Abay ilimindegi tolyq adam jolyndaghy «adam» men «tolyq adamnyn» arasynda ýlken aiyrmashylyq bar. Kópshilik qauym, tipti, keybir ghalymdar arasynda da, olardyng negizgi aiyrmashylyqtaryn bilmegendikterinen jansaq pikir tuyp jýr. Olardyng oiynsha «tolyq adam» qataryna jaqsylardyng barlyghy jatady. Búl «tolyq adam» satysyn týsinbegendikten shyghatyn óte qate pikir. Sondyqtan, Abaydyng ózining ilimi arqyly olardyng aiyrmashylyghyn bilip aludyng manyzy zor.  

«Tolyq adam» men «adam» arasyndaghy aiyrmashylyq olardyng adamgershiligin bildiretin imannyng dengeyine baylanysty. Ekeuining de imany bar, biraq, birdey emes, әrtýrli. «Adamnyn» imany әlsiz, túraqty emes. Jýrek kózi әli ashylmaghandyqtan, ol nәpsi yqpalymen imandylyq jolynan jii shyghyp ketedi. Al «tolyq adam» olay emes, ol búl fәni  әlem shyrghalandaryn jaqsy bilip, endi  onyng yqpalynan tolyq shyghugha bet alghan, imany berik. Ol ruhany jolgha tolyq berilip, jýrek kózin ashu arqyly ishtegi kirdi qashyrugha úmtylady.

Tolyq adamnyng anyqtamasyn otyz segizinshi sózinde danyshpanymyz bylay dep berdi:

«Endi bilinizder, ey perzentter! Qúday taghalanyng joly degen jol Alla taghalanyng ózindey nihayatsyz (sheksiz, ólsheusiz) bolady. Onyng nihayatyna eshkim jetpeydi. Biraq sol jolgha jýrudi ózine shart qylyp kim qadam basty, ol taza músylman, tolyq adam delinedi». Osylay Abay tolyq adamnyng negizgi shartyn beredi. Ol shart –  tek qana imandylyqtyng joghary dәrejesinde bolatyn Qúday taghalanyng sheksiz jolynda jýrudi ózine shart qylyp qadam basu. Barlyq is-әreketin, aqyl-sanasyn, ghúmyryn Jaratushyny lәzzattandyrugha arnaghan adam ghana kemeldikting shynyna jete alady. Abay sopylyq filosofiyadan alynghan «tolyq adam» týsinigin osylay dep beredi.

Imandylyq dәrejesine baylanysty, «Adam» men «Tolyq adamnyn» ruhany bolmysy ghana emes, sonymen  birge, maqsattary men ómirge kózqarastary da bólek. «Adam» Abaydyng kórsetken ekinshi sýngine «Adamzattyng bәrin sýy bauyrym dep» degen adamzatty sýy qaghidasyna úmtylsa, al tolyq adam ýshinshi sýige Allanyng Ózin sýngge úmtylady. Abay «adamdy» «Birindi, qazaq, biring dos kórmesen, isting bәri – bos» dep birlikke, ózara sýiispenshilikke ýiretse, al «tolyq adamdy» «Sen de sýy ol Allany jannan tәtti» dep Allanyng Ózin sýngge ýiretedi. Búl taza ruhany dengey.

Adam satysy Alla Taghalanyng jaratqandaryn sýngge úmtylyp gumanizm, adamgershilik dengeyinde bolsa, al tolyq adam Jaratqannyng Ózine úmtylyp, ruhany janghyrudyng shynyna jetedi.  Ruhany janghyrudyng búl dengeyindegiler jetilu shynynda әlemning yqpalynan tolyq shyghady. Adamdar qogham ómirimen tyghyz baylanysta bolsa, al búlar, kerisinshe, kópshilikten bólektenudi, ózimen-ózi jeke bolugha úmtylady. Áulie bolghan Shәkәrim búl dengeyge jetkende tau ishine ketip, qoghamnan bólek ómir sýrgen. Abay da jekelenuge úmtyldy, biraq qorshaghan ortasy oghan mýmkindik bermedi. «Men bir júmbaq adammyn, ony da oila» dep ol ózining osy ishki syryn bildiredi.

