Dosan Baymolda: Osydan 20 jyl búryn atajúrtqa qaray kóshti bastaghandar qazaq ziyalylary bolatyn.
Osydan 20 jyl búryn shettegi qazaqtardyng atajúrtyna oraluyndaghy alghashqy kóshti bastaghan mongholiyadaghy qazaq aghayyndar boldy. Kósh qalay bastaldy?
Bir kezderi býkil әlemdi ózining joyqyn qarulary arqyly dirildetken Kenes odaghy degen alyp imperiyanyng qabyrghasy sógilip, onyng qúramynda bolghan halyqtar óz tәuelsizdikterin birinen song biri jariyalap jatqan 1991- jyl. Sheteldegi qazaqtar, bizder, Qazaq eli óz tәuelsizdigin qashan jariyalar eken dep sony asygha kýtip jýrgen kezimiz. Óitkeni óz tәuelsizdikterin bәrinen búryn jariyalaghan Baltyq jaghalauy elderin aitpaghannyng ózinde Kenes qazanynda birge qaynap, birge pisken, tarihy men tili úqsas qyrghyz ben ózbekter de tәuelsizdikterin jariyalap qoyghan kez.
Al Mongholiya eli de osy kezde alasapyran bir sayasy ómir keship jatty. Kýni keshege deyin tomagha túiyq, tek Mәskeuding әmirimen bas shúlghyp, sonyng ynghayyna jyghylyp kelgen mongholdardyng da ruhtary kenet oyanyp, ózderin Mәskeuden shynayy tәuelsiz el boludy kóksep sony talap ete bastaghan shaq. Osyghan deyin eng jaqsy, eng qamqor agha bolyp kelgen «sovet mamandary» kereksiz bolyp elden kete bastady. Shynghys hannyng ruhy mongholdardy ruhtandyra bastaghan osy kezde sondaghy qazaqtar biz bir nәrseni týsindik, eger sen qazaq bolyp tughan ekensing endeshe sening otanyn, sening elin, jering ol tek Qazaq eli degen-di.
Osydan 20 jyl búryn shettegi qazaqtardyng atajúrtyna oraluyndaghy alghashqy kóshti bastaghan mongholiyadaghy qazaq aghayyndar boldy. Kósh qalay bastaldy?
Bir kezderi býkil әlemdi ózining joyqyn qarulary arqyly dirildetken Kenes odaghy degen alyp imperiyanyng qabyrghasy sógilip, onyng qúramynda bolghan halyqtar óz tәuelsizdikterin birinen song biri jariyalap jatqan 1991- jyl. Sheteldegi qazaqtar, bizder, Qazaq eli óz tәuelsizdigin qashan jariyalar eken dep sony asygha kýtip jýrgen kezimiz. Óitkeni óz tәuelsizdikterin bәrinen búryn jariyalaghan Baltyq jaghalauy elderin aitpaghannyng ózinde Kenes qazanynda birge qaynap, birge pisken, tarihy men tili úqsas qyrghyz ben ózbekter de tәuelsizdikterin jariyalap qoyghan kez.
Al Mongholiya eli de osy kezde alasapyran bir sayasy ómir keship jatty. Kýni keshege deyin tomagha túiyq, tek Mәskeuding әmirimen bas shúlghyp, sonyng ynghayyna jyghylyp kelgen mongholdardyng da ruhtary kenet oyanyp, ózderin Mәskeuden shynayy tәuelsiz el boludy kóksep sony talap ete bastaghan shaq. Osyghan deyin eng jaqsy, eng qamqor agha bolyp kelgen «sovet mamandary» kereksiz bolyp elden kete bastady. Shynghys hannyng ruhy mongholdardy ruhtandyra bastaghan osy kezde sondaghy qazaqtar biz bir nәrseni týsindik, eger sen qazaq bolyp tughan ekensing endeshe sening otanyn, sening elin, jering ol tek Qazaq eli degen-di.
Sondyqtan mongholiyalyq qazaqtardyng alghashqy kósh kerueni 1991 jyldyng nauryz aiynda Qazaqstan óz tәuelsizdigin jariyalamay túryp-aq atajúrtqa qaray bastalyp ta ketken bolatyn.
