Shynghys han jәne onyng úrpaqtary...
(Álem ghalymdary men jazushylarynyng zertteulerinde)
Shynghys hannyng qypshaq-qazaq ekendigin әlemdik zertteushiler men ghalymdardyn, jylnamashylardyng jazghandaryna qarap-aq biluge bolady. Mәselen, orystyng zertteushi ghalymy, akademik V.Fedotovtyng «Zapisky o granisah okrujaishie gosudarstvamy Rossiy» degen zertteu kitabynda bylay delinedi: (93 bet, 1997 jyl)
«…V sovremennoy Mongolii, hotya ony nazyvayt sebya mongolami, faktichesky ony prinadlejat narodam Buryatii. Kogda-to russkie ustanovily granisu, narod buryat raskololsya na dve chasti, lesnye y stepnye. U nih obshie tradisii, obychai, yazyk y daje odinakovaya odejda. Oba naroda very buddy. Ih naselenie ocheni malochislenno. Slovo «Mon-goll» yavlyaetsya kitayskim slovom. V perevode kak «skotnikiy».
Buryat-mongoly ne mogly vystupati protiv drugih gosudarstv, takih kak velikiy Kitay y drugih imperiy. Poetomu buryaty v dannoe vremya (mongoly) ne v sostoyaniy byly togda obrazovati mirovui derjavu, tak kak ony byly ocheni malochislenny.
A Chingis han y podchinyaishiyesya emu rody, plemena byly toliko kipchakami. Ony govorily na kipchakskom yazyke (drevnekazahskom yazyke), - deydi.
Sonymen qatar, kórnekti jazushy jәne tanymal zertteushi ghalym R.Hrapachevskiyding «Voennaya derjava Chingishana» - atty zertteu kitapynda, mynanday joldar bar:
...Sobstvenno mongoliskaya pisimennosti slojilasi toliko v XVII veke. Tak chto nikakih «sovremennyh Chingishanu» mongoliskih letopiysey v prirode ne sushestvuet. Esti na svete dva varianta «drevney mongoliskoy istorii» : «Sokrovennoe skazaniye» y «Altan tobchiy». Davayte prismotrimsya…
«Sokrovennoe skazaniye» (predstavlyaiyshee soboy lishi chasti knigy «Altan tobchiy»), ili, na kitayskiy maner, «yani-chao bishiy», obiyavilosi toliko v devyatnadsatom stoletii. V 1841 godu kitayskiy uchenyy Chjan Mu sostavil sbornik redkih starinnyh sochiyneniy y legend o kochevyh plemenah kipchakov Velikoy stepy , zatem v 1848 godu napechatal ego – y eto- to pechatnoe izdanie y popalo v ruky k znamenitomu kitaevedu Palladii Kafarovu, priyvezshemu ego v Rossii.
Nikakih originalov «Sokrovennogo skazaniya», nikakih bolee-menee staryh rukopiysey obnarujiti tak y ne udalosi. Samaya «drevnyaya» rukopisi otnositsya opyati- taky k pervoy trety devyatnadsatogo stoletiya…
Sonday-aq, kitaptyng taghy bir jerinde:
«...Odnim slovom, my vplotnui podoshly k prostomu, chuti ly ne primitivnomu voprosu: a kto u nas k XIII veku v Aziy obladal opytom gosudarstvennogo stroiytelistva, sozdaniya professionalinoy armii, upravlencheskogo apparata, organizasiy bolishih mass ludey na voennye ily «narodnohozyaystvennye» proekty?
Otvet y iskati ne nujno, on lejit na poverhnostiy.
Konechno je, kipchaki. IYmevshie za plechamy mnogovekovoy opyt kaganatov, opyt gosudarstvennosti, eli (el). Bogateyshiy opyt!
Naskoliko s tochky zreniya realinoy ekonomiki, voennoy istorii, tehniky y politiky samym chto ny na esti somniytelineyshim kandidatom na roli obediniyteley Velikoy Stepy predstayt mongoly, nastoliko je podhodyashim – kipchakiy.»
Kórdinizbe, olar anyq-qanyghyn zerttep qalay jazghan! Bizding ghalymdarymyz ben jazushylarymyz osylay naqty ýnilip, salystyryp jәne zerttep jazsa ghoy. Eski, jalghan jolmen jýre bermey. Áytpese, «Altyn topshyny» ( «Altan tobchiy») jazghan Tiybettik lama Lubsan Danzannyng (XVII-shi ghasyr men XVIII-shi ghasyr aralyghynda) «Moghol» sózin «Monghol» - dep ózgertip, oidan kóp nәrseni qosyp jazghan sandyraghyna senuge bolama? Jәne ol Úly dalada kóship jýretin qypshaq taypalarynyng anyzdaryn jinap, ony ishinara kóp ózgertip shygharma etip jazghan.
