ómir sýrgen. Qyrymdaghy urus pen sakalban elderin súrbórias toby biylegenin, «súrbórias» atauy qysqasha «bóri» delinip, sosyn bolgar-slavyandyq «ki» jalghauymen «buriyk» bolyp ózgergenin jәne ony «ruriyk» qylghan Resey imperiyasynyng sayasaty ekenin Asylúya dinastiyasy jayly maqalalarymyzda aitqanbyz (europalyqtar Rurik әuletin «Varyag» dep ataghan, ol da Bórik atauynyng búrmalanuy). Sol maqalada urus pen sakalban elderining ekinshi bóligin Týrki Ashina toby biylegenin, ol toptyng ekinshi janama atauy Bórishi (volkodav) ekenin, ataqty Beybarys súltan sol Bórishi (burch-berish) tobynyng úrpaghy bolatynyn, ony qúldyqqa satqan Bóri (bóriyk-ruriyk) tobynyng ókilderi ekenin jәne Qyrymda sol Beybarys súltan saldyrghan eski meshitting orny әli baryn kórsettik. Hazar qaghanatyndaghy rus pen sakalba adamdaryn sol Beybarys shyqqan Bórishi (burch-berish) toby biylegen, olar men Hazar qaghanatynyng iudayzm dindi biyleushileri Týrki Ashina dinastiyasyna jatatyndyqtan ózara tuys.

Beybarys súltandy bizding dalamyzdan shyqqan degen orynsyz. Ol – qyrymdyq urus pen sakalban elderining bir bóligin biylegen Bórishi dinastiyasynyng ókili. Qúldyqta keme eskekshisi bolghany, Tayau Shyghysqa kememen jetkeni, onyng tughan jeri Qara teniz jaghasy ekenin aighaqtaydy. Bórishi tobynyng bir bóligi keyin Bersh degen taypany qalyptastyrdy. Sondyqtan Beybarys súltandy Berish ruynan degen dúrys. Alayda, onyng otany Qyrym ekenin moyyndauymyz kerek.

Urus eli IV ghasyrdaghy riym derekterinde Aors taypasy atauymen kezdesedi (rimdik atau). Olardyng dúrys aty «Arys» ekenin XI ghasyrda Kavkazdaghy Avar nusalidigin biylegen Rus әuleti shejiresi dәleldeydi. Arys eli Rim imperiyasymen jaqyn qatynas (kemeli skifterding Rimge joryqtary zamanynda) ornatyp, ataularyn Aors etken. Qyrymgha jaqyn dalagha VII ghasyrda ornyqqan qazaqtar Aors elin «orys» dep atap ketken. Oghyz dialekti hazar men búlgharlar bolsa «orys» atauyn «urus» dep dybystaghan jәne osy songhy atau arab jazbalary arqyly tariyhqa endi.

Al sakaliba elining atauy dúrysynda – sak alban. Saq halqynyng alban taypasy bolghandyqtan, parsylar olardy «sakalban» dep ataghan. Zakavkazie I-V ghasyrlar arasynda Albaniya dep ataldy. Qәzirgi europalyq Albaniya eli Qyrymnan barghan saqalbandardan (sakaliba) qalyptasqan. Albaniya men Reseydi ornatqan top – Ruriyk-burik (bóri-bórik) әuleti. Sondyqtan Albaniya men Resey gerbteri birdey. Albangha jaqyn syban taypasy «saksyban» dep atalghanyn Arys halqy jayly maqalamyzda tolyq kórsetkenbiz (Gruziyada svan eli әli bar, Armeniyada Svan kóli bar, azerbayjandar qúramynda kóshpendi shahsevan (saqsyban) toby bar).  Yaghni, Kavkazdaghy jәne Qyrymdaghy shahsevan (svan) men sakalban degender bizding ontýstikten ertede barghan saq taypalary. Yaghniy, qazaqtyng alban men syban (ony orystar kirilisadaghy shejirege «suan» dep engizgen) taypalary – ejelden bar saq taypalary.

Ál Masudy urus pen sakalban elderining jabayy dәstýrlerin qarapayym jәne әdepti týrde bayandaydy. Ol Ibn Fadlan tәrizdi anayy derekter bermeydi jәne ózge elder turaly bayandaghanda dóreki sózder qoldanbaydy. Resey tarihshylary Ibn Fadlan jazbasyn «asa senimdi» dep asyra jarnamalaudan jalyqpaydy. Al Ál Masudy jazbasyn әdeyi shym-shytyryq etip orysshalap, ony senimsiz jazba dep sendiruge tyrysady. Anyghynda, bәri kerisinshe ekenin kózi qaraqty oqyrman osy maqalalar arqyly týsiner degen senimdemiz.

Ál Masudy derekterin ary qaray jalghastyrsaq: «Bolishinstvo v etoy  strane sostavlyayt musulimane, tak kak iz nih sostoit sarskoe voysko. Ony izvestny v gorode kak arsiya, y ony yavlyaytsya pereselensamy iz okrestnostey Horezma. V davnie vremena posle vozniknoveniya islama v ih strane razrazilasi voyna y vspyhnula chuma, y ony pereselilisi k hazarskomu saru. Ony doblestny y hrabry y slujat glavnoy oporoy sarya v ego voynah. Ony ostalisi v ego vladeniyah na opredelennyh usloviyah, odnim iz kotoryh bylo to, chto ony budut otkryto ispovedovati svoi veru, iymeti mechety y prizyv k molitve; takje, chto doljnosti sarskogo vazira budet sohranyatisya za nimi, kak y v nastoyashee vremya vazirom yavlyaetsya odin iz niyh, Ahmad b. Kuya; takje chto, kogda u sarya budet voyna s musulimanami, ony budut stoyati v ego voyske otdelino y ne budut srajatisya, no chto ony budut srajatisya vmeste s sarem protiv drugih vragov — nevernyh. V nastoyashee vremya okolo 7 tys. iz nih sadyatsya na konya vmeste s sarem, voorujennye lukami, oblachennye v pansiri, shlemy y kolichugi. Sredy nih iymeiytsya y kopeyshiki, voorujennye, kak obychno u musuliman. U nih esti y musulimanskie sudiiy. Sredy vostochnyh sarey etih stran toliko hazarskiy sari iymeet voyska iz otdalennyh mestnostey. Vsyakiy musulimanin v teh krayah nazyvaetsya po iymeny etih arisiy.».

Múnda Hazar qaghanaty halqynyng basym bóligi músylmandar, olar Horezm aimaghynan shyqqan arisiy degen taypa deydi. Týrkimender qúramynda arsarylar degen ýlken taypa bar, Hazar patshalyghynda әsker bolghan arisy eli men týrkimenderding arsary taypasy tuys desek, qatelespeymiz («aryslar» atauy «arsarylar» bolyp azdap ózgergen). Ontýstik Qazaqstandaghy Arys ózeninin atauy ejelgi Arys (ariysy) elinen qalghan estelik. Jogharyda urus elining óz atauy arys ekenin aittyq. Sondyqtan Hazar qaghanaty әskeri bolghan arisy eli men sol jerde әskery qyzmet atqarghan urus (rus) ókilderi ózara tuystar dese de bolady. Alayda, Euraziya aimaghyndaghy barlyq elder men memleketterdi ejelgi Huni imperiyasynan biylik dәstýri qalyptasqan Asylúyang (siluani) dinastiyasy basqarghany dausyz (Hazariyany biylegen Týrki Ashina tobyda sol dinastiyagha jatady).

Arisy eli músylmandyqqa óte berik ekenin olar men Hazar patshasy arasyndaghy kelisim kórsetedi. Arisiyler músylmandarmen soghyspaytyn, tek dinsizder men ózge dindilermen ghana soghysugha rúqsat etetin shartty ústanghan. Sonymen qatar Hazar qaghanatyndaghy bas uәzir lauazymy kelisim boyynsha arisy elin biylegen әuletke (Kua ruy) tiyesili bolghan. XI ghasyrdaghy Kiyev knyazdigi arab jazbalarynda «Kuab» dep kórsetilgen. Shamasy, Kuab qalasy atauy Hazar qaghanatynda bas uәzirlikti iyelengen Kua әuletimen baylanysty tәrizdi. Óitkeni, Kiyev knyazdigin urus pen chornoklobuk toptary odaghy biylegeni mәlim. Olar XI ghasyrda Tbilisiyden quylghan qarapapah toby men Hazar qaghanaty joyylghanda barghan urus toby degen dúrys. Sonymen qatar Kiyevtegi «hazar qaqpasy» men ol jerden tabylghan hazarlyq evrey jazbalary Hazar qaghanatyn biylegen evreyler de Kuab (Kiyev) qalasynan pana tapqanyn aighaqtaydy.