Kóshting bastaluyna týrtki bolghan basqa qanday sebepterdi atar ediniz?
1991 jyldyng basynda qazaq baspasózi arqyly «Qayt, qazaq, Otanyna» degen qazaqtyng belgili aqyn-jazushylary jәne ghalymdarynyng sheteldegi qandas bauyrlaryn shaqyrghan ýnderi oghan ilese Preziydent N.Nazarbaevtyng qazaq baspasózi arqyly «Alystaghy aghayyngha aq tilek» atty әigili haty jariyalandy. Búl Mongholiyadaghy qazaq ziyalylaryna ýlken oy saldy. Óitkeni Mongholiyada sayasy arpalystar kýsheyip jatqan sol bir shaqta el astanasy Úlanbatyrdaghy ziyaly qazaq qauymy Mongholiyadaghy qazaqtar jaghdayyna jәne bolashaq úrpaq qamyna asa alanday bastaghan kez bolatyn. Sebebi qaymaghy búzylmaghan Bayan-Ólgey qazaq aimaghynan basqa ishki ólkeler jәne astana Úlanbatyr onyng ainalasyndaghy aimaq, qalalarda túratyn qazaqtardyng ruhany jaghdayy shynymen qiynday bastady. Olardyng úrpaqtary ýshin ana tilinen aiyrylu, salt dәstýrin joghaltu, birtindep mongholdanu qauipi kýsheye týsken edi. Osynday qiyn-qystau kezde atajúrttan jetken búl ýndeuler men tilekter Mongholiya qazaqtaryna ýlken ruhany kýsh-quat berip, atajúrtqa kóshu maqsat múratyna qaray jeteledi. Alghashynda «Enbek sharty» degen atpen 1991 jyldyng nauryz aiynan qazan aiyna deyin 40 mynday qazaq atajúrtqa oraldy. Búnday tarihy manyzdy, orasan ýlken sharuany úiymdastyru bir-eki adamnyng kýshimen, basqaruymen bitpeytini kimge bolsyn týsinikti jayt. Mongholiyadan bastalghan alghashqy kóshti úiymdastyru, jýrgizu júmysyna sondaghy ziyaly qauym ókilderi barlyghy shama-sharyqtarynsha qoldau kórsetti, ýlken janqiyarlyq isterge bardy. Búl orayda sheteldegi qazaqtarmen baylanys jasaytyn «Otan» qoghamynyng shaqyruymen Qazaqstangha baryp, sondaghy Shәngerey Jәnibekov bastaghan aghalardyng kómegimen Qazaqstangha Mongholiyadan júmyssyz qazaqtardy әkelu mәselesin jergilikti әkim, basshylarmen sóilesip, retteude Saghat Zahanqyzy, Ayathan Túrysbekúly sekildi azamattar kóp júmys atqardy.
Atajúrtqa qaray kóshu mәselesinde qazaq aghayyndar bir auyzdylyq tanytty ma, әlde keri tartqandar da boldy ma?
Búnday ýlken isterde qazakem qashanda ekige jarylyp, bir-birimen kelise almay, aitysyp jýretini ejelden kele jatqan daghdy ghoy. Óitkeni ol kezde «Qazaqstangha qaray qazaqtardyng biri qalmay kóshedi eken» degen kósh daqpyrty býkil Mongholiyany keze bastaghan edi. Sondyqtan shyghar qazaq aghayyndardyng bir toby «Qazaqstangha qaray kóshken dúrys, úrpaq qamyn oilayyq» dese, qalghandary «artyn bayqayyq, Qazaqstan әli tәuelsizdigin jariyalaghan joq, búnyng arty qalay bolady, sony kýtu kerek. Ókpeleri órikken, jenil oilaytyndar kóshe bersin» degen ústanymda boldy. Mongholdyng ýkimeti men partiyasyna enbegi singen, qazaqtan shyqqan keybir el aghalary «әlipting artyn baghayyq, mongholdardy ókpeletip almayyq» dep qazaqtardy sabyrlyqqa shaqyrdy. Atajúrtqa asyqqan qazaqtardy búnday tәk-tәkpen, aqyl-kenespen ústap-túru mýmkin emes edi. Óitkeni Qazaqstangha qaray kóshemin degen әr qazaqtyng jýrek tandauy әldeqashan jasalyp qoyghandyqtan, eshnәrseni tyndaytyn jaghdayda emes bolatyn. Búny aityp jetkizu qiyn.
