Songhy jyldary  postkenestik elder, sonyng ishinde týrki tildes respublikalar Altyn orda taqyrybyna  erekshe nazar audarylyp otyr. Taqyrypty zertteu tónireginde ýnemi tyng ózgerister bolyp jatyr.  Sondyqtan Qazaqstan siyaqty tәuelsizdigin alyp, ózindik memlekettik, últtyq biregeyligin  qalyptastyru siyaqty  prosesterding jýrip jatyr. Óz memleketining qaynar kózderin izdeu barysynda ortaghasyrlyq kezendegi Euraziya kenistigindegi osy bir alyp memleket taqyrybyna  qayta-qayta oralugha әkeldi.  Altyn Orda dәuirining manyzdylyghy, oryn alyp otyrghan teris taptauryndar men qarama-qayshylyqtar, sonday-aq halyq arasynda jәne kәsiby ortada osy tarihy dәuirge degen kózqaras qalay ózgerude.

Altyn Ordanyng óte bay tarihy bar, biraq biz Reseyde týzilgen  resmy tariyhqa sýiengen kezde, biz bәlendey túshymdy nәtiyjeler ala almadyq. Onyng sebebi taqyryptyn  iydeologiyalanghan taqyryptar qatarynda  jatuynda bolsa kerek. Tek  «monghol-tatar qamytynyng miyfi» tónireginde sóz bolatyn. Al «Altyn Orda qalalary, mәdeniyeti jәne ishki ómiri, «Altyn Orda memleketteri», Altyn Ordanyng halyqaralyq baylanystary degen taqyryptar qalys qalyp keldi.  Shyn mәninde zertteushiler Altyn Orda kórshi memlekettermen beybit saudagha negizdelgen dep sanaydy. Batu han, Berke han biyligi kezinde olardyng úlystaryna Djovanny Plano Karpini, Giliom de Rubruk siyaqty sayahatshylar men elshiler keldi, olar saudany qorghaugha arnalghan Altyn Ordanyng infraqúrylymyn sipattady. Qalalar ómir sýrgen "jabayy kóshpeli orda" parazittik memleket bola almady. Ibn Batutanyng sipattamasynda 1320-30 jyldary Saray kosmopolittik populyasiya ómir sýrgen sol kezdegi әlemdegi eng iri qalalardyng biri bolghan. Venesiyanyng ekonomikasy Altyn Ordanyng qalalarymen tyghyz baylanysty boldy, XIII ghasyrdyng ayaghynan bastap Qara tenizdegi italiyandyq otarlar arqyly Europagha astyq pen basqa da tauarlardyng ýlken kólemi keldi.

Degenmen, qazirgi әlemdi jalmap otyrghan kovid auruy siyaqty pandemiyalar tarihta oqtyn-oqtyn bolyp otyrghan.

Ayta ketu kerek, obanyng alghashqy pandemiyasy («istinian obasy») VI ghasyrdyng ortasynda Batys Euraziyany sharlady. Birinshi pandemiya siyaqty ekinshi oba pandemiyasy da dәuirler arasyndaghy Rubikon boldy. Alayda, tarihshylardyng shyghu tegi, klinikasy jәne pandemiyanyng saldary turaly týsiniginde әli de birkelki kózqaras joq.

«Qara ólim» kólemi men taralu jyldamdyghy boyynsha Mysyrdaghy Bibliyalyq oba, «Filistimlyan obasy», «Fukid obasy» (b.z. d. 430-425 j. j.), «Antonian nemese Galen» obasy (b. z. d. 165-168 j. j.), «Kiprian obasy» (b. z. d. 251-266 j. j.) siyaqty tarihta belgili barlyq aurulardan asyp týsu deregi osy  mәselege baylanysty búrynnan qalyptasqan  kózqarastardy qayta qaraudy qajet etedi. Búl mәsele salystyrmaly týrde jetkilikti zerttelgendikten XIV– XV ghasyrlardaghy «Qara ólim» turaly mәlimetter barshylyq.  Alayda, olar tek shekteuli aimaqty – Batys Europany qamtidy.