Sonymen, osy ghylymy zertteu enbegin odan әri oqiyq:
«-Pered nami, takim obrazom, nikakoy ne mongol, a obychnyy kipchak. Znatnyy predstaviyteli starinnogo roda, ne gonyavshego skot po stepyam, a iymevshego tot samyy mnogovekovoy opyt gosudarstvennogo stroiytelistva. Naslednik eli (el) , bylyh kaganatov. U takogo cheloveka, estestvenno, esti otkuda vzyatisya opytu sozdaniya armii, gosudarstva, pisanyh zakonov. Y ekonomicheskie vozmojnosty iymeiytsya – vo vseh kaganatah byly svoy «promyshlennye sentry». Dlya kipchaka Chingishana sozdanie novogo gosudarstva bylo ne kakiym-to ekzoticheskim eksperiymentom, a delom samym chto ny na esti obychnym, kotorym na protyajeniy dolgih stoletiy zanimalisi ego predkiy.» Zertteu júmysynda osylay, ap-anyq jazylghan.
Sonymen qatar, D.Uezerfordtyng «Chingishan y rojdenie sovremennogo mira.» degen kitabynda, әlem tanyghan Shynghys han turaly mynanday joldar bar: «Chingishan» y «Temudjiyn» - sovershenno ne mongoliskie iymena, a turko-kipchakskiye.
Narodnye kazahskie eposy «Alpamys batyr» , «Koblandy batyr», «Ertargyn» y drugiye, chto nazyvaetsya… v upor ne vidyat nikakoy takoy «velikoy mongoliskoy imperiiy». Soglasno etim eposam, u srednevekovyh kypchakov bylo toliko dva serieznyh protivnika, s kotorymy ony postoyanno borolisi: eto kitaysy y kochevye plemena kalmykov, kak raz y obitavshih togda v rayone sovremennoy Mongolii. Sovremennye mongoly – eto lesnye naseleniya, poyavivshiyesya na etoy zemle toliko neskoliko vekov spustya.»,- deydi.
Bizding súraytynymyz, aldaghy uaqyttarda Shynghys han jәne onyng úrpaqtaryn zerttep jazghan ghalymdarymyz ben jazushylarymyz eshteneden seskenbey, jasqanbay salystyru arqyly taldap, ózge el azamattary sekildi dúrys jazsa eken deymiz.
Shynghys hannyng nemeresi Qúbaghúl (orys, qytay jylnamashylary óz tilderine jaqyndatyp Hulagu dep jazyp kelgen) Úly atasy Shynghys hannyng taqtan ketkenine jiyrma jyl ótken son, ósip, jetilip soghys ónerin әbden ýirenip, sheberligin arttyryp, úly han Mónkening túsynda әri sonyng rúqsatymen Persiyany (Iran) jaulaugha attanady. Yaghny aitqanda, qazaq batyrlary jyryndaghy Qyzylbastar eline. Qúbaghúldyng әskerine Deshti Qypshaq jerinen Batyl han (Batu) men Shaghatay úlysynan jiberilgen týmender qosyldy. Qalyng әsker Qúbaghúldyng basqaruymen 1253 jyly Úly Dala elinen (qazirgi Qazaqstan aumaghy) Persiyagha bet aldy. Jolay biraz elderdi basyp alghan Qúbaghúl 1258 jyly Persiyagha jetedi. Osman týrikterining kezinde kýshi jetpegen, Qyzylbastar elin qypshaqtar kóp qiyndyqsyz jaulap aldy. Eng әdemi, kórikti qalasy Tavrizdi imperiya ortalyghyna ainaldyrady. Persiyagha joryq jolynda Qúbaghúl Kavkaz elderin, qolóneri damyghan Ázirbayjan súltanatyn ózine qaratyp alghan edi.
Abbasidter halifatyn qúlatyp, halifting ózin patsha әuletinen bolghandyqtan kilemge orap, eki jaghynda túrghan әsker ólgeninshe úrghylady. Sonymen, qypshaq-qazaqtardyng taghy bir jana imperiyasy payda boldy (osy úly imperiyaghada kónil audarghan dúrys). Oghan batysynda: Irak, (Vaviloniya) ontýstiginde Fars óniri jәne Persiyanyng shyghysyndaghy Horasan qalasy men onyng atyraby, sonday-aq Medee jerleri (qazirgi Armeniya, Ázirbayjan әri Gruziyanyng bir bóligi) kiretin. Osymen qatar, Úly Shynghys han nemerelerining ishinen, Deshti qypshaq jerining taypalaryn biriktirip, Rusi pen Europa elderin jaulap alyp, Jolshynyng úly Batyl han Altyn Orda imperiyasyn qúrsa, ekinshi bir nemeresi Qúbaghúl Kavkaz ben býkil Kishi Aziyany uysyna alyp, Qúbaghúl imperiyasyn (imperiya Hulagu) dýniyege әkeldi. Taghy bir nemeresi Qúbylay knyazdikterge bólinip ketken Qytay elin biriktirip, 35 jyl patshalyq qúrdy. Al Shaghatay biylegen Ortalyq Aziya onday úly dәrejege jete qoyghan joq.