Qazaq kóshine ondaghy monghol aghayyndar qalay qarady?
Jaqsy qarady dep aitu qiyn. Bir qyzyghy Monghol Halyq Revolusiyashyl Partiyasynyn resmy baspasózi «Ýnen» jәne basqaday ýkimet gazetteri de osy kósh mәselesine aralasyp, qazaqtardyng óz arasynda bet jyrtysqan maqalalaryn ara-túra jariyalay bastady. Búl bir jaghynan últshyl mongholdar ýshin de qyzyqty taqyryp bolyp «ýr it soq» degendey qazaq kóshin ishtey qoldaytyn maghynadaghy maqalalardy da izin suytpay bere bastady. Kóshede kezigip qalghan tanys mongholdardyng ózi «sen Qazaqstangha qashan kósheyin dep jatyrsyn» dep әdeyi sózge tartatyndy shyghardy. Birde Úlanbatyr qalasynyng ortalyq alanynda Syrtqy ister ministrliginde isteytin bir tanys diplomatty keziktirip qalyp, aman saulyq súrassam ol maghan kekesindi týrmen «Dosan, sen Qazaqstangha kóship ketpey osynda jýrgening qalay» dep tandanghan týrde súraq qoyghany. 1974-80 jyldary Polishada, Varshava Uniyversiytetinde oqyp jýrgen kezimde sondaghy monghol studentter «qytay» dep syrtynan ataytyn әlgi tanys adam sondaghy Monghol elshiliginde studentterdi jauaptanghan attashe bolyp isteytin. Sondaghy bir-eki qazaq student biz ózimizdi «qazaqpyz, Qazaqstan degen elden keldik» dep aitqanymyz ýshin odan eskertu alghanymyz bar. Onyng sony menzep túrghanyn dereu týsindim de, «Sizding atajúrtynyzgha (Qytay eline) qashan kósherinizdi kýtip jýrmin, sonsong men de atajúrtyma qaray kóshuge dayynmyn» degenimde әlgi meni múqatpaq bolghan diplomat «keshir men bayqamay aityp qalyppyn» dep keshirim súraghandy. Búl mening basymnan keshken bir ghana oqigha. Múnday jaghday әr ziyaly qazaq basynda bolghany shyndyq.
Sondaghy qazaq kóshinin ystyq-suyghyna kýigen adamdardyng biri sizding zaybynyz Botagóz dep estiymiz?
Ol ras. Mongholiya Revolusiyashyl Jastar Odaghynyng Ortalyq komiytetinde kóp jyldary jauapty qyzmet atqarghan, halyqpen júmys istey alatyn ýlken tәjiriybesi bar Botagózdi osy kóshi-qon júmysyna «birge isteyik» dep Saghat Zahanqyzy men Ayathan Túrysbekúly ekeui shaqyrdy. Ol 1991 jyldyng mamyr aiynan bastap Mongholiya Enbek ministrligi janyndaghy shetelge júmys kýshin shygharu burosyna qarasty Qazaqstangha júmys kýshin shygharu júmysyna jauapty adam bolyp istedi. Kóp úzamay auyrtpashylyghy kóp osy júmysty Botagózge tapsyryp, Saghat, Ayathan ekeui Qazaqstan jaghymen jana kelisim-sharttar jasaymyz dep Almatygha ketti. Búryn múnday kóshi-qon júmysymen kim ainalysypty. Basynda Botagózding ózi de san-salaly kósh-qon júmysyn qalay úiymdastyrudy bile almay qinalghan kezderi boldy. Keyin tóselip aldy. Sol kýnderi bizding Úlanbatyrdaghy pәterimiz Qazaqstangha kóshushi qazaqtardyng ekinshi janashyr ortalyghyna yaghny «Mekkesine» ainaldy. Qazaqstangha kóshetin barlyq qazaqty tizimge alu, olargha sheteldik tólqújat jasatu, Úlanbatyr-Irkutsk-Novosibir-Almaty ne Pavlodar, ne Qostanay, ne Jezqazghan baghytymen poyyzgha biylet alu, qazaqtardyng jýkterine kedendik tekseru jasatu sekildi auyrtpalyghy kóp júmystardyng bәri-bәri bir Botagózding moyynynda boldy. Auyzy múrynyna su tiymey jýgiruine tura keldi. Atajúrtqa qaray el kóshiruding onay is emestigin jaqsy týsinsek te basqa ister shara joq edi.