Ál Masudiyding kelesi deregine kóz jýgirtip kóreyik: «V ego strane, pomimo arisiya, nahoditsya mnogo musulimanskih kupsov y remeslennikov, kotorye naehaly v stranu hazarskogo sarya vvidu spravedlivosty y bezopasnosti, tam. U nih esti sobornaya mecheti s minaretom, kotoryy vozvyshaetsya nad sarskim zamkom, a takje y drugie mechety so shkolami, v kotoryh dety obuchaytsya Koranu. V hazarskoy stoliyse po pravilu semi sudey (kadiy); dva iz nih dlya musuliman; dva – dlya hazar, kotorye sudyat v sootvetstviy s Toroy; dva – dlya hristian, kotorye sudyat v sootvetstviy s Evangeliyem, y odin dlya sakaliba, rusov y drugih yazychnikov, kotorye sudyat soglasno yazycheskomu, t. e. po veleniyam razuma. A kogda predstavitsya sluchay bolishoy vajnosti, dlya kotorogo u nih net znaniya, ony sobiraitsya u musulimanskih kadi, sudyatsya pered nimy y sleduyt tomu, chto nadlejit po shariatu».

Qújatta әdiletti jәne qauipsiz bolghandyqtan, Hazar qaghanatynan kóptegen músylmandar pana tapqanyn aitylghan. Sonday-aq memlekette meshitter men medreseler jetkilikti ekenin, әr din ókilderining óz hadilary (sudiya) baryn, óz senimderindegi dauly mәselede jauap tappaghandar músylman hadiyding tóreligine jýginetinin bayandaydy.

Endi Hazar qaghanatyn biylegender jayly derekterge nazar salayyq: «...V tom, chto my soobshili, my sobstvenno iymely v vidu ne sarya hazar, a hakana. V deystviytelinosty v hazarskom gosudarstve iymeetsya hakan y sushestvuet pravilo, chtoby on nahodilsya v rukah drugogo sarya y v ego dvorse. Hakan prebyvaet vnutry zamka y ne mojet ny vyezjati, ny poyavlyatisya pered pridvornymy y narodom, ny pokidati svoe jiliyshe, gde vmeste s nim jiyvet ego semiya. Ot nego ne ishodyat ny prikazy, ny zapresheniya, y on ne prinimaet resheniy v gosudarstvennyh delah. Odnako sari ne upravlyal by Hazarskim sarstvom doljnym obrazom, esly by hakan ne byl pry nem v stoliyse y bok o bok s nim v zamke. Kogda Hazarskoe sarstvo postignet golod ily drugoe kakoe-nibudi bedstviye, ily kogda protiv nego obernetsya voyna s drugim narodom, ily kakoe-nibudi neschastie neojidanno obrushitsya na stranu, znatnye ludy y prostoy narod idut tolpoy k saru y govoryat: “My rassmotrely priymety etogo hakana y dney ego, y my schitaem ih zloveshimi. Tak ubey je ego ily pereday nam, chtoby my ego ubiliy”. Inogda on vydaet im hakana, y ony ubivait ego; inogda on ubivaet ego sam; a inogda on jaleet y zashishaet ego, v tom sluchae esly on ne sovershal nikakogo prestupleniya, za kotoroe on zaslujival by, y ne byl poviynen ny v kakom grehe. Ya ne znay, dreven ly takoy poryadok ily nov, no raz doljnosti etogo hakana prinadlejit chlenam nekoy semiy iz ih znati, ya polagai, chto vlasti nahodilasi u etoy semiy izdavna, no odin Gospodi bog vsevedush».

Búl tarihy qújat Hazar qaghanatynda patsha men han qatar bolghanyn, naqty biylik patshada ekenin, al han tek biylik simvoly mindetin atqarghaynyn jetkizedi. Anyghynda, han patshanyng tútqyny eken, yrymshyl halyq nemese patsha qalasa hannyng kózin joya alady. Anyghynda, Hazar qaghanatyn evrey últynan shyqqan patsha biylegenin, olar, memlekette Asylúyalyq zandy biylik dәstýri saqtalghanyna halyqty sendiru ýshin Týrki Ashina toby ókilin han retinde jandarynda ústaghanyn kóremiz. Qazir әlemdi biyleytin evrey toptary eng alghash ret Hazar qaghanatynda ózge júrttardy biyleu tәjirbiyesinen ótken eken. Olar ejelden Euraziya aimaghyn biylep kelgen Asylúya dinastiyasynyng tәjirbiyelerinen sabaq alghan deu oryndy.