Degenmen, Europada feodalizm daghdarysy degen atqa ie bolghan jýieli daghdarys bastalady. Kez-kelgen jýielik daghdarystyng airyqsha belgisi - eski ekonomikalyq, sayasy jәne iydeologiyalyq ústanymdardyng is jýzinde sarqyluy bolyp tabylady. Búl daghdarysty qoghamdyq qabyldau aua-rayynyng kýrt ózgeruimen, ortasha jyldyq temperaturanyng transgressiyasymen, jauyn-shashyn mólsherining artuymen jәne Euraziya qúrlyghyndaghy seysmikalyq belsendilikting kýshengimen kýrdelene týsti [1, 364 b.].

Sonymen qatar, kóptegen tarihshylar daghdarysty ushyqtyrghan manyzdy faktorlardyng biri ekinshi oba pandemiyasy bolghanyn moyyndaydy.

Tarihtyng iri aqtandaqtarynyng biri Altyn Orda aumaghyndaghy «Qara ólimnin» ótui dep sanaugha bolady. Amerikandyq zertteushi Yulay Shamilioglu tarihy derekterding negizinde Joshy úlysynyng aumaghyndaghy obanyng birneshe tolqyny bolghanyn atap kórsetedi: birinshisi – 1345-46 jj., ekinshisi – 1364 jj., ýshinshisi – 1374 jj. jәne tórtinshisi – 1396 jj. [2, 687 b.]. Búl kózqaras jalpy tarih ghylymynda obanyng ekinshi pandemiyasynyng barysy turaly qalyptasqan týsinikterge sәikes keledi. Kóptegen tarihshylar siyaqty Yulay Shamilioglu da birinshi kezekte aurudyng bubondyq týrin atap órsetedi.

Alayda, V. G. Tiyzengauzenning jinaghynda aurudyng ókpedegi týri turaly kóbirek aitylady [3, 530 b.].

XIV ghasyrdyng 40-jyldaryndaghy obanyng birden órship ketuining birden bir sebebi Orta Aziyadaghy kemirgishterding kóshi-qon joldarynyng ózgerui boldy. Búl ózgeris bir jaghynan klimattyng ózgeruine baylanysty, al ekinshi jaghynan Joshy Úlysy túrghyndarynyng qyzu ómirining nәtiyjesinde tuyndady. Búl әsirese Ózbek han men onyng úldarynyng (1312– 1357 jj.) biyligi kezinde erekshe bayqalady.

Eger Altyn Ordanyng aumaghy óte qatal kontiynentaldy klimaty bar, temperaturanyng aitarlyqtay ózgerui jәne ylghaldyng jetispeushiligi bar qauipti eginshilik aimaghynda ornalasqandyghyn eskersek, Joshy Úlysyndaghy auyl sharuashylyghynyng qanshalyqty auytqugha úshyraghany týsinikti bolady.

Osynyng saldarynan onyng aumaghynda ómir sýrgen adamdar men tiri organizmder ýshin qolayly klimat, dalanyng quanshylyqqa úshyrauy (aridizasiyasy), jauyn-shashynnyng molshylyghy jәne qarashirik qabatynyng qalyndyghy arasyndaghy tepe-tendik manyzdy boldy. Búl ishinara adamnyng is-әreketinen tuyndaghan tepe-tendikting búzyluy edi. Obanyng bubondyq týri Euraziya aumaghynda әrqashanda bolghan.

Alayda, ekinshi oba pandemiyasyna («Qara ólim») alyp kelgen indet, amerikandyq zertteushi V.Maknillding aituynsha, shamamen 1331 jyly Qytaydyng ontýstigindegi Hubey provinsiyasyndaghy Kichin qalasynyng manynda oryn alghan. 1333 jyly indet Soltýstik Qytaydy, Jonghariyany, Mongholiyany jәne Manchjuriyany qamtidy. Birneshe jyldan keyin ol Ystyqkól kólge jaqyn jerde (1338-1339) tirkeledi.

Ózbek jerinde oba 1341-1342 jyldary payda boldy. Alayda Altyn Ordada obanyng ókpe týrining payda boluy tek 1346 jyly ghana tirkelgen. Joshy úlysyndaghy aurudyng búl týri turaly alghashqy mәlimetter Patriarhaldy jylnamanyng mәtininde jazylghan. Orys shejireshisining aituynsha, indet Ordanyng barlyq jerlerin: Edilden Kavkazgha deyin jәne Solhattan (eski Qyrym) Horezmge deyin [4, 217 b.] qamtydy. Zardap shekkenderding sany jәne obanyng odan әri taraluy turaly tolyghyraq aqparatty Arab shejireshisi Ibn әl-Vardy meylinshe naqty aqparat beredi. Onyng derekkózinen alynghan mәlimetterge sәikes, oba shamamen 747 jyly (1346/47) Qyrymgha taralady, onda kýn sayyn 1000-gha deyin adamdy alyp ketip jatty. Osydan keyin 85 mynnan astam adamdy jalmay otyryp, Rum (Konstantinopoli), Kipr jәne Haleb qalalaryna tarala bastady [3, 498-530 b.].

Obanyng bubondy týri úzaq inkubasiyalyq әser etu kezenine ie bolsa da, nauqastardyng tiri qalu mýmkindigi az bolsa payda bolady, onyng saldary Altyn Ordanyng halqy men memlekettik qúrylymdary ýshin әldeqayda qauipti boldy. Obanyng alghashqy tolqyny (1346-1347j.), halyq ýshin jay ghana apatty saldarlargha ie boldy, Joshy Úlysynyng memlekettik qúrylymdaryna auyr soqqy bolyp tiygen joq. Dәl osy kezende astanany Saray әl-Mahrus qalasynan soltýstikke qaray ornalasqan Saray әl-Djadidke kóshiru kezdeysoq emes. Joshylyqtar sarayynyng kýshti ortalyqtandyrylghan biyligin saqtamastan, jana astanagha kóshu siyaqty ýlken aumaqtyq әkimshilik reformany jýrgizu ghana emes, sonymen qatar Kaffagha baylanysty genuyalarmen qaqtyghysta jeniske jetu mýmkin emes edi [2, 687 b.].

Joshy Úlysyndaghy alghashqy tolqynnan keyin tamyr jayghan islam dәstýrlerining әserinen biylikting dәstýrli mifologemalarynyng músylmandyq diny jәne sayasy nyshandar úghymdarynyng jana jýiesine ózindik qayta ózgerui oryn alady. Shynghys han men onyng úly Joshynyng jeke basyna tabynu islamdyq qúndylyqtargha beyimdeldi, búl islam әleminde qalyptasqan jogharghy biylikti sakralizasiyalau jәne zandastyru jýiesine sәikes keldi. Tarihy dәstýrde kórinis tapqan búl ýderisting mәnin «Islam paradigmasyndaghy týrki-monghol dәstýri» formulasymen sipattaugha bolady.

Alayda, Joshy Úlysy ýshin alghashqy tolqynnyng eng manyzdy saldary Edil tatarlarynyng birtútas etnokonfessiyalyq qauymdastyghyn qúru prosesin jedeldetu boldy [5, 359 b.].

Ekinshi (1360 jyldardyng ortasy) jәne ýshinshi tolqyndardyng (XIV ghasyrdyng sony) saldary búdan da kóbirek boldy [6, 123 b.]. Obanyng ekinshi tolqyny Joshy úlysynyng aumaghynda shamamen 1363/64 jyldary payda boldy. Kóptegen zertteushiler múny 1360 jyly Reseyding soltýstik-batysynda payda bolghan jappay ólimning jalghasuymen baylanystyrady. Alayda, orys shejirelerining mәtinderine jasalghan  taldaular kórsetkendey, búl 1346 jyldan bastap 1349 jylgha deyingi kezende Edil many tabighy oshaghy oba indetining taralu oshaghyna ainaldy.

Obanyng ekinshi tolqynynyng barynsha manyzdy saldary Altyn Orda qalalarynyng damuyna aitarlyqtay әser etti. Arheologtar jazghanday, Pruto-Dnestr ózenderi aralyghynda ornalasqan qalalar kartadan joyylyp ketedi. Sonday-aq, Edil qalalarynyng damuyndaghy tejelu turaly aitugha bolady, al Aqsaq Temirding 1390 jyldardaghy shabuyly tek osy ýderisti ayaqtaydy. Osy kezendegi arheologiyalyq derekter Italiyanyng Genuya jәne Venesiya qalalarymen tikeley baylanysty Altyn Orda qalalarynyng kýrt damyghanyn kórsetedi.

Jalpy, búl kózqaras otandyq avtor G. A. Fedorov-Davydovtyng eng ótimdi tauarlarmen tranzittik saudanyng Joshy úlysynyng júmys isteui ýshin ýlken manyzy turaly aitqan sózderimen rastalady [7, 81 b.]. 1360 jyldary  italiyandyq sauda ýshin osynday ótimdi tauarlar qúldar nemese nan boluy mýmkin. Altyn Ordadaghy qúl saudasynyng ósu sebepterin arab shejireshisi әl-Omariyding jazbalarynda: «Ashtyq pen qúrghaqshylyq kezinde olar úldaryn satady. Artyq bolghan kezde olar qyzdaryn satady, biraq úldaryn satpaydy, er balalaryn qinalghan jaghdaylarda ghana satady» dep atap kórsetken [3, 213, 219, 235, 241 bb.].

Italiyandyq kópester Kaffanyn, Tananyng jәne Italiyanyng basqa qalalarynyng sauda jazbalarynan kórinip túrghanday, Qara teniz aimaghynda «tatardan shyqqan tiri tauarlardyn» shygharyluy sonshalyqty kóp bolghandyqtan, Venesiya ýkimeti «ekipajdyng bir mýshesine ýsh qúldan artyq emes» degen shekteu sharalaryn engizuge mәjbýr boldy. Shyndyghynda, otandyq zertteushi M. G. Kramarovskiyding aituynsha búl tyiym jii búzylyp otyrghan. Tarihta Venesiyagha 200 jәne odan da kóp qúldar tiyelgen kemelerding kelu jaghdaylaryn tirkelgen [8, 134 b.].

Italiyandyq Qara teniz otarlaryndaghy qúl saudasynyng kólemi men ereksheligi turaly mәlimetterdi nemis zertteushisi Sh.Verdlinden keltirgen. Óz zertteulerinde ol tatar tektes qúldargha qatysty Tananyng aktilerinen bastau alady. Sonymen, Florensiyadan kelgen bir ghana qúl saudageri Domenikos 1360 jyly Tanada jalpy somasy 20 000 asprgha 30 tatar qúlyn (27 әiel jәne 3 úl) satty. Qúldardyng qúny 600 – den 700 – ge deyin aspr (14-16 jas aralyghyndaghy qyzdar eng kóp súranysqa iye); úldardyng qúny 4,5-ten 5,5 sommogha deyin (10,10-12 b.).

Alyp ketilgen qúldardyng sany turaly mәselede belgili bir dәldikti Kaffa massariylerining mәlimetteri kórsetedi. Ay sayyn naryqta satylghan qúldardyng sany aiyna shamamen 47-67 adamdy qúrady [9, 141 bet]. Bagha dengeyi qúldyng últyna jәne jeke qasiyetterine, naryq koniunkturasyna baylanysty ózgerip otyrdy (1395 jyly Aqsaq Temir Tanany talqandaghan song qúldardyng sanynyng azangyna baylanysty baghalar kýrt ósedi) [10, 167 b].

Joshy Úlysy ýshin obanyng ekinshi tolqyny auyr zardaptargha ie boldy. Onyng memleket aumaghyna kelui qazirding ózindegi onsyz da shiyelenisken ishki sayasy jaghdaydy qiyndatty. 1359 jyly Berdibek han qaytys bolghannan keyin Aq Orda men Kók Ordanyng týrli toptary arasyndaghy Altyn Orda taghy ýshin kýres kýsheyedi. Búl kýresti tudyrghan manyzdy jaghday, songhysynyng biyligi kezinde repressiya tolqyny ótip, biyleushining ózining tikeley múragerlerin qaldyrmaghany boldy. Múnyng bәri Joshy ruymen qanday da bir tuystyq dәrejede bolghan týrli Orda súltandarynyng ókilderi arasynda ortalyqtan tepkish kýshterding ósuine týrtki boldy. Búl jekelegen toptargha biylikke ýmitkerlerdi úsynugha jәne keybir aumaqtardy bólu prosesin bastaugha sebep boldy [3, 699 b.].

Eger qarama-qarsy jaqtardyng geografiyalyq baylanysyna toqtalatyn bolsaq, onda «qara ólimnin» alghashqy eki tolqynynan azyraq zardap shekken aimaqtardy anyqtay alasyz. Múnday aimaqtargha Kók Orda, Qyrym, Mәskeu knyazdigi jәne ishinara Bolgar úlysy kirdi dep boljaugha bolady. Dәl osy aumaqtar Ordadaghy ortalyqtan tepkish kýshterding nýktelerine ainaldy. 1363 jyly Altyn Ordadaghy ishki sayasy jaghday shiyeleniskeni sonshalyqty, barlyq osy ortalyqtar turaly jartylay tәuelsiz memleketterding payda boluy turaly aitugha bolady.

Múnday jaghdayda qaqtyghystyng keybir qatysushylary arasynda әskeriy-sayasy odaqtyng payda boluy uaqyt mәselesine ainalady. Mәskeuding úly knyazi Dmitriy Ivanovich Moskovskiy men Ordalyq әskerbasy Mamay tez arada ortaq til tabysady. Alayda, 1364 jyly bastalghan oba indeti osy odaqtyng odan әri nyghangyna jol bermeydi. Sonymen qatar, búl odaqtyng eki mýshesinde de ózderining sayasy qarsylastaryn týpkilikti jenu ýshin óz kýshterining jetispeuinen ghana emes, sonymen birge ainalasyndaghy jaqyndarymen aradaghy qarsylasudyng kýshenginen de bayqalady.

Altyn Ordadaghy jaghday oba indetining taghy bir tolqynynan keyin kýrt ózgere bastady. 1374 jyly orys shejireshileri barlyq orys jerleri men Ordada oryn alghan qyrghyndy tirkedi. Sonymen qatar, maldyng kýrt ólimi, qystyq óte suyq jәne jazdyng óte qúrghaq bolghanyn tirkegen [6, 129 b].

Qalyptasqan qolaysyz klimattyq jәne epiydemiyalyq jaghdaylarda «Mamay ordasy» ózining sayasy qarsylastaryn uaqytynda jene almady, ony Hadjy Tarhan biyleushisi Ámir Hadjy Cherkes basqarady, ol orys shejirelerinde Salchey degen atpen tanymal boldy. Alayda, ol 1375 jyly Tómengi Edil aimaghyn biriktire alsa da biraq 1374 jәne 1375 jyldary Novgorod qaraqshylary jasaghan shapqynshylyqtar oghan týbegeyli jenisti toylaugha mýmkindik bermedi [3,  389, 391 b.]. Songhy Jenisining ornyna Hadji-Cherkes ózining sayasy qarsylastary Mamay men Kókorda súltandarynyng aldynda ýnemi qarsylasugha mәjbýr bolady [10,  704 b.].

1375 jyly nauryzda Nijniy Novgorodta Mamaydyng elshisi Saray-aka óltirilgen kezde Joshy úlysyndaghy ishki sayasy jaghday odan әri kýrdelene týsedi. Búl oqighanyng saldary Mәskeu knyazi Dmitriy Ivanovich Moskovskiy men Mamaydyng arasyndaghy әskery jәne sayasy bәsekelestikting payda boluy boldy, nәtiyjesinde Kulikovo dalasyndaghy shayqasqa jәne Altyn Orda aimaqtarynyng odan әri ortalyqsyzdandyryluyna alyp keldi. Alayda, Altyn Orda ýshin ekinshi oba pandemiyasynyng saldary tek memleketting sayasy әlsireuimen jәne mәdeny jәne tehnologiyalyq regressiya, sonday-aq halyq sanynyng jappay azayy ayasynda bolghan aimaqtardy ortalyqsyzdandyru ýderisimen shektelmedi.

Altyn Orda qoghamy ýshin pandemiyanyng basty saldarynyng biri Islamnyng ústanymyn nyghaytu boldy. Búl músylmandyq Shyghysta obany túnbalar jәne jemistermen emdelui kerek auru retinde qabyldanghandyghymen týsindirildi. Abu Aly ibn Sinanyng (Aviysenna) pikirinshe, búl aurudyng negizgi sebebi Qúdaydyng jazasy emes, qorshaghan orta men aspan denelerining әseri boldy. Al katolik shirkeui obany «Qúdaydyng qahary» dep eseptedi [11,  125–129 b.]. Batys Europadaghy múnday jaghday nәtiyjesinde qalyptasqan normalardy qayta qaraugha jәne Katolik shirkeuining iydeologiyalyq kóshbasshylyghynyng ayaqtaluyna әkeledi.

Altyn Orda aumaghynda islam dәstýrler men mәdeniyetti saqtau jýiesine ainalady. Joshy Úlysy ýshin obanyng ekinshi, ýshinshi jәne keyingi tolqyndarynyng basty teris nәtiyjesi etnikalyq qúramnyng tolyq ózgerui jәne bolgar tilining kýndelikti túrmystan yghystyryluy boldy. Búl XIV ghasyrdyng sonynda Toqtamyspen birge kelgen Shyryn, Arghyn, Baryn jәne Qypshaq rularynyn, al XV ghasyrdyng basynda ýlken Ordadan kelgen tórt rulardyn: Kyiat, Mangyt, Saljigit jәne Konyrattyng kóterilu deregimen rastalady. Keyinnen olardyng kóterilui tek qana Qyrym, Qazan, ishinara Qasym handyqtarynyng etnoәleumettik negizine ghana emes, sonymen qatar Qazan, Qasym jәne Qyrym tatarlarynyn, sonday-aq noghaylardyng etnogenezine qatty әserin tiygizdi [2, 690 b.].

Jogharyda aitylghandardyng bәrin qorytyndylay kele, Europada ekinshi oba pandemiyasynyng payda boluy men barysy turaly tarih ghylymynda qalyptasqan kózqaras kóbinese bir iydeyagha negizdelgen: oba - búl Shyghystan qara egeuqúiryqtardan júqtyrghan býrgening adamdy shaghuynyng saldary dep aitugha bolady. Múnday kózqaras XIX ghasyrdyng ayaghy – HH ghasyrdyng basyna tәn boldy. Tarihy derekkózderding derekterin, tarihshylar men biologtardyng tújyrymdaryn biriktire otyryp, Altyn Orda aumaghynda ekinshi oba pandemiyasynyng payda boluy men damu prosesin qayta qúrugha bolady.

Joshy úlysynyng aumaghynda ejelgi tabighy oshaq – «Euraziyalyq jarylys» ornalasqan, ol kemirgishterding kóshi-qon joldarynyng ózgeru dәuirinde adamdar ýshin qauipti ókpe auruynyng payda bolu aimaghyna ainaldy. Aurudyng taralu jyldamdyghy jәne odan keyingi qaytalanularmen nauqastar arasynda kóptegen ólim-jitim osy aurudyng jana týrining payda boluyn tikeley kórsetedi jәne halyqtyq immuniytetting bolmauyn bildiredi. Euraziya túrghyndary ýshin ekinshi pandemiya Orta ghasyrlardy «Qayta órleu dәuirinen» bólip túrghan Rubikonnyng bir týri boldy. Ras, Eger Batys Europa ýshin búl indetting nәtiyjesi últtyq europalyq memleketterding qalyptasuy, gumanizmning jana filosofiyasymen kapitalistik qatynastardyng qalyptasuy jәne katolik shirkeuining basshylyghynan bas tartu bolsa, onda Joshy Úlysy ýshin memleketti ortalyqsyzdandyrudyng basty sebepterining biri retinde ekinshi oba pandemiyasy turaly aitugha bolady. Búdan da basqa nәtiyjelerdin: yaghni, islamnyng halyq arasynda diny kózqarastardyng negizi, qoghamdyq jәne ruhany ómirding negizi retinde shoghyrlanuy, halyqtyng etnikalyq qúramynyng ózgerui jәne tatarlardyng etnogenez ýderisining jedeldetilui bolghanyn úmytpau qajet.

Paydalanghan әdebiyetter tizimi:

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Eleuhan Qaliyeva,

Abay atyndaghy QazÚPU Álem tarihy kafedrasynyng qauymdastyrylghan prof., t.gh.k., Qazaqstan Respublikasy, Almaty q.

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