Kóshti úiymdastyru әriyne, onay is emes qoy? Búghan sizding de kómeginiz boldy ma?
«Kedey bolsan, kóship kór» dep qazaq atamyz aitqanynday kósh tauqymetin eng jaqsy týsingen bir adam bolsa ol Botagóz edi. Rasymen ol ýlken janqiyarlyq tanytty. Tanertennen keshke deyin Enbek ministrligining shetelge júmys kýshin shygharu burosynda bas almay júmys istegen ol keshkisin ýige sónke toly qazaqtardyn eski tólqújattaryn kóterip kelip, týnning bir uaghyna deyin Qazaqstangha kóshetin qazaqtargha jap-jana tólqújattardy jazyp dayyndaytyn. Júmystyng kóptigi sonday keyde mening de eriksiz aralasuyme tura keletin. Eng aldymen monghol qújattardaghy aty-jónderi teris jazylghan qazaqtardyng (onday qazaq kóp) aty-jónin qazaqsha dúrystap jazugha ýlken mәn berdik. Óitkeni kóshetin qazaqtardyng shamasy 80-90 payyzynyng aty-jónderi qazaqsha emes mongholsha jazylghan, kezinde oghan eshkim de mәn bermegen. (Mysaly Jaqsylyq Jagslag bolyp, Múrat Murati, Quanysh Huvaniysh, Serik Serig t.b). Múnyng bәri bolashaghyn oilaghan, úrpaq qamyn oilaghan qazaghyma degen jaqsy kónilden edi.
Qobda, Darhan, Selenge, Nalayhy, Hentey sekildi aimaq, qalalarda túratyn qazaqtar kóshi qongha baylanysty kerek aqparattardy kez kelgen uaqytta ýige telefondap esh kedergisiz, bógetsiz ala beretin boldy. Botagóz júmys basty bolghandyqtan búl telefondargha kóbinese mening jauap beruime tura keldi. Oghan da aqyryndap ýirendik. Shynymdy aitsam, basynda qatty sharshap jýrdik.
«Enbek sharty» degendi syltauratqan qazaqtardyng Qazaqstangha qaray kóshi bastalyp ketkendikten, shuyldaghan qalyng qazaq arqalaghan jýkterimen Úlanbatyr temir jol vokzalyn negizgi oryngha ainaldyrdy. Kýn sayyn Úlanbatyrdan Irkutskige jýretin keshki poyyzgha oryn tabylmaytyn boldy. Halyqaralyq poyyz jýrerden birer saghat búryn Qazaqstangha kóshetin qazaqtardyng su jana shetel pasporttaryn jәne poyyzgha otyratyn biyletterin Botagóz әkelip taratatyn. Men de onyng osy jauapkershiligi auyr júmysyna kómektesetinmin. Kóship jatqan qazaqtardyng jýkterin әdeyi tonaytyn tonaushylar men qalta úrylary talay qazaqtyng kóz jasyna qalyp jatty. Bayqap qalghanymyzdy temir jol milisiyasyna dereu habarlap túrdyq. Bir qyzyghy osy kóshting barysyn kýn sayyn kelip syrttay baqylaytyn «ýkimetting arnayy adamdary» barlyghyn da bayqap jýrdik.
Monghol ýkimeti kóshke tosqauyl qon nemese qoldau mәselesinde qalay qarady?
Osynday bir dýbirli oqigha bastalsa da, Mongholiya ýkimeti, resmy baspasóz betteri lәm-lim dep eshnәrse aitpaghan kýide. «Artyn baghayyq, búl qazaqtar qayter eken» degendey ýnsiz. Últshyl mongholdar qazaqtardyng búl kóshin qúptaghan keyipte. Qayta qazaq kóshine qarsy, Qazaqstangha kóshpeudi nasihattaushy qazaqtar toby kóship jatqan qazaqtardy jerden alyp, jerge tyghyp, «satqyndar, onbaghandar» dep jamandap jatty. Ara túra kósh mәselesine baylanysty gazet betterinde kóshushilerdi jamandaghan materialdar boy kórsete bastady.
