Qytay syilyghy: ýlken nesiyening artynda ýlken sayasat túr ma?
Ýstimizdegi aidyng ortasynda Reseyding Ekaterinbor qalasynda Shanhay yntymaqtastyq úiymy elderi basshylarynyng basqosuy ótti. Búl sammitte ShYÚ ayasyndaghy kóptegen manyzdy mәseleler qaralghany belgili. Biraq ta, eng basty aitatyn janalyq, Qytay basshysy Hu Jyntanyn ShYÚ elderine әlemdik qarjy daghdarsynyng saldarymen kýresui ýshin 10 mlrd. AQSh dollary bolatyn nesie beru úsynysy. Qytay elining basshysy búl qarjy ShYÚ-na mýshe keybir elder ekonomikasynyng resessiya prosesine enip, daghdarys saldarymen kýresuining qiyndauyna baylanysty, nesiyening jәrdemi ýlken bolady degen tújyrymda. ShYÚ-nyng 2005-shi jyly Astanada ótken sammiytinde de, Qytay basshysy Orta Aziya elderine 900 mln. AQSh dollary kóleminde jenildetilgen nesie bóletinin aitqan. Búl nesiyening tolyqtay iygerilui 2008-shi jyly ayaqtaldy.
Ýstimizdegi aidyng ortasynda Reseyding Ekaterinbor qalasynda Shanhay yntymaqtastyq úiymy elderi basshylarynyng basqosuy ótti. Búl sammitte ShYÚ ayasyndaghy kóptegen manyzdy mәseleler qaralghany belgili. Biraq ta, eng basty aitatyn janalyq, Qytay basshysy Hu Jyntanyn ShYÚ elderine әlemdik qarjy daghdarsynyng saldarymen kýresui ýshin 10 mlrd. AQSh dollary bolatyn nesie beru úsynysy. Qytay elining basshysy búl qarjy ShYÚ-na mýshe keybir elder ekonomikasynyng resessiya prosesine enip, daghdarys saldarymen kýresuining qiyndauyna baylanysty, nesiyening jәrdemi ýlken bolady degen tújyrymda. ShYÚ-nyng 2005-shi jyly Astanada ótken sammiytinde de, Qytay basshysy Orta Aziya elderine 900 mln. AQSh dollary kóleminde jenildetilgen nesie bóletinin aitqan. Búl nesiyening tolyqtay iygerilui 2008-shi jyly ayaqtaldy.
Shyghys kórshimizding Ortalyq Aziya elderine songhy kezderi qarjy-nesiyelik kómek beru ýrdisi artyp keledi. Alayda, búl kómekting artynda nendey maqsat, sayasat jatyr, ony boljap, dәl aitu onay bolmay túr. Mysalgha alatyn bolsaq, ShYÚ jәne úiymgha mýshe elder arasyndaghy ekijaqty yntymaqtastyq júmystary boyynsha, Ekaterinbordaghy sammitte Qytaydyn Tәjikstan ýkimetine daghdarys saldarymen kýresu ýshin 8,78 mln. AQSh dollary kóleminde nesie beretini mәlim boldy. Jalpy, Tәjik eli osy jyldardyng ishinde Qytay memleketinen 600 mln. AQSh dollary kóleminde jenildetilgen nesie alyp ýlgiripti. Tәjikstan Qytaydan sonymen qatar auylsharuashylyghy salasyna jәne tauly aimaqtaryna shaghyn auylsharuashylyq tehnikalaryn, shaghyn su elektorstansiyalaryna agreagattar alugha mýddeli bolyp otyr. Tәjikter Rogun GES-syn salugha songhy jyldary belsendi týrde investisiya izdeude, búl ýlken jobagha Qytaygha da qatysudy úsynyp otyr. Ózbekterge keletin bolsaq, osy jyly «Ózbekenergo» MAQ-y arqyly Tashkent qalasynda ýsh elektrostansiya salu ýshin «Qytay eksport jәne import bankinen» 26,3 mln. AQSh dollary kóleminde nesie aldy. Qytay ózbekterge osy jyldardyng ishinde jalpy qúny 1805,3 mlrd. AQSh dollary bolatyn 42 investisiyalyq jobany iske asyru ýshin 955,3 mln. AQSh dollaryn bólip ýlgirdi. Qytaylyqtar Ózbekstanda jana kompressorly stansiyalarmen, Ghazliy-Nýkis magistraldy gazqúbyryn salu ýshin, Qaghan gazkompressorly stansiyasyn salugha jәne jer asty gaz saqtau stansiyalaryn salugha 423,2 mln. AQSh dollary kóleminde investisya qúighan. Qytaymen Ózbekstan arasyndaghy Búqara-Qarshy temirjol jelisin salugha 45 mln. AQSh dollary júmsalu kerek bolsa, búl somany qytaylyqtar tolyqtay óz moynyna alyp otyr. Qytay, ózbek elindegi týrli-týsti metall óndirisi, múnay-gaz, auylsharuashylyq, transporttyq salalaryna ýlken investisiya qúidy jalghastyryp keledi. Tek qana 2004-2005-shi jyldardyng ózinde ózbekterding auylsharuashylyq sektoryn birigip iygeruge 240 mln. AQSh dollary kóleminde investisiya qúi josparlanghan bolatyn. Qyrghyz ekonomikasynda basty ról oinaytyn memleketting biri búl - Qytay. Búl eki memleket arasyndaghy