Tat qyzynyng balasy, yaghni, anasy evrey bolghan Temirlan da taqqa Shynghyshan úrpaghyn otyrghyzyp, ózi onyng syrtynan tolyq biylik jýrgizgeni belgili. Temirlandy biylikke jetkizgen naghashy júrty ekenine jәne ol naghashylarynyng aqylymen biylik etkenine búhar evreylerining sol zamandy «altyn ghasyrymyz» dep tanityny, Temirlannyng evrey men hristiandargha tiyispey, negizinen músylman halyqtardy qyrghyngha úshyratqany, europalyq hristiandardyng krest joryqtaryna tosqauyl bolghan Bayazit súltannyng elin oirandaghany, hristiandyq jaylaghan Resey knyazdikterining toptasyp qauipti kýshke ainaluyna toqtau bolghan Altyn ordany birjolata kýiretkeni kuә. Demek, Temirlannyng naghashy júrty – Hazar qaghanatyn biylegen atalarynyng ýlken tәjirbiyesin paydalanghan.

Tit patshany (Ivan Groznyi) ulap óltirip, Resey taghyna hristian dindi әuletti otyrghyzghan (Asylúya dinastiyasynan bolmaghan Romanovtar әuleti)  iyezuid ordeni de Hazar qaghanatyn ailamen biylegen atalarynyng tәjirbiyelerine arqa sýiegen. Resey biyliginde otyrghandar Asylúya tobynan emesin týsingen Emelyan Pugachev bastaghan kazaktar iyezuidterding ýreyin úshyrghany týsinikti. Resey aimaghy Altyn orda biyliginde boldy, odan keyin Qasym han zamanynda Qazaq handyghyna baghynyshty bolghan. Qasym hannan keyin onyng úly Mamay han Moskva patshalyghyna Rurik әuletinen óz jiyenin otyrghyzghan jәne Resey patshalary Qazaq handyghyna vassaldy baghynyshta boldy.

Resey halqy Qazaq handyghyn «Qasym handyghy» dep ataghan. Degenmen, onyng Qazaq handyghy ekenin barsha júrt jaqsy bildi. Tit (Ivan Groznyi) patshanyng ózi Qasym hannyng úrpaghyn býkil Reseyding zandy biyleushisi dep moyyndaghany mәlim. Óitkeni, Resey biyleushileri Qazaq handyghyna vassaldy baghynyshta bolatyn. Ol – Bekbolat Asýimen degen adam, yaghni, ózin Asýi-Asylúya adamy dep tanyghan (ony iyezuidter Bekbolat Siymeon(ovich) dep tariyhqa engizgen). Pugachev te jәne oghan ergender de kazaktar edi, olar shoqynghan qazaqtar bolatyn. Resey taghyn iyelengender Qasym han men Mamay han otyrghyzghan әuletten emestigine olardyng kózderi jetti (Asylúyalyq Rurik tobynan emestigine). Olar qazaq handary engizgen dәstýrdi qalpyna keltiru ýshin kóterildi, olardy basqanymen býlik qayta shyghuy mýmkin ekenin iyezuidter jaqsy týsindi. Sondyqtan shúghyl týrde Moskva manyndaghy shaghyn qalashyqqa «Kasimovskoe hanstvo» degen atau bergizdi. Qazaq súltany Oraz Múhammedti úrlap aparyp sol quyrshaq knyazdikting hany qylyp saylady.

Nege tatar, bashqyr, avar-kabardin nemese qyrym handary úrpaghyn paydalanbady. Óitkeni, Resey men onyng patshalarynyng Qazaq handaryna vassaldyq baghynuy dәstýr bolyp qalyptasqan edi, ony kazaktar (shohynghan qazaqtar) jaqsy biletin (tatar, bashqyr, avar, kabardiyn, qyrymlardyng ózderine esh qatysy joghyn, ózderining Qasym han men Mamay han elinen ekenin kazaktar ol zaman úmyta qoymaghan). Reseylik iyezuidter qazaq súltany Oraz Múhamed arqyly qalyng kazak júrtyna «Reseyde dәstýrli Qazaq (Qasym) handyghy biyligi baryn» kórsetuge, yaghny kazaktardy tynyshtandyrugha qol jetkizdi. Ol ailalary X ghasyrda Hazar qaghanatyn biylegen atalarynyng tәjirbiyesinen alynghany angharylady.

 Bekjan Ádenúly

(Jalghasy bar)

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