Osylay kósh bastalyp, endi qarqyn alghan tústa, kóshke qarsy toptyng sózin sóileushi janadan qúrylghan Mongholiya parlamentindegi qazaq deputattyng biri Mongholiyanyng bas prokuraturasyna Qazaqstangha qaray kóshti toqtatu turaly deputattyq hat týsirgendikten prokuratura tarapynan kósh bir aptagha toqtady. Enbek ministrligi janyndaghy shetelge júmys kýshin shygharu burosynyng barlyq qaghaz, qújattary zangha sәikes pe, joq pa degeni prokuratura tarapynan qatang tekserildi. Bizding ýiding telefony da tyndalatyn boldy. Aqyry eshbir zansyzdyq jaghday tabylmaghan song kósh óz júmysyn qayta jalghastyrdy. Osy bir qiyn qystau kezde qazaqtardyng atajúrtqa degen úmtylysy, saghynyshy qanday da ýlken bóget, qamal bolsada oghan qaramaytyn jaghdayda edi. Úlanbatyr qalasy, Darhan qalasy, Erdenet qalasy, Selenge aimaghynyng Zýýnharaa, Búlghyn aimaghynan, Hentiy aimaghynan Qazaqstangha kóshetin qazaqtar sany kýn sanap kóbeye berdi. 1991 jyldyng qyrkýiek aiynyng sonynda osy qazaqtardyng «poyyzben kóshken» eng songhy kósh keruenin basqaryp Botagóz ózi de Almatygha tartty. Ondaghysy endi qalghan júmysty sol jaqtan úiymdastyru yaghny Qazaqstangha kóship barghan qazaqtardyng ornalasuyna kómektesu boldy. Osy qyruar júmysty Botagóz bir ózi qalay ýlgerip, qalay atqarghanyna osy kýni tang qalamyn. Kóshting osy qiyndyghyn esh kórmesten ózderin «kósh bastaushymyz» deytin keybir aghayyndar búnymen kelisetin shyghar. Kelispese ózderi biledi.
Qazaq elining alghashqy ýkimet delegasiyasynyng Mongholiyagha kelui qalay boldy?
1991 jyldyng qyrkýiek aiynyng sonyna qaray tәuelsizdigin әli jariyalay qoymaghan Qazaq elining Enbek ministri Sayat Beysenov basqarghan ýkimet delegasiyasy Mongholiyamen aradaghy kóshi-qon mәselesin talqylau maqsatynda Úlanbatyrgha keldi. Búl Mәskeuding әmirinsiz shetelge shyqqan Qazaq elining alghashqy ýkimet delegasiyasy edi. Delegasiya qúramynda Qazaq SSR syrtqy ister ministrining orynbasary Saylau Batyrshaúly, Qazaq SSR auylsharuashylyq jәne azyq-týlik ministrining orynbasary Ghaziz Esmúqanov bar eken.
Monghol jaghymen kóshi-qon mәselesin sóilesuge Qazaq delegasiyasy kelipti degen habar Úlanbatyr qazaqtary arasyna dereu tarady. Mongholiya Ghylym Akademiyasyndaghy sol kýngi júmysymdy erterek ayaqtap, qala ortalyghynda ornalasqan Enbek ministrligining 5 qabat ghimaratyna keldim. Ondaghy oiym Qazaq elinen kelgen aghalargha әueli sәlem beru, sonsong mýmkin bolsa kóshi-qon jaghdayyn sóilesu bolatyn. Bir uaqytta kelissóz ayaqtalyp, Qazaq elinen kelgen aghalar, monghol әriptesterimen birge syrtqa shyghyp keledi eken. Men «assalaumaghaleyukum aghalar!, hosh keldinizder» dep qattyraq dauystap qaluym múng eken olar jalt qarasyp, «O, bizding qazaq aghayyndar ghoy» dep bizdi bas salyp, qúshaqqa aldy. Sirә, mongholdar tang qalysyp qarap qalghanday kórindi. «Qashan keldinizder sharshap-shaldyqqan joqsyzdar ma? kelissóz qalay ótip jatyr? degen siyaqty súraqtardy bastyrmalatyp jatyrmyz. Delegasiyany basqaryp kelgen ministr Sayat Beysenov tap-taza qazaqshasymen «Monghol jaghymen aradaghy kelissóz óte auyr, qiyn jaghdayda ótip jatyr. Jolda Irkutsk vokzalynda Qazaqstangha jýretin poyyzdardy tosyp, qinalghan, sharshaghan qazaqtardy kezdestirdik. Olargha ózimizding alyp jýrgen as suymyzdan berdik, keybirine aqshalay kómek kórsettik» degende ol kisilerge degen rizashylyghymyz sheksiz boldy.