ekonomikalyq qatynastyng negizgi týiini sauda-sattyqqa negizdelgen. Qytay búl eldi ortalyq aziyanyng basqa elderining naryghyn óz tauarlarymen toltyru jolyndaghy tranzit alany retinde qoldanyp keledi. Al qyrghyzdar bolsa, búl tarapta óz naryghyn arzan qytay tauarlarymen qamtamasyz etip qana qoymay, tauar reeksportynan qosymsha payda tabuda. Ótken jyly búl elge qytay tarapynan nesie men investisiyanyng kólemi 177,5 mln. AQSh dollaryn qúraghan. Qytay sonymen qatar qyrghyzdardyng elektrquaty, tau-ken óndirisi, kómir óndirisi, transport salalaryna qyzyghushylyq tanytuda. Qytay sonymen birge kyrghyzdargha tehnikalyq, qarjylyq, grantty kómekter kórsetip keledi, búl kóbinese infroqúrylymdy, auylsharuashylyq salasyn damytugha, mektep jәne auruhanalar salugha júmsaluda. Atalghan granttardyng jalpy kólemi qazirgi kezde 9,1 mln. AQSh dollaryn qúrap otyr. Ayta ketetin bir jaghday, 2007-shi jyly Bishkekte ótken ShYÚ sammiytin úiymdastyrugha Qytay 7,4 mln. AQSh dollaryn bólgen bolatyn. Qytay investisiyasymen, nesiyesinen sonymen birge týrkimender de dәmeli. Osy jyly Týrkimenstandaghy Ontýstik Ilotan gaz óndiru kenin damytugha Qytay 3 mlrd. AQSh dollaryn bóldi. Qazirgi kezding ózinde Týrkimenstannan Qytaygha baghyttalghan quaty 30 mlrd. sharshy metr bolatyn gazqúbyrynyng qúrylysy jýrgizilude. Týrkimender ózderining gazyn satudy tek Reseyge ghana baghyttamay, Reseyge ghana telmirip otyrmas ýshin, qazirgi uaqytta gazqúbyrlaryn әrtaraptandyru júmystaryn arttyrudy belsendi týrde jýrgizip jatyr. Gazqúbyrlaryn әrtaraptandyru baghytynda týrkimender ýshin Qytaydyn, qytay investisiyasynyng alatyn orny zor.
Bizding elimizge keletin bolsaq, aghymdaghy jyldyng sәuir aiynda Qazaqstan preziydenti Núrsúltan Nazarbaevtyng Qytaygha memlekettik saparynyng nәtiyjesi boyynsha, kórshimiz bizding elge 10 mlrd. AQSh dollary kóleminde nesie beretin boldy. Búl nesiyening negizgi maqsaty Qytay elimen birigip «Manghystaumúnaygaz» AQ-nyng aksiyalaryn satyp alu jәne qazaq ekonomikasynyng defisitti bóligin jabugha júmsaluy tiyis. Sonymen qatar atalghan sapar barysynda «Qytay memlekettik damu banki» «Qazaqstan damu bankine» 100 mln. AQSh dollary kóleminde nesie beretini josparlandy, búl negizinen óndiris salasyndaghy infroqúrylymdyq jәne investisiyalyq jobalardy qarjylandyrugha júmsalugha tiyis. Qazaqstanmen Qytay arasyndaghy tauar ainalymy ótken jyly 13,8 mlrd. AQSh dollaryn qúrady. Qazaqstan syrtqy ister ministri Marat Tәjinning aituynsha 2015-shi jyly eki el arasyndaghy tauar ainalymyn 15 mlrd. AQSh dollaryna deyin jetkizu mýmkindigi joghary deydi. Qytay, Qazaqstannyng tauar ainalymy boyynsha elderding qatarynda tórtinshi oryndy alyp otyr. Qytay tarapy Qazaqstannyng jalpy syrtqy sauda kólemining 10%-yn qúraydy. Eki kórshi elder arasyndaghy ekonomikalyq qarym-qatynastyng basym bóligin shiykizat eksporty alyp otyr. «Qytay últtyq múnay korporasiyasynyn» viyse-preziydenti Gu Y myrzanyng mәlimetinshe, 2008-shi jyly Qazaqstannan Qytaygha baghyttalghan shiyki múnaydyng kólemi 30%-gha artqan. Onyng payymdauynsha, osy jyly Qazaqstannan Qytaygha tasymaldanatyn múnaydyng kólemi 6,5 mln. tonna bolady dep boljanyp otyr, al ótken jyly búl kórsetkish 4,77 mln. tonna qúraghan bolatyn. Qazaqstan aumaghyndaghy tasymaldau qúbyrynyng Kenqiyaq-Qúmkól bóligin qosu arqyly Qytaygha múnay tasymalyn 10 mln. tonnagha jetkizu josparlanyp otyr. Atalghan kórsetkishter eki kórshi elder arasyndaghy ekonomikalyq qarym-qatynastyng tek kishkentay bir bóligi ghana. Sonymen qatar, eki el arasynda tauar ainalymy, telekommunikasiya, energetika salalarynda jәne investisiyany әrtaraptandyru boyynsha yntymaqtastyq, múnay óndeu, transporttyq inforqúrylymdy damytu, qayta óndeu, himiya, farmasevtika jәne basqa da bolashaghy ýlken, auqymdy jobalardy iske asyru boyynsha iskerlik qarym-qatynas qarqyndy týrde damyp keledi.
ShYÚ ayasynda ekonomikalyq jәne tauarly-investisiyalyq yntymaqtastyq jyldan jalgha artyp keledi. Qytaydyng úiym ishindegi bes memleketpen syrtqy tauar ainalymy 2001-shi jyly 12,1 mlrd. AQSh dollaryn qúrasa, 2007-shi jyly búl kórsetkish 67,5 mlrd. dollar boldy. Qytay premieri Vyani Szyabaoynyng pikirinshe, әlemning týkpir-týkpirin sharpyghan qarjy-ekonomikalyq daghdaryspen kýresu ýshin, ShYÚ-na mýshe memleketterining ýkimetteri, bankteri jәne kәsiporyndary arasyndaghy baylanysty keneytu kerek deydi. Ekaterinbordaghy samitte Iran basshysy Mahmud Ahmadiynejad ShYÚ ayasynda úiymgha ortaq bank qúru iydeyasyn úsyndy. Resey preziydenti Dmitriy Medvedev bolsa, úiym alanynda ortaq valuta engizu kerek ekendigin aitty, búl iydeyany Qazaqstan basshysy Núrsúltan Nazarbaevta belsendi kóterip jýr, Iran preziydenti Ahmadiynejad ta, ortaq valuta qúru bastamasyn qoldaytynyn jetkizdi. Alayda, búl bastama tek bastama retinde qalyp otyr. Úiym ishinde 2005-shi jyly qúrylghan «Qazaqstan damu banki», «Qytay memlekettik damu banki», «Resey Vneshekonombanki», «Tәjikstan Últtyq banki», «Ózbekstannyng últtyq syrtqy ekonomikalyq isteri banki» mýshe bolyp tabylatyn ShYÚ bankaralyq birlestigi júmys atqaryp keledi. Daghdarys saldarymen birigip kýresude bank birlestigimen «ShYÚ iskerlik kenesinin» alatyn orny ýlken. Qytaydyng jogharyda aitylghan ShYÚ-na mýshe memleketterine bólgen 10 mlrd. AQSh dollary jenildetilgen nesiyesi, elder arasyndaghy shekaralyq qarym-qatynasty, jalpy qordalanyp qalghan ekonomikalyq mәselelerdi sheshuge júmsalady dep boljanyp otyr. Ázirge nesiyening júmsalu, iske asu mehanizmi әli aiqyn emes. Resey preziydentining ekonomikalyq mәseleler jónindegi kómekshisi Arkadiy Dvorkovich, Resey Qytaydyng bólgen búl nesiyesin qoldanbaydy dep mәlimdedi. Qalay alyp qarasaq ta, Qazaqstan, Ózbekstan jәne Resey Federasiyasy ShYÚ-na mýshe bolsa da, Qytay ýshin ýlken shiykizat resursy alany, әri kózi bolyp otyr. Búghan Týrkimen elin de qosynyz.
Qoryta kelgende, qazirgi kezde ShYÚ-nyng atqaratyn manyzdy mәselesi, úiym júmysyn daghdarys saldarymen kýresuge baghyttau, qarjy-ekonomikalyq saladaghy yntymaqtastyqty arttyru jәne úiym ayasyndaghy birikken ortaq investisiyalyq jobalardy iske asyrudy jalghastyru. Bastysy, Qytay bólgen nesiyelerding kózdegen maqsaty tabighy energetikalyq resurstardy tartugha avans retinde emes, kerisinshe ShYÚ ayasyndaghy shynayy ekonomikalyq qarym-qatynaspen yntymaqtastyq prosesine baghyttalady dep sengimiz keledi.
Ghadilbek Ákim, ekonomist.
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