Tek Nayman taypasynyng tarmaghyna jatatyn Barlas ruynan shyqqan Ámir-Temir ghana Ortalyq Aziya elin bir uysqa jinay bildi, sonan song baryp býkil Shyghysty; Ýndistanymen qosyp, Egiypet patshalyghyna deyin jaulap aldy. Azdap arabtar bolmasa, shangha aunap jatatyn, kir men qoqystyng arasynda ósken ýndi halqy qarsylyq kórsete almady.
Tavriz qalasy Turan jerindegi eng iri qala bolatyn. Qúbaghúldyng (Hulagu) túsynda Tavriz qalasyna saudagerler, elshiler, qúlshylyq etushiler Konstantinopoliden (Ystambúl), Siriyadan, Qayyrdan, Damshyqtan, Ýndistan men Baghdattan óte kóp keletin. Búl sauda-sattyqtyng ósuine, qalanyng damuyna ýlken әserin tiygizdi.
Qúbaghúl imperiyasynyng ekonomikalyq jәne mәdeny damuy XIII ghasyrda onyng nemeresi Qazannyng túsynda sharyqtau shegine jetti. Qypshaq-qazaqtardyng úly handarynyng ishinde osy Qazan han birinshi bolyp músylman dinine kirdi.
Qypshaqtyng Qiyat taypasynan shyqqan (búl taypagha qazaqtyng qazirgi kóptegen rulary kiredi mysaly: tobyqty, jauyrynshy, aidyn, bayjigit, kón qatan, kerderi, tóleu, ramadan, jaghalbayly,tama jәne uaq t.b. ) Shynghys hannyng qúrghan imperiyalyq taghyna úldary ghana ie bolyp kelse, onyng nemereleri Batyl han (Batu) Altyn Ordany, Qúbylay shýrshit elin (Qytaydy), Qúbaghúl Kavkaz ben Kishi Aziyany biriktirip, dýniyejýzilik dengeydegi imperiyalar qúra bildi. Búghan sanasy men bilimi jәne tәuekeli jetse, qazirgi qazaq eli ashyq týrde quana bilgeni dúrys-aq edi.
Qazirgi kýnderi Shynghys hannyng úrpaqtaryna (onyng úldary men nemerelerine) әlem sayasatkerleri men ghalymdary jәne tarihshylary Úly túlghanyng «altyn úrpaqtary» degen ataudy berip, qadirlep әri baghalap keledi.
Orystyng bodanynda ýsh ghasyrdan asa bolyp, óz tarihymyzdan aiyrylyp qalghan el bolghandyqtan, alty alash halqynyng jýrip ótken jolyn, ata-babalarymyzdyng úiymdastyrghan Úly Qaghanattaryn dúrys taldap, naqty biluimiz kerek-aq. Óz dengeyimizdi tómendetip, kezindegi úly túlghalarymyzdy qaydaghy bir shókimdey júrtqa tyqpalap, ózimizden qyzghanbayyq! Búl jadysynan aiyrylghan mәngýrttikke jatady.
Óz uaqytynda slavyandardy ýsh jarym ghasyr bodandyqta ústaghandyqtan, biz qazirgi kýnderi Resey elinen seskenip, Altyn Orda imperiyasyn tolyq qandy bizding memleketimiz, sonymen qatar, Qytaydy bir jarym ghasyr ózine taueldi qylyp baghyndyrghandyqtan qazirgi shyghystaghy Úly Qorghan iyesinen qaymyghyp, Shynghys handy ashyq týrde bizding ata-babamyz jәne qasymyzdaghy qalyn ózbektin qas-qabaghyna qarap, jaltaqtap, Ámir Temirdi kezindegi Nayman taypasynyng azamaty edi deuge osy uaqytqa deyin jasqanyp kelemiz. Osylay jalghasa bermek pe? Búlar әlemdik imperiya qúryp, jer jýzine mәshhúr bolghan elimizdin úly azamattary emes pe edi? Biz tek әlemdik dәrejege jete almaghan óz ishimizdegi úsaq handarmen jәne ru-taypalardyng kishigirim batyrlarymen ghana shekteldik. Ókinishti-aq!
Qazirgi kóptegen qazaq taypalarynyn ataulary (Qonyrat, Qiyat, Jalayyr, Nayman, Kerey, Qanly, Arghyn, Ýisin t.b) «Qazaq» jәne «Monghol» («Mon-goll», qytaydyng malshy nemese baqtashylar degen sózi) sózderinen búryn payda bolghan. Osyny úmytpayyq.
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