Sonymen qazaq kóshining taghdyryn eki memleket dәrejesinde, resmy týrde sóilesu bastalyp ketti ghoy? Qanday kelisimge keldi?
IYә. Qazaq kóshining taghdyry basynda eki memleket delegasiyasy arasynda auyr jaghdayda ótip jatqanynan habardar boldyq. Aqyry búl iske demokrtatiyalyq jolmen jana qúrylghan Mongholiya Parlamentining (Baga Hural) viyse-spiykeri Zardyhan Qinayatúly aghanyng aralasuymen kelissóz Qazaq eli delegasiyasynyng oilaghanynday jaghdayda sheshildi. Kelissózding úzaqqa sozyluyna qazaq jaghynyng «әrbir kóshken qazaq otbasy shekara arqyly ózimen birge bir at, bir siyr jәne on qozyly qoy alyp ótui tiyis» degen úsynys, talabyna monghol jaghy әr nәrseni syltauratyp jýrip aqyry әrendep kelisipti jәne Úlanbatyrdan bastalghan qazaq kóshin jalghastyrushy Bayan-Ólgey qazaqtarynyng Monghol-Reseyding «Qyzyl ýi» jәne «Tashanta» shekara, keden beketteri arqyly kóshuin úiymdastyrugha eki jaq kelisipti. Búl tәuelsizdigin resmy jariyalamasa da shetelge alghashqy bolyp qazaq kóshining taghydyryn sheshu ýshin barghan Qazaq elining delegasiyasynyng kóshi-qon jәne diplomatiya salasyndaghy alghashqy jenisi boldy dep baghalaugha bolady. Qalayda Qazaq elining alghashqy delegasiyasynyng búl jolghy Mongholiyagha sapary sondaghy qazaqtargha «abyrjymandar, saspandar, senderdi izdeytin arttarynda Qazaq eli bar» degendi bildirgeni sondaghy qazaqtardyng mereyin bir ósirip tastady jәne basqalargha búl ýlken oy saldy. Qazaq eli delegasiyasynyng sol jolghy saparynan keyin búghan deyin kóshi-qon mәselesinde әli qozghala qoymaghan bayólke qazaqtary da shekara asyp Qazaqstangha qaray kóshe bastady. Qolda bar mәlimetter boyynsha 1991 jyldyng kókteminen 1992 jyldyng kýzine deyin Úlanbatyr jәne basqa aimaq, ólke, qala, auyldardan 40 mynday qazaq Qazaqstangha kóship barghan. Búl naghyz erlikke tatityn, esh úmytylmaytyn oqigha edi. Sodan beri mine 20 jyl ótipti. Mongholiyadan bastalghan kósh keruenin Tәjikstan, Iran, Saud Arabiyasy, Aughanstan, Resey, Ózbekstan, Týrkiya jәne Qytay qazaqtary jalghastyrdy. Sodan beri atajúrtqa oralghan qazaq qandastardyng sany bir millionnan asypty. Al býginde әlemning 40-qa jaqyn elderinde 5 milliongha juyq qazaq atajúrtyn ansap túrmys keshude.
Dosan Baymolda - cayasattanushy, halyqaralyq jurnalist
Rahmet , súhbatynyzgha
Súhbattasqan Orazbek Saparhan
«Jas qazaq ýni» gazeti