Tolyq adam – ruhany janghyrudyng shyny, ózining ruhany bolmysyn tolyq tanuy. Ózin-ózi tanu degenimiz ózin-ózi bilu emes. Abaydyng «Aqyl men jan – men ózim, tәn – meniki» degenin bilip, biz ózimizdi birden jan retinde tany almaymyz. Ózin bilu men tanu, ekeui eki basqa, arasy jer men kóktey alys. Bilu degenimiz tek qana habar, aqparat deytin bolsaq, tanu degenimiz sol aqparatty sezinu, boygha sinirip, týisik arqyly ózindik qasiyetke ainaldyru, yaghni, bolmysty ózgertu (transformasiyalau). Ózining jan ekenin tanu degenimiz – ózining jan ekenin sezinip, ruhany qasiyet arqyly jansha әreket etu degen sóz, yaghny adamnyng tolyq ózgerui.

Búl onyng materiyanyng yqpalynan shyghyp, mýlde basqa qasiyet, ruhany qasiyet aldy degen sóz. Onyng oi-óris, sóilegen sózi, jasaghan is-әreketi mýlde basqasha ruhany qasiyetke ie bolady. Onday adam búl fәny әlemning zandylyqtarynan shyghyp, osy әlemde jýrgenimen, ruhany әlem zandylyghymen ómir sýredi. Ózin jan ekenin tanu degenimiz, mine, osy.

Ózin jan ekenin tanu dengeyine tek qana tәjiriybe (praktika) arqyly jetuge bolady. Ózin-ózi tanudyng joly pikir jәne zikir bolyp ekige bólinedi.

Búl dengeyge jetken adamdarda qarapayym pendelerde joq qasiyetter qalyptasady. Olardyng aqyl-esi, sana-sezimi, yaghny nәzik denesi gharyshtyq nәzik әlemmen baylanysa alatyndyqtan, materialdyq әlemning kóptegen ezoterikalyq qúpiyalary ashylady. Olar ótkendi jәne aldaghy ómirdi kórip boljau, materialdyq nәzik әlemderdegi jan iyelerimen baylanysu, tәnnen bólinip nәzik denelerimen basqa planetalargha úshyp baru tәrizdi tyslym qasiyetterge ie bolady.  Múnday «joghary adamdarda» basqa da kóptegen qúpiya qasiyetter boluy mýmkin. Mysaly, el auzynda Ahmet Yassauy tang namazyn Mekkege baryp oqyp keledi-mys degen sóz taraghan. Abaydyng da erekshe qasiyetterden qúralaqan bolmaghanyn bilemiz.

Tolyq adamnyng negizgi qasiyeti – búl fәny ómirge baylanbay, onyng qúrsauynan shygha biluinde. Onday adamdar ruh pen materiyany aiyra biledi, jan lәzzatqa, bilimge toly jәne mәngilikti bolghandyqtan, olardyng ómiri tolyq lәzzatty.

Búl dengeyge kóterilgender júrttyng qúrmetine bólengen, búrynghy zamanda handar sarayynda emshi, ústaz, nemese olardyng aqylshy-kómekshileri, hakimder bolyp, elding densaulyghyn saqtau, bilim aludy basqaryp salauatty ómir kepili bolghan.

Búl dengeydegiler barlyq jan iyelerine birdey qaraydy. Olardyng bilimi tolyq bolghandyqtan, eshkimdi jynysqa, últqa, dinge bólmeydi, barlyq adamy qasiyetterge iye. Ómirding týrli zardap-qiynshylyq, qayghy-qasiretterine tózimdi.

Al «adam» satysyndaghylar eki nәrsege úmtylady. Birinshisi, ózining materialdyq qúmarlyqtaryn qanaghattandyru. Ekinshisi, ruhany qúmarlyqtaryn qanaghattandyru. Abay birinshisin – «tәn qúmary» dese, ekinshisin – «jan qúmary» deydi. Jan qúmary maqsaty – Alla taghalanyng razylyghy ýshin ómir sýru. «Adam» osy tәn qúmary men jan qúmarynyng arasynda birde quanysh, birde qayghy kórip, ómir shyrghalandarynan shygha almaydy.

Tәn qúmary men jan qúmarynyng әserine baylanysty adam men tolyq adam bolmysynyng arasyndaghy aiyrmashylyqtar da ýlken.

Birinshi aiyrmashylyq – oy jýiesi. Ekeui eki bólek oilaydy. Materialdyq әreket jasaytyn adamnyng sanasy dene dengeyinde, sondyqtan ol ózin «denemin» dep sezinedi. Soghan baylanysty «meniki» – onyng tәnimen baylanysty: otbasy, bala-shagha, mal-mýlik, halyq, otan, taghy sol siyaqty bolyp keneye beredi. Tolyq adamnyng oiy ruhany dengeyde. Ol ýshin «Men» – jan, al «meniki» – Alla taghala, yaghny mening Jaratqan IYem.

Adam satysyndaghylar imandary tolyq bolmaghandyqtan, tәn qúmary yqpalymen olar bir Alla taghala ýshin әreket jasamay, tek qana Odan ózine jaqsylyq tileydi. «O, Alla taghala! Maghan tamaq bere gór, densaulyq bere gór, otanyma tynyshtyq bere gór» jәne taghy-taghylar dep ol ózining denesine baylanysty qúndylyqtardy súrauy mýmkin. Sóitip adam Qúdaygha qúlshylyq jasaudyq ornyna ózine jaqsylyq tilep, Allanyng meyirin tek qana óz qamy ýshin paydalanugha tyrysady. Ruhany janghyrudyng materialdyq dengeyi degenimiz osy. Ol әli Abay kórsetken ómirding negizgi maqsaty «Týp IYege qaytudy» bilmeydi, ne bolmasa tolyq sezinip-týisinbeydi. Biraq materialdyq qajetin Qúday taghaladan súraghan kezde Ony esine týsiredi. Osylay jany birtindep tazaryp, týbinde ómirding negizgi maqsatyna úmtylugha mýmkindik alady.

Al tolyq adam mýlde basqa. Ol ómir maqsatyn týsingen jәne soghan ómirin tolyq arnaghan. Ol Allagha tolyq berilip, ózi ýshin eshteneni súramaydy, is-әreketining barlyghyn tek qana Týp IYening razylyghyna arnaydy.

Abay osylay ómirding týpki maqsatyn berip, oghan jetu jolyndaghy dengeylerdi kórsetip, adam balasynyng oy jýiesin dúrys jolgha baghyttap, ony damudyng joghary satysyna kóteredi. Mahabbattyng eng jogharghy nysanasy Qúday taghalagha bolghandyqtan, jetilu ruhany jolda bolu kerek. Abay «jannan tәtti» sýy dep ol mahabbattyng eng jogharghy dengeyin kórsetedi. Adamgha eng qymbaty jany bolsa, al «jannan tәtti» degen sóz búl sýng odan da qúndy, eng joghary dәreje. Sondyqtan ruhany jetilu – eng jogharghy saty, odan joghary sana joq.

Tolyq adam satysynyng ekinshi aiyrmashylyghy – ómirding maqsatynda. Tolyq adamdarda biraq maqsat bar. Ol – Týp IYege qaytu. Ol ýshin tolyq adamdar Abaydyng «Sen de sýy Ol Allany jannan tәtti» qaghidasyn berik ústanyp, Allagha degen biyik mahabbatqa jetuge úmtylady. Olar qúlshylyq jolyndaghylar. Sebebi bireudi jaqsy kóru ýshin ony syrttay bilip qoy jetkiliksiz. Naghyz sýiispenshilik qarym-qatynastan bastalady. Sol siyaqty Alla taghalany sýi ýshin de Onymen qarym-qatynas ayasyna kiru kerek. Al ol qúlshylyq arqyly ghana bolmaq. Olar Alla taghalany eshuaqytta úmytpay, ýnemi esterinde ústaushylar. Osylay olar ruhany satygha kóterilip, Qúdaygha degen senimderi biyiktep, Onymen qauysha alady. Adam endi barlyq is-әreketin ózining emes, Qúday taghalanyng razylyghyna arnaydy.

Ýshinshi aiyrmashylyq – Qúdaygha degen jýrek pen kónilding tazalyghy. Abay Qúdaygha  yntaly jýrek, shyn kónil kerek ekenin aitady.  Búl turaly Abay bylay deydi:

"Alla degen sóz jenil,

Allagha auyz qol emes.

Yntaly jýrek, shyn kónil,

Ózgesi Haqqa jol emes".

 («Alla degen sóz jenil»)

Osylay Abay «Ózgesi Haqqa jol emes» dep naqtylap, al qara sózinde yntaly jýrek pen shyn kónilding ruhany joldaghy manyzyn basa aitady.

Ózining otyz segizinshi qara sózinde ol bizde de Qúday taghalanyng qasiyetterindey qasiyetter bar ekenin aitady. Biraq olar zәredey – kishkene. Ruhany janghyrudyng maqsaty sol zәredey qasiyetterdi ósiru. Ol ýshin, birinshiden, ynta-jiger, ekinshiden, taza niyet, yaghny Qúdaygha degen shyn kónil kerek, bolmasa – joq. Abay Qúdaygha degen ynta men talap adamnyng niyetining tazalyghyna baylanysty ekenin aitady. Qúlshylyq barysynda niyet tazaryp, imandylyq nyghayady. Al taza niyet pen berik imandylyq Qúdaygha degen ynta-jigerdi arttyrady. Adamnyng Qúdaygha degen niyeti men yntasy bir-birimen tyghyz baylanysyp jatyr. Adamnyng ruhany dәrejesi Qúdaygha degen yntaly jýrek pen shyn kóniline say. Songhylar jetilu dengeyining tarazysy.

Tórtinshi aiyrmashylyq – adam men tolyq adamnyng negizgi qasiyetterinde. Materialdyq satydaghy «adamdardyn» negizgi qasiyeti – imandylyq dәrejesimen ólshenedi. Soghan baylanysty olar týrli jetilu dengeyinde bolady. Al ruhany jetilu satysyndaghy «tolyq adamdardyn» negizgi qasiyeti – Qúdaygha berilu, yaghny Oghan degen yntaly jýrek pen shyn kónil dәrejesimen ólshenedi. Yaghni, ruhany satygha kóterilu sharty – yntaly jýrek, shyn kónilmen Qúdaygha tolyq berilu.

Tolyq adam ózining adamy qasiyetterin syrt kózge kórsetpeui de mýmkin. Kópshilik tәrizdi ol da jaqsy otbasy, qogham qayratkeri, últynyng qamyn oilaytyn kemenger, patriot, gumanist bolyp kórinui mýmkin. Biraq onyng ishki dýniyesi bólek, ózgergen. Ol endi ózin, nemese «meniki» degenderdi qanaghattandyru ýshin emes, barlyq sebepterding sebebi Alla taghalanyng razylyghy ýshin әreket jasaydy. Alla taghalanyng ayasyna kirip, onyng istegen barlyq is-әreketi ruhany jәne óte kemeldi bolady. Yaghni, tolyq adam dәrejesi syrtqy symbaty emes, onyng ishki syrymen anyqtalady.

Kemeldi degenimiz – barlyq jaghynan kemshiligi joq tolyq degenmen birdey. Sondyqtan búl satydaghy adamdardy Abaydyng ózi ataghanday «tolyq adam» deymiz. Tolyq adam jolynda qogham da, adam da eshteneni joghaltpaydy. Kerisinshe, qoghamgha ýilesimdilik, al әrkimge ruhany janghyryp, ómirding jogharghy lәzzatyn alugha jol ashylady.

Ruhany janghyru jan saulyghyna baghyttalsa, al tәn saulyghy – onyng saldary ghana. Sondyqtan, búl jol – býgingi adamzattyng armany bolyp otyrghan densaulyq saqtau mәselesin sheshuding tura joly. Oghan jetu sharty – Abay kórsetkendey, ruhany janghyru arqyly imandy ósiru.

Abay ruhany janghyrudyng búl dengeyin «bek nәzik, bek shetin jol» deydi. Búl jolmen «aqyl-esin bir baghytta dúrys paydalana alghan adam ghana jýre alady». Danyshpan Abay «Jýrekting aqyl – suaty, mahabbat qylsa Tәniri ýshin», yaghny Tәniri ýshin paydalanghan aqyl jýrekting nәr alatyn suaty bolyp, joldan adaspaugha mýmkindik beretinin bildiredi. Aqyldy dúrys paydalanudyng manyzy osynday!

Qúdaygha qúlshylyq neghúrlym taza bolsa, onyng nәtiyjesi de solghúrlym joghary bolady. Sondyqtan Abay taza qúlshylyqqa shaqyrady. Búl turaly ózining on ýshinshi qara sózinde imandylyqty taza saqtamaytyn adamdardy synay kelip, sózin bylay dep jalghastyrady:

«Imangha qarsy kelerlik orynda eshbir pende Qúday taghala kenshiligimen keshedi-daghy demesin, onyng ýshin Qúday taghalanyng ghafuyna (keshiru) yaky payghambarymyzdyng shafaghatyna (qorghau) da syimaydy, mýmkin de emes. «Qylysh ýstinde sert joq» degen, «Qúday taghalanyng keshpes kýnәsi joq» degen jalghan maqaldy quat kórgen múnday pendening jýzi qúrsyn», – dep taza qúlshylyq jasaghylary kelmeytinderdi qatty synaydy. Ol otyz tórtinshi qara sózinde múnday adamdardy tipti «músylman emes» dep baghalaydy.

Endi Qúdaygha taza qúlshylyq degenning ne ekenine qysqasha toqtalayyq. Qúdaygha taza qúlshylyq degenimiz – ózine eshqanday da payda oilamay, barlyghyn tek qana Qúday taghalanyng razyshylyghyna arnalghan oi-óristen bastap, aitylghan sóz, is-әreketke deyin týgel qamtidy. Naghyz taza qúlshylyq әulie dengeyinen ghana bastalady. Basqalary soghan úmtylushylar. Taza qúlshylyq jolyndaghy adam ózi ýshin bilim de, payda da izdemeydi. Barlyghy tek qana Alla taghala razalyghy ýshin jәne eshqanday basqa niyet, oy bolmauy kerek.

Búl arada «Eger men barlyghyn tek qana basqalar ýshin jasasam, onda men ózim qayda qalamyn?» degen súraq tuuy mýmkin. Abay ilimi boyynsha oghan bylay dep jauap beruge bolady. Býkil dýnie Qúday taghalanyng jaratqany jәne barlyghy Soniki bolghandyqtan, Ol eshtenege, bizding isimizge de múqtaj emes. Bizding is-әreket, dýnie mýlkimizding Oghan qajettigi joq. Oghan bizding taza niyetimiz ghana kerek. Sondyqtan bizding is-әreketimizding nәtiyjesi azayyp qalmaydy, kerisinshe, ol ruhtanyp, bizge ruhany әreket bolyp qaytady. Sóitip Alla taghalagha qyzmet jasau – bizding óz iygiligimiz ýshin qyzmet jasau degen sóz. Biz әrbir isimizdi dúrys oryndap, barynsha kemeldi bolugha úmtylamyz. Alla taghala bizding isimizdi barlyq ijdihat-yqylaspen, taza niyetpen jasalghanda ghana qabyldaytyn bolghandyqtan, osylay biz kezinde kemeldi adam qataryna kóterile alamyz. Sóitip, bolmysymyz tazarghan sayyn sanamyz ósip, ómirding negizgi maqsatyna jetuge jol ashyla beredi. Kemeldi adamdardan qúralghan qogham da kemeldi bolmaq.

«Tolyq adam» satysyn Abay otyz segizinshi qara sózinde: «Búl aitylmysh ýsh qasiyetting iyelerining aldy – payghambarlar, onan song – әuliyeler, onan song hakimder, eng aqyry – kәmil músylmandar» dep tórtke bóledi.

Búlardyng bastapqy ekeui taza qúlshylyq jolyndaghylar. Al songhy ekeui – aralas qúlshylyqta, sebebi niyetteri taza bolghanymen, bolmystary әli tolyq tazalanyp ýlgermegen. Olar syi-qúrmet, ataq-danq tәrizdi adamnyng jýregin qúrsaghan qúmarlyqtardan әli de bolsa tolyq aryla qoymaghan.

Abay kórsetken ruhany janghyru jolyn tereninen týsinuding manyzy óte zor. Sonda ghana dindi dúrys týsinip, elimizdegi býgingi islam men tәnirshilderding arasyndaghy alauyzdyqty da imandylyq arqyly dúrys sheship, últymyzdyng búl eki qúndylyghyn el iygiligine nәtiyjeli paydalanugha bolady. Qúdaytanu ilimining týrli satylaryn anyqtap almay diny joldy tolyq týsinu mýmkin emes.

Dosym Omarov abaytanushy, teolog

Abai.kz