Redaksiyamyzgha ayauly Mústafa Shoqaydyng 1929 jyly"The Asiatic Review" jurnalynda jariyalanghan, búghan deyin belgisiz bolyp kelgen maqalasy kelip týsti. Maqalany Qayrat Álimjan esimdi azamat aghylshyn tilinen audaryp, biz joldaghan eken. Jәne tildey hat jazyp jiberipti. Qayrat óz hatynda (hatty sózbe-sóz berip otyrmyz) bylay deydi: «Qayyrly kýn, Abay saytynyng redaksiyasy. Sizderge M. Shoqaydyng aghylshyn tilinen qazaqshagha audarylghan maqalasyn jiberip otyrmyn. Búl maqala Qazaqstanda әzirge deyin belgisiz bolyp túr jәne búl audarma әzirge deyin esh jerde jariyalanbaghan. Kerek bolsa, aghylshynsha týpnúsqasyn da jiberuge dayynmyn».

Sonymen, Mústafa Shoqaydyng «Bolishevikter jәne Aughanstan» degen maqalasyn nazarlarynyzgha úsynyp otyrmyz.

«Abai.kz»

Redaksiyamyzgha ayauly Mústafa Shoqaydyng 1929 jyly"The Asiatic Review" jurnalynda jariyalanghan, búghan deyin belgisiz bolyp kelgen maqalasy kelip týsti. Maqalany Qayrat Álimjan esimdi azamat aghylshyn tilinen audaryp, biz joldaghan eken. Jәne tildey hat jazyp jiberipti. Qayrat óz hatynda (hatty sózbe-sóz berip otyrmyz) bylay deydi: «Qayyrly kýn, Abay saytynyng redaksiyasy. Sizderge M. Shoqaydyng aghylshyn tilinen qazaqshagha audarylghan maqalasyn jiberip otyrmyn. Búl maqala Qazaqstanda әzirge deyin belgisiz bolyp túr jәne búl audarma әzirge deyin esh jerde jariyalanbaghan. Kerek bolsa, aghylshynsha týpnúsqasyn da jiberuge dayynmyn».

Sonymen, Mústafa Shoqaydyng «Bolishevikter jәne Aughanstan» degen maqalasyn nazarlarynyzgha úsynyp otyrmyz.

«Abai.kz»

[Osy maqalanyng avtory "The Asiatic Review" jurnalymyzda[1] byltyrghy sәuir aiynda "Týrkistandaghy basmashylar qozghalysy" degen maqalany jariyalap ýlgergen.[2] Shoqay myrza 1917-j. qarashada Týrkistan músylmandarynyng tótenshe qúryltayy saylaghan jәne keyin 1918-j. qantardyng 31-inde Tashkent Sovnarkomy[3] әskerining Qoqan qalasyn bombalaudyng nәtiyjesinde talqandalghan avtonomiyaly Týrkistannyng uaqytsha ýkimetining tóraghasy boldy. [Jurnaldyn] Ishki Shyghys seksiyasynyng júmysy parlament mýshesi U. E. D. Allennin[4], kórnekti Shyghys sayahatshysy jәne jazushynyn, kenesimen jýrgizilgen. Búl kisi Mústafa Shoqay myrzamen kelisip tómendegi maqalanyng jaryq kóruine týrtki boldy. Eskertuge tiyistimiz, búl maqala Amanulla patshanyn[5] Aughanstannan ketuine deyin jazylghan.][6]

 

I

 

Kim bolsa da bolishevikterding shyghys halyqtaryna qatysty oi-sezimderin sóz qylsa, dereu Gruziyada kezinde Kenes ýkimetining ministri bolghan Kirovtyn[7] aitqany esime týsedi. Ol Bakude bolghan (1920-j. qyrkýiekting 1-7) atyshuly Shyghys halyqtarynyng birinshi kongresinen qaytyp kelip "Slovo"[8] degen Tifliys[9] gazetining qyzmetkerlerine súhbat berdi.

Bolishevikter "shyghys halyqtarynyn" ókilderimen yntymaqtasyp solarmen "Britaniya imperializmine qarsy qasiyetti odaq" qúrmaq bolyp jatqanda, Kirov sol "shyghys halyqtary" jóninde óz pikirin bylay bildirdi:

"Men Shyghys jóninde sarapshy emespin, alayda, mening anyq biluimshe, shyghystyqtar óz erikterimen qanday da bolsyn kongreske qatysady, әsirese olargha palau[10] dayyndap bersen".

 

"Shyghystaghy әreket pen nasihat kenesi" dep atalatyn qúrylymgha, yaghny "dýniyejýzi imperializmine, onyng ishinde atap aitqanda Úlybritaniyagha qarsy qasiyetti soghysta", Shyghys halyqtaryn úiymdastyryp bastaugha arnalghan organgha Kