«Aqtaban shúbyryndy, Alqakól súlama»,- Qúba qalmaqtary 1723 jyldyng kókteminde tútqiyldan tynysh jatqan qazaq júrtyna shabuyl jasap qyrghyngha úshyratqan tragediyalyq joryqtarynyng bastaluyna qoyylghan esim. XVIII ghasyrdyng 20 jyldaryndaghy qazaq tarihynyng kýrdeli kezenderining biri bolyp sanalady. Búl qasiret 1723 jyly bastap 1727 jyly óz shegine jetken edi. Sondyqtan biyl (223) atalghan qasiretke 300 jyl tolyp túr. Qazaq tarihynyng búl tragediyalyq oqighany bastan ótkizip jatqan jyldary yaghny XVII-XVIII ghasyrlardaghy ishki jәne syrtqy sayasaty qanday baghytta bolghanyn zerttep, zerdeleu asa manyzdy mәselelerding qatarynda oryn alady.

Búl oqighagha qatysty qazaq handyghynyng tarihy prosessin anyq úgha bilu ýshin qazaq handarynyng biylik qúrghan jyldaryn shartty týrde este saqtap qoyghan jón. Onda: 1. Kerey han (1465-1473), 2. Jәnibek han (1473-1480), 3. Múryndyq han (1480-1511), 4. Qasym han (1511-1521), 5. Mamash han (1521-1522), 6. Tayyr han (1522-1531), 7. Búidash han (1531-1533), 8. Toghym han (1533-1537), 9. Hannazar han (1537-1580), 10. Shyghay han (1580-1582), 11. Tәuekel han (1582-1598), 12. Esim han (1598-1628), 13. Jәngir han (1629-1652), 14. Tәuke han (1680-1715), 15. Ábilqayyr han (1718-1748), 16. Túrәli han (1747-1786), 17. Abylay han (1771-1781), 18. Uәly han (1781-1819), 19. Jahanger nemese Salqam Jәngir (1821-1847), Kenesary han (1802-1847) qazaq handaryn 2015 jyly qazaq handyghynyng 550 jyldyq úlyqtau toyynda osylay belgilengen keste berildi.

Aqtaban shúbyryndy, Alqakól súlama qalmaqtardyng qazaq júrtyna qandy joryghyn zertteushi ghalymdar ýsh sebepke baylanystyrady. 1. Tәuke han qaytys bolghan song qazaqtyng ýsh jýzi bir-birinen alshaqtap, yntymaghy ydyrady. 2. Esesine qazaqtar jongharlardan qalmaqtardy ajyratu ýshin Torghauyt handyghyn (1633-1771) Qúba qalmaqtary dep ataghan. Olar XVIII ghasyrdyng basynan bastap ishki alauyzdyqtaryn azaytyp, ishki auyzbirligin nyghayta týsti. 3. Qalmaqtar 1715 jyldyng orta túsynda orystarda tútqynda jýrgen Renat esimdi shved tehnik mamanyn qolgha týsirip zenberek qún tehnologiyasyn mengerip aldy. Sonymen qaru-jaraqtyng janasha damyghan týrine ie boldy. Sonymen birge orys patshalyghyna baghynyshty bolyp jýrip, patshalyqtan әr týrli әskeriy-sayasy qoldau tauyp jýrdi. Mine atalghan ýsh faktor elder tarihynda qashanda jenis pen jenilisting basty sebepteri bolyp sanalady. Óitkeni әrdayym bir elding ishki faktorlary sol elding taghdyryn taghayyndaydy, al syrtqy faktorlar ózge elding taghdyryna yqpal etushi faktorlar bolyp esepteledi. Sondyqtan Tәuke han qaytys bolghanda jogharydaghy handardyng kestesine qaraghanda Ábilqayyr handyq taqqa otyrghansha ýsh-tórt jyl boyy qazaq handyghy bassyz qalyp, sayasy óliara jyldardy bastan ótkizdi. Búl da bir elding sayasy basqarmasynyng joqtyghy әskeriy-qoghamdyq quatynyng әlsireuining basty sebebi bolghandyqtan aitylghan ýsh sebepke tórtinshi sebep yaghny sayasy jýiening kýireui bolyp qosylady.

Tarih boyynsha týrkiler Túrannan Týrkistan atanghan kenistikte ishki taq talastaryn toqtata qoyghan joq. Shynghys hannyng jenisti joryqtarynyng sonynda Altyn Orda memleketi qypshaq dalasy men Kavkazdardy birtútas óz baqylauyna aldy. Al mauerennәhr, Kashghar, Harezm ónirining bir bóligin 1227-1359 jyldar aralyghynda biylep túrghan shaghatay handyghy da Ámir Temirding shabuyldaryna shydas bere almay Mәuerennәhrdi tastap ketti. Shaghatay hannyng úrpaghy sanalatyn Toghlyqtemir hannyng múrageri Iyais qoja da Ámir Temir men әmir Qúzghyn barlastyng nemeresi әmir Ýseyinning odaghynan jenilip, Mauerennәhrdi tastap ketuge mәjbýr boldy.

Altyn Orda memleketining biylik tizginin Toqtamys han 1380-1395 jylyna deyin Ámir Temirding tikeley qoldauyna ústap otyrdy. Biraq sayasy sanasynan góri biylikting aldamshy elesi ony sauatsyz jaqyn әmirleri men kenesshilerining orynsyz nasihattaryn tyndap, ýlken qatelikterge úryndyrdy. Osydan Qypshaq dalasy men Kavkaz, ekinshi jaghynan Mauerennәhrde qúldyrauyn toqtata almady. Ámir Temir men Toqtamys hannyng arasyndaghy sayasiy-әskery qatynastar jayynda menin: «Zafarnama» shygharmasyndaghy qazaq sózi men tarihy atty maqalalarym Ana tili gazetinde 2023 jyldyng 14 qyrkýieginen bastap alty nómirinde eki apta aralyqpen jariyalandy. Atalghan maqalalarym Sharafeddin Ály Yәzdiyding «Zafarnama» kitabyn nezizge ala otyryp «Zafarnama Shamiy», Hafiz Ábru, Ibn Arabshah taghy basqa Ámir Temir men onyng әuletteri biylik qúrghan kezde jazylghan jazba derekter jәne fransuz, iran, týrkiya, arab, resey ghalymdarynyng zertteu tújyrymdaryn paydalana otyryp jazghanmyn.

Týrkistan tútastyghy ishki taqtalastyng saldarynan údayy qúldyrau ýrdisinen taymay Mauerennәhrden shaghatay dinastiyasy quylghan song Ámir Temir әuletteri bir jaghynan ózara taqqa bәsekege týsken zamanda Joshy han úrpaghynan bolghan Sheybany han Ámir Temir әuletterin Mauerennәhrden quyp shyqty. Sóitip Sheybany handyghy qúryldy. Myna jaqtan Altyn Orda memleketi Toqtamys hannyng toqtausyz Ámir Temirge qarsy shabuyldarynan Ámir Temirdi Óris han nemeresi Barak handy qoldap taqqa otyrghyzugha iytermeledi. Barak hannyng 1426 jyly biyligi qúlaghan son: «XV ghasyrdyng 30-70 jyldarynda ortalyghy Tómengi Edil boyynda bolghan Altyn Orda birjolata ydyrady da, onyng bólshektegen ornyna birneshe jana memleketter payda boldy, olar: Qyrym handyghy, Qazan handyghy, Astrahan handyghy, Sibir handyghy, Qazaq handyghy, sonday-aq basqa da birqatar sayasy birlikter – Ýlken Orda (Edil men Dnepr arasyndaghy dalada), Noghay Ordasy, (ortalyghy Jayyqtyng tómengi aghysy ónirindegi Sarayshyqta) bolghan edi». Sondyqtan Altyn Orda memleketinen bastau alghan Qazaq handyghy memleketi Altyn Ordanyng jalghyz sayasy múrageri bolyp keledi. Osylaysha Joshy han úrpaghynan Múhammed Sheybany han (1451-1510) Mauerennәhrde, Qazaq handyghy Qypshaq dalasyna iyelik etip memleketterin qúrdy. Biraq Múhammed Sheybany tarapynan 1500 jyly qúrylghan handyq 1599 jyly Pirmúhammed II Sheybaniymen ayaqtaldy. Esesine qazaq handyghynyng ghúmyry 1847 jylyna deyin jalghasty. Sheybany handyghynyng handary:

1. Múhammed Sheybany (Sheybek han) 906 / 1500

2. Kóshkýnshi han 916/1510

3. Ábusaid 937/ 1530

4. Obeydolla 940/1533

5. I-Abdolla 946/1539

6. Ábdilәtip 947/1540

7. Nauryz Ahmet 959/1551

8. I-Pir Múhammed 963/1555

9. Eskendir 968/1560

10. II-Abdolla 991/1583

11. Ábdi-Mýmin Sheybany 1006/1598

12. II- Pir Múhammed Sheybany 1007 /1599

Qazaq handyghy keng baytaq jerin ghasyrlar boyy qorghay alghany onyng asa parasatty sayasatynyng arqasynda jýzege asty. Memleket kýrdeli qúrylym bolghandyqtan bir sәt qapy qaludy keshire almaydy. Sondyqtan Tәuke hannyng qaytys bolghannan keyingi óliara sayasy jyldarda halyqtyng sayasy yntymaghyna ólsheusiz zaqym keltirdi. Onyng qúnyn qalmaqtardyng beyqam jatqan qazaqtargha tútqiyldan shabuyl jasap, qazaq dalasyn qan kóline ainaldyuymen tólendi. Onyng zardaby azdy-kóp jalghasyn tauyp kele jatyr. Alayda qazaq handarynyng asa parasatty jýrgizgen sayasatyn joqqa shygharugha bolmaydy.

Aqtaban shúbyryndy, Alqakól súlama tragediyasy Abilqayyr hannyng erlik pen sayasy sanasynyng óristi ekenin kórsetti. Onyng izin Abylay han neshe viktorly sayasy ústanymy arqasynda qazaq halqyn asa qauipti sayasiy-әskery iyirimnen aman alyp qaldy. Alayda resey patshalyghy anyn andyghan aulashy bolghandyqtan Týrkistanda ótip jatqan týrli sayasy oqighalardy baqylauda ústap otyryp, onyng ishki alauyzdyghynan ishtey irip-shiruin kýtip jýrdi. Sonynda naqty sayasy ústanymynyng arqasynda kózdegen mejesine jetti.

Óitkeni Múhammed Sheybany Mauerennәhdi bir tútas baghyndyra almaghanyn bayqaymyz. Ol tek qana «Búhara handyghyn» 1501-1785 qúrdy. Ózi 1510 jyldyng 1-shi jeltoqsan kýni Ismayyl patshamen Mәrv shayqasynda qaza tapty. Biraq handyghy úrpaqtary tarapynan jalghasty. «Hiva handyghy» 1511-1920, «Samarqand handyghy» 1701-1876 Sheyban әuletter tarapynan qúrylyp, kýirep ketkenderi Týrkistan ydyrauynyng songhy sayasy ayaldamasy ispettes boldy. Qazaq handyghy Týrkistan tútastyghyn nemese sayasy ýstemdigin resey patshalyghynan bir ózi qorghap túrghanday kórinis berip túrdy. Óitkeni Mauerennәhr oghan arqa sýier tau bola almady. Ondaghy handyqtar ózara qyrylysyp jatty. Mayda handyqtargha bólinip ketkendiginen resey patshalyghynyng op-onay jemine ainaldy. Áueli Búhara әmirligi 1868 jyly resey әskerinen jenilip qaldy. Sol jyldan Samarqand salasy Resey baqylauynda bolyp, Búhara әmiri sayasy tәueldi qolbalagha ainaldy. Resey patshalyghy Hiva handyghyn da 1873 jyly óz sayasatyna baghyndyrdy. Qoqan handyghy ózbek, qazaq, qyrghyz, tәjik jәne taghy basqa úlystardyng ortaq qimyly arqasynda 1709 jyly qúryldy. Biraq ony da 1876 jyly orys patshasy óz yrghyna kóndirdi. Odan keyingi sayasy prosesste barlyghy resey patshalyghynan kommunist kenes odaghynyng sayasy búghauyna ilinip, “Qyzyltaban shúbyryndy”qasiretti taghdyryn tәuelsiz El bolghansha jalghastyrdy.

Biz Týrkistan tarihyn týrkining bir tútas taghdyry dep qaraytyn bolsaq, Mauerennәhrding shaghyn handyq pen әmirlikterge bólshektenip ketkenining kesirinen Týrkistannyng sayasi, ekonomikalyq, qoghamdyq, mәdeny kenistigin qorghaudyng auyr sayasiy-әskery jýktemesin qazaq handyghynyng iyghyna jýkteldi. Óitkeni Mauerennәhr taqqa talasyp, ishtey shirip jatqanda qazaq handyghy erlene keudesin otarshyl orys patshalyghynyng san týrli sayasi, mәdeni, ekonomikalyq, psihologiyalyq joryqtaryna qalqan etip tosyp túrdy. Milliondaghan jandar sheyit boldy. Endi XXI ghasyrdyng qúshaghynda sayasy kórsanadan qútylugha jәne janasha oilanugha mol mýmkindik bar. Ol ýshin memlekettik mýdde basty meje, nazarda túrugha tiyis. Álem tәjiriybesi aldymyzda kól-kósir sabaghyn jayyp qoyghan zaman. Mәselen Fransiya men Britaniya sayasy mýddelilikke qaray 1337-1453 jylyna deyin 116 jyl ymyrasyz soghysyp kelgen. Olardyng ekiara soghystary tarihta Angliya-Fransiya arasyndaghy jýz jyldyq saghystar dep tirkeldi. Mine sonday jaulastyq jyldaryn sayasy aqylmen auystyryp, órkeniyetti el retinde ózge Aziya, Afrika elderine sayasi-ekonomikaly, mәdeniy-psihologiyalyq ýstemdigin jýrgizip keledi. Endi týrki halyqtary oyanbay sayasy úiqyda qala berse, keleshek úrpaqtan úyat jәne olargha obal. Sol sebepten búdan keyin keleshegimiz ýshin týrki tarihynyng ashy sabaghyn este saqtap jýrgenimiz abzal. Bir anyq oqighany bayanday bergenshe ony keninen Týrkistan kenistiginde týrkilik mýddege bir tútas zerttep, zerdelegeni jón. Týrki ghalymdary týrki tarihyn bir tútas obiekt etip qarastyrmasa, eshbiri týrki ghalymy atalyq tarihyn bólshektegen bólikterinen anyqtap, anyghyna bara almaydy. Islam tarihyn týrkilerden ajyratsaq tolyqtay úgha almaytynday, týrkilerding tarihynda bir-birinen bólshektep qarastyru olardyng әlem órkeniyetindegi ornyn anyqtap ala almaydy. Sol ýshin týrkilerdi bir-birinen ajyratyp, jat qylu otarlau sayasatynyng eng iri oiyndarynyng biri. 571 jylghy Talas shayqasynda qytay qosyny men músylman halifaty soghynyng әskery quatyna dem berip otyrghan qarlúq týrkiler bolsa, Týrkistan kenistiginde islam dinin týrkiler tarapynan óz qalauymen erkin týrde qabyldauyna jol ashty. 1258 jyly Baghdat músylman elderining sayasiy-mәdeni, bilim men ghylymy astanasy bolyp túrghan Qúlaghu tarapynan jaulandy. Onyng keyingi joryqtaryna basty bóget bolghan qypshaq týrkileri Áyin –әl-Jәlut shayqasynda toqtau saldy. 1453 jyly oghyz tobynan bolghan Osman әuletteri Ystanbúl qalasyn baghyndyryp islam tuyn әlem aspanyna jelbiretti. Osynday týrkilerding iri bastamalarynda týrkilerding barlyq qauymdary bir armiyanyng sarbazdaryda qatysty. Qarap otyrsang taghdyr barlyq týrkilerge әlem órkeniyetine ýles qosu ýshin tarihtyng әr dәuiri ne kezeninde mol mýmkindik berip otyrdy. Sol ýshin tarihtyng bir oqighasy jenis tuyn jelbiretse, bir oqighasy jenilispen sayasy oy óristi keneytuge negiz qalaydy.

Sol sebepten «Aqtaban shúbyryndy, Alqakól súlama» әr bir týrki halqynyng tragediyalyq tarihy sabaghy. Sondyqtan búl tarihy sabaqty qazir týrki Elderi múqiyat zer salyp oqugha tiyis. Qazaq ýshin últtyq jәne memlekettik mýddesin qorghauda damudyng eki qanaty: a) gumanitarlyq sala, ә) tehnologiyalyq salada qatar ilim-bilim aludy últtyq qúndylyqtarmen qamtamasyz etudi qolgha alu kerektigi jәne «Aqtaban shúbyryndy, Alqakól súlama»,- qasiretining dәristeri: a) qazaq tili, dini, dili últtyng yntymaq mәiegin nyghaytu; ә) jappay qazaq qauymynyng últtyq sayasy psihologiyanyng qalyptasuy tikeley biylik, burjuaziya jәne qazaq intelleksiyasynyng últtyq sayasy sanasy qatar jetilip, memlekettik mýddege júmyldyrylu kerektigi; b) týrki Elderining birlestigi nemese odaqtasuy, v) týrki elderindegi ekonomika salasyndaghy bәseke zang shenberinde adal, týrkilik mýddege say jýzege asuyn qamtamasyz etu; g) týrki elderining sayasy belsendileri tarihy tәjiriybelerine sýienip, orynsyz sayasy basshylyq etu bәsekesinen aulaq boluy, gh) ishki taza, janashyrlyq bәseke barysynda týrli kelispeushilikten tuyndaghan ókpe –renishti ýlken mýddelikter ýshin keshirim jasaumen kek tudyrudan saqtandyrugha shaqyru, d) yntymaq jolynda últtyq-memlekettik mýddni qorghay alatyn sayasy ústanymy berik túlghalardy biylikke alyp kelu mehanizmin jetildirip otyrudy basty nazarda ústap otyrghan jón. e) týrkilerge ortaq til, ejelgi jәne ortaghasyrlyq ortaq tariyh, әdebiyet, óner, arheologiyalyq ortaq oqulyqtaryn dayyndau qajettiligi. j) týrkilik sayasi-ekonomikalyq mýddeni qorghap jýru maqsatynda auyspaly arnayy qauipsizdik kommiytetin qúru kerek. Sondyqtan atalghan ýsh saladaghy jetekshi túlghalar qoghamdaghy azamattardyng naqty jasalatyn isterin nazarda ústap otyrudy esepke alulary lәzim. Salt-dәstýrding últtyq jәne adamzatqa mahabbat tudyra alatyn mәiegin saqtau shart. Qoghamdy týrli kelensiz mәdeny shabuyldardan qorghana alatyn mehanizmin jýzege asyru qajet. Qogham men adamdardy bir-birinen ajyratatyn týrli materialdyq, mәdeni, salttyq tar shenberdegi týsinikten azamattardy aryltu jobalar mektep baghdarlamasyna engizu kerek. Mine osynday iygilikpen yntymaqty basty nazarda ústaytyn jobalar sabaq kestesinen shyqpauyn eskerip otyrghan jón. Óitkeni týrki elderining odaqtasu prosessining jýieli algha jyljuyna týrki elderining sayasy biyligi negizgi faktor bolyp tabylady. Jәne týrki elderining baghy men sory da sol sayasy biylik bolmaq. «Aqtaban shúbyryndy, Alqakól súlama» qasiretinen asqan qasiret tarihy sananyng oyanbau qasireti bolmaq.

Al Týrkistannyng ydyrauynyng songhy sayasiy-әskery ayaldamasynyng naghyz sebep-saldarynyng anyq-qanyghyna terendeu zer sala biluimiz ýshin sol kezdegi birshama jazba derektermen tanysyp, qazaq tiline audaryp, zertteu obiekti retinde olargha zerdeli týrde qaraghan jón. Olay deytinimiz búl tragediyalyq oqighany tútastay Týrkistan tarihynan qarastyru shat. Men búl maqala ayasynda birneshe tarihnamalardy tanystyrghym keledi.

1. Múhammed ibn Arab Qataghan tarihshy. Onyng tughan jyly beymәlim. Biraq Múhammed Sheybannyng (Sheybek han) nemere bauyry Abdolla hannyng (1487-1539) zamanynda ómir sýrgen. Birinshi Abdolla Sheybany handyghynyng tórtinshi hany bolghan. Qataghannyng «memleketterdi baghyndyru» (مسخرالبلاد) atty óte qúndy tarihnamasy Mauerennәhr, Qypshaq dalasy, Horasan ólkelerining 1498-1610 jyldarynda oryn alghan tarihiy-sayasy oqighalaryn hatqa týsirgen enbek. Búl kitap negizinde Sheybany han tarihy bolghandyqtan «Sheybandyqtar tarihy» depte atalyp ketken.

Búl enbek Ámir Temirding әuletterining Mauerennәhrdegi songhy biylik kezenin jәne Iranda patshalyq qúrghan Sәfy dinastiyasy men Sheybany handyghynyng arasyndaghy qarym-qatynastardy II-Abdolla qaytys bolghan 1597 jylgha deyingi oqighalardy bayandaydy. Qazaq handyghynyng úly hany Qasymnan keyingi qúldyrau zamanymen say keletin uaqytta sheybany handyghy men qazaq handyghy arasyndaghy qatynastardy da oqighalar arasynan bayqay alamyz.

Kitaptyng endigi bir artyqshylyghy ony «Shaghyn geografiyalyq ensiklopediyalyq shygharma nemese týsindirme sózdigi»,-dep ataugha bolady. Óitkeni búl kitapta tarihy mәlimetterden basqa kóptegen jerde aimaqtyng geografiyalyq jayyn jәne keybir qalalar turaly anyqtama berip geograf ghalymdargha da shiyki zat úsynyp otyrady. Búl kitap Mauerennәhr men Iranda biylep túrghan Ysmayyl shah arasyndaghy sayasiy-әskery qatynastary turaly da kóptep mәlimet beredi. Onday әngimening barysynda Ámir Temirding әuletinen Ýseyin Bayqara ólgen song onyng balalary taqqa talasyp, Horasan ólkesining astanasy bolghan Gerat shaharynan aiyrylyp, Temir dinastiyasy Mauerennәhrden song Horasannan da birjolata aiyrylyp qalady. Osy oqighalar qazaq handyghy memleketining tónreginde ótip jatqanda qazaq handarynyng sayasy ústamyn zerttep, zerdeleu óte manyzgha iye.

2. Fәzlolla ibn Ruzbehan Hәnjy (1446-1521) Irannyng Fars pravinsiyasynda ornalasqan Honj qalasynda tuyp, Búharada ómirden ótken. Onyng negizgi enbegi Múhammed Sheybaniyding búiryghy boyynsha 1508 jyly jazghan «Búhara qonaqkәdesi» (مهمانخانۀ بخارا) atty tarihy kitabyn atay alamyz. Shygharma elu tórt әngimeden túrady. Onyng otyz segiz әngimesi tarih jayynda, on ýsh әngimesi feqh pen kәlam haqynda, eki әngimesi avtor turaly, taghy bir әngimesi qútpa men alghy sózge arnalghan. Búl kitaptyng Múhammed Sheybany hannyng tarihy kezenin bayanday otyryp, sol kezdegi Mauerennәhr, Qypshaq dalasynyng qoghamdyq-әleumettik jay-japsaryn bayandap, mol mәlimet beredi. Búl kitaptyng taghy bir qúndy túsy, onyng avtory Týrkistan men Horasangha jasaghan sayahatynda kóp oqighalargha, elding túrmys-tirshiligine kuәlik etken. Sonyng nәtiyjesinde barynsha naqty qalalar, auyldar, qamaldar, ghimarattar jayly mәlimetter bergen. Sonday-aq qazaq halqynyng mal sharuashylyghy, onyng kiyiz ýileri, salt-dәstýri, nanym-senimi, qonaq kýtu ghúrpy, aza tútu rәsimderi, syi-siyapattary, týrli taghamdary, kórisu rәsimderi turaly asa qúndy maghlúmat bergen shygharma. Sonday-aq tәrbie maqsatynda nihattyq ólender, tabighattyng panoramasyn sipattau, meshitter, saraylar jayyn sóz qyluda kitaptyng tarihy qúnyn ruhaniy-mәdeny qúndylyqtargha da bayytyp otyrady.

Búl kitap әdeby túrghydan erekshe artyqshylyqqa iye.  Avtor búl enbekte  adam, adamdyq qúndylyq, qogham, qoghamdyq qúndylyq, tabighat, tabighattyng әsemdigin óz boyynan alyp sipattap otyrady. Búl sheberligi sóz qúdiretin janasha tanyp, zerdeleuge til ilimi mamandaryna mol mýmkindik beredi.

Jogharyda aitqanday kitaptyng otyz segiz әngimesi tarih taqyrybyn qamtidy. Sonyng jiyrma әngimesi qazaqqa qatysty eken. olar:

1. Qazaqpen shayqasugha týrtki bolghan ister jayynda әngime.

2. Búhara saharasy joly arqyly Týrkistan qalalaryna bet alu jayynda әngime.

3. Týrkistannyng bastapqy Arqúq qamalyna jetu jayynda әngime.

4. Arqúq qamalynan keyin qazaq ólkesine bet alu jayynda әngime.

5. Osy jazbalardyng hatshysynyng auryp qaluy jәne Syghanaqqa qaray bet alu jayyndaghy әngime.

6. Týrkistan qalalary men Qazaq ólkesinde bolghan oqighalardyng jayy jayynda әngime.

7. Búryndyq hannyng әziret halifa әr-Rahmanmen daulasuy jәne qarsylyq kórsetu sebepteri jayynda әngime.

8. Áziret halifa әr-Rahmannyng Qazaq ólkesine qaray bet aluy jayynda әngime.

9. Qazaqtyng nanymy jәne isterinen mәlim bolghan jayyttar. Sonday-aq olardy qyryp tastaugha berilgen patua jayyndaghy әngime.

10. Áziret halifa әr-Rahmannyng Qazaq júrtyna ýshinshi ret jihadqa shyghuynyng sebepteri jayynda әngime.

11. Áziret halifa әr-Rahmannyng Syghanaq manynan Qazaq úlysyna qaray joryghy jayynda әngime.

12. Áziret halifa әr-Rahmannyng Qazaq qalalarynyng ortasynda Qara Abdal júrtyna enip, Janysh súltan ualayatyna súltandaryn joryqqa jónelteui jayynda әngime.

13. Súltandardyng súltan Janyshpen shayqasy jәne jenimpaz әskerding jenisi hәm Janyshtyng kýirep, ydyrauy, sonday-aq onyng úly Ahmet súltannyng óltirilui jayynda әngime.

14. Súltandardyng qazaq Janysh súltannyng úlysyn tonauy jәne súltandyq әskerding han ordasyna qaytyp oraluy jayynda әngime.

15. Áziret halifa әr-Rahmannyng Búryndyq hangha qaray joryghy jәne Janysh súltannyng bauyry Tanysh súltan úlysyn tonauy jayynda әngime.

16. Qazaq ólkesinen Syghanaq ualayatyna qaray dostyq jalauynyng kýnining shyghuy jayynda әngime.

17. Osy jazbalardyng hatshysynyng Syghanaqqa barghan kezden bastap, Yәsi qalasynda han qyzmetine jetkenge deyingi jayy jayyndaghy әngime.

18. Áziret halifa әr-Rahmannyng Syghanaqtan Qoja Yәseuiyding kiyeli qabirining ziyaratyna baruy jayynda әngime.

19. Áziret halifa әr-Rahmannyng Hojent ózeni dep tanymal Seyhun ózeninen ótip, Týrkistannan júmaq ispettes Samarqandqa qaytyp oraluy jayynda әngime.

20. Qazaqty jengen jyly Kәlat qamalyn jaulap aluy jayynda әngime.

3. Múhammed Ákimhan, tandauly tarih (منتخب التواریخ) atty qúndy tarihy enbegin jazghan tarihshy. Onyng kitabynda Búhara әmirligi, Qoqan handyghy, Hiva handyghy, Aughanystannyng XIX ghasyrdyng birinshi jartysynyng tarihy jayynda óte túshymdy mәlimetter bergen. Búl enbekte qazaq júrty turaly da tiyisti maghlúmattar bar. Óitkeni ol kezdegi Mauerennәhr bir tútas ólke týrinde qaralghan. Avtordyng 1822-1828 jyldardaghy saparnamasy turaly jazbalary da nazar audararlyq. Múhammed Ákimhan 1802 jyly Qoqanda tuyp, sonda oqyghan. Sol ýshin kóptegen oqighalargha jaqynnan kuәlik etken. Ol 1806-1822 jyldary Qoqandy biylep túrghan әmir Omarhan tarapynan kóp qoldau kórip, shen men bedeli ýstem boldy. Óitkeni atalmysh әmirding ózi daryndy aqyn bolghan, jәne týrki-parsy tilderin jetik bilgeni ýshin eki tilde ólender jazghan. Sol kezde júrttyng ekonomikalyq-әleumettik jaghdayynyng tәuir boluy, әmirding mәdeniyet, әdebiyetti qoldap jýrui Qoqan qalasynyng әdeby órisin keneyitken bolatyn. Sondyqtan sol jyldary Mauerennәhrde Qoqan shahary mәdeniyet pen әdebiyet salasynda jarqyn júldyzyna ainalghan edi. Múhammed Ákimhan osynday ortada ósip, sanasy qalyptasqan. Jәne ol әmir Omarhannyng jiyeni bolghandyqtan әdebiyet sýigen saray tәrbiyesin kórgen. Sarayda jýrgen ol әmir Omarhanmen talay joryqtargha qatysyp, onymen ýzengiles shayqastarda erlik kórsetken. Osylay ol Mauerennәhding ishki-syrtqy sayasy ahualymen jaqyn tanys bolghan. Sol ýshin onyng tarihy әseri sol zamanghy Mauerennәhr jayyndaghy bergen mәlimetteri turaly shynayylyqqa jaqyn dýniye. Álbette sol ýshin de bagha jetpes shygharma.

Búl kitaptyng mәlimetine sýiengende: XVIII ghasyrdyng songhy jyldary men XIX ghasyrdyng bastapqy jyldary Mauerennәhrdi biylep túrghan ortalyq biylik bolmaghan. Sondyqtan Mauerennәhr territoriyasy tórt handyq ýkimet arasynda bóliske týsip basqarylyp túrdy. Búl handyqtar: Búhara handyghy, Qoqan handyghy, Harezm handyghy, Kesh handyghy. Osylardyng arasynda eng quatty biylik – Qoqan men Búhara handyqtarynda bolghan edi. Atalghan eki handyqtyng túrghyn halqy súnny mәzhab, tegi bir el bola túra aralarynda kelispeushilik jii oryn alyp túratyn. Sonyng saldarynan aralarynda údayy soghys, qyrghyn, bir-birin ayausyz tonaular bolatyn.

Múhammed Ákimhannyng әkesi qauymynyng bedeldi aqsaqaldarynan bolghan jәne Kesh qalasynda әmir Omarhannyng «sheyh islam» mәrtebesine ie bolghan eken. Onyng anasy da әmir Omarhannyng qaryndasy Narbotaby ózbekting taypasynan qoqan handyghynyng әkimderining biri bolghan.

Búl tarihy kitaptyng ózge taqyryptas enbekterden ózgesheligi-onda: «sharighat pen tariqat jayynda jazbaghanynan bólek aqylgha qonymsyz nanym-senimderdi synap jazghan. Jәne óz zamanynyng dindarlarynyng alayaqtyqqa úrynghandaryn ashyq aitqan. Sonday-aq óz tarihnamasynda tirshilikting ózgeshe jaqtary, qoghamnyng әleumettik – qoghamdyq ómiri әsirese әielder tobynyng tirshiligine arnayy toqtalypty». Kitaptyng búl mәlimetteri týrki halqynyng otyryqshy jәne kóshpendi toptarynyng arasyndaghy ózgeshelikterin, artyqshylyq pen kemshilikterin saralap, taldau jasaugha qoghamtanu jәne qoghamdyq psihologiyasyn zertteuge jaqsy material bola alady.

4. Hafiz Tynysh Búhari, Hivada Abdolla hannyng saray tarihshysy bolghan. Óitkeni onyng әkesi Mirmúhammed hannyng saraydaghy jaqyn qyzmetkeri edi. Hafiz Tynyshtyng danqyn shygharghan «Abdollanama nemese Sharafnama shahiy»,- atty tarihnama enbegi boldy. Tarihshynyng tughan jyly belgisiz bolsa da, onyng kitabynda shygharmasyn 922 (1516) jyly jazghanyn aitady. Soghan qaraghanda 956 (1539) jyly tughan dep boljaydy zertteushiler.

Tarihty jazudaghy ortaghasyrlyq ýrdis boyynsha Hafiz de Sheyban әuletterining ata tegin Núh payghambardan songhy payghambargha deyin bayandap bergen. Sodan keyin Eskendir hannyng biylik qúrghan kezenin jazghan. Sosyn birinshi әngimesin Abdolla hannyng tughan 940 (1533) jylynan bastap, onyng ómirining qily oqighalaryn tilge tiyek etip, onyng taqqa otyrghan zamanyna deyingi aralyqty qamtyghan. Ekinshi әngimesi – Abdolla hannyng biylik qúrghan kezenining oqighalaryn bayandaydy. Onda onyng Mauerennәhrge joryqtary, shayqastary, jenisteri, Gerat halqyn qyrghanyn, Horasan ólkesin maydan soghysy dep tanyp, ol ólkening júrtynyng mal-mýlkin tәrkileude adal dep qanapiya mәzhabynyng ghúlamalarynyng patua beruleri jazylghan. Búl әngime barysynda Irandaghy sәfәvy patshalarynyng biri - I Tәhmasb shah turaly óte qúndy mәlimet berilgen. Jәne qazaqtar turaly da maghlúmat keltirilgen. Songhy әngimesi – avtormen zamandas sopylar, diny ghúlamalar, әmirler, aqyndar turaly aitylghan. Sonymen birge Abdolla han biylik qúrghan kezdegi salynghan ghimarattar jayly jazylghan. Avtor әuendi proza janryna oqighalardy әngime barysynda mәsnәvi, qasida, rubay óleng týrlerimen de bayandap otyrady. Sonday-aq sol kezdegi tarihy oqighalargha kuәger bolghan adamdardyng әngimeleri, ózining kózben kórip, qúlaghymen estigenderimen Búharanyng sayasiy-qoghamdyq, ekonomikalyq jәne ghylymiy-mәdeni, әdeby ómirin bayandap bergen tústary da kitaptyng qúndylyghyn arttyryp otyrady.

«Abdollanama» qoljazbasy qazirgi uaqytqa deyin tolyq núsqasy týpnúsqalyq parsy tilinde jaryq kórmedi. Onyng tolyq qoljazba núsqasy jalghyz dana bolyp Britaniya kitaphanasynda saqtalyp túr. Ol núsqa 1304 (1887) jyly hatqa týsken qoljazba eken.

5. Múhammed Saliyhtyng (1455-1535) «Sheybaninama» jyr dastan kitaby da qazaqtargha qatysty birshama derekterdi bergen. Múhammed Salih tarihshy, sheybany handyghynnyng saray qyzmetkeri bolghan.

Ádebiyetter:

1. Múhammed ibn Arab Qataghan, «memleketterdi baghyndyru» (مسخرالبلاد), tekstolog: Nadira Jalali, Tehran, «Miras mәktub» baspasy, San Peterburg núsqasy boyynsha baspagha dayyndaghan, 1385 j.
2. Fәzlolla ibn Ruzbehan Hәnji, «Búhara qonaqkәdesi» (مهمانخانۀ بخارا),- baspagha dayyndaghan: Mәneusher Sutode, Tehran, «Ilmiy-fәrgәngi» baspasy, ýshinshi basylym, 1384 j. 399 bet.
3. Múhammed Ákimhan, tandauly tarih (منتخب التواریخ), Tehran, «Nigarestan әndiyshe» baspasy, 1401 j. 880 bet.
4. Hafiz Tynysh Búhari, «Abdollanama nemese Sharafnama shahi» Tashkent, «Sharq» baspasy, 1999 j. 416 bet.
5. Islam әlemining bilim kitaby saity.
6. Ukiypediya: ashyq ensiklopediyasy.
7. Múhammed Saliyh, Sheybaninama, S. Peterburgi, 198 j. 225 bet. Jәne qosymsha better.
8. Sharafeddin Ály Yәzdi, «Zafarnama», týpnúsqalyq parsy tilindegi núsqa, baspagha dayyndaghan: A. Orynbay, Tashkent, «Fәn» baspasy, 1972, 1240 bet + qosymsha better.
9. Sharafeddin Ály Yәzdi, «Zafarnama», orys tiline audarghan: A. Ahmedova, Tashkent, «Fәn» baspasy, 2008, 486 bet.
10. Q.A. Yәsaui, Hikmet jinaghy: Danalyq syr, - baspagha dayyndaghandar: Múhammedrahym Jarmúhammedúly, Maqsút Shafighi, Sәrsenbi Dәuitúly. Almaty, «jalyn» baspasy, 1998, - 656 bet. 18-19 better.
11. «Qazaqstan»: Últtyq ensiklopediyasy / Bas redaktor Á. Nysanbaev – Almaty «Qazaq ensiklopediyasy» Bas redaksiyasy, 1998 j. 123-9, VI tom.
12. Rene Grosse, Dala imperatoriyasy, audarghan: Ýseyin Meykәde, Tehran, «Ilmiy-fәrhәngi» baspasy, 1987, 1016 bet.
13. Áshirbek Amangeldi, Kózqaras, Almaty, «Zerde» baspasy, 2015, 504 bet. /Kýdigi kóp Kýlik shayqasy – 53,61 better/.
14. Bereket Baqytjanúly, Qyrym tatarlary kimder?, Alash ainasy gazeti, 03. Nauryz. 2014 j. /janay/
15. Qazaq tilining týsindirme sózdigi, Qazaqstan Respublikasynyng Mәdeniyet jәne aqparat ministrligi, Til komiyteti, 2008, 968 bet.
16. Bereket Kәribay, Qazaq handyghynyng kýshengi, (XV gh. sony - XVI gh. alghashqy shiyrekteri),- Almaty: «Sardar» baspa ýii, 2015, -176 bet.
17. Ibn Hordadbeh, mәsalek vә mәmalek, audarghan: Said Hakrәnd, Tehran, «Miras Melәl» baspasy, 1371 j. 222 bet.
18. Ahmet Shimshirgil, Ámir Temir, Timas baspalary, Ystanbúl, 2021, 304 + suretter 14 bet.
19. Túrsyn Súltan, Altyn Orda, Almaty, «Mektep», -baspasy, 2004, 176 bet.
20. Abay Qúnanbayúly, shygharmalarynyng eki tomdyq tolyq jinaghy,- Almaty, Jazushy, - T.2: Ólender men audarmalar, -2004, -336 bet.
21. Harold Lamp, Termirlan-jahan jenimpazy, aud: Jauahar Kәlam, Qúm, «Nilufәrana» baspasy, 1389 j. 304 bet.
22. Ály Kalbrad, tariyh-iy-qayrat, әssәh tavariyh, saiyt: tarih va tәmәddon islami, 2018 j.
23. Nizameddin Shami, Zafarnama, «Bamdad» baspasy, 1363 j. 368 bet.
24. Ýseyin Mir Jafari, Temirler men Týrikmender, Isfahan uniyversiyteti baspasy, 1384, 381 bet.
25. Hafiz ghazaldarynyng anyqtamasy, Ýseyinәli Herәvi, III-tom, IV-basylym, Tehran, «Symúrgh» baspasy, 1375 j. 466 ghazal.

Islam Jemeney,

Ál-Faraby atyndaghy Qazaq últtyq uniyversiyteti, «Túran-Iran» ghylymiy-zertteu ortalyghynyng diyrektory, filologiya ghylymdarynyng doktory, professor

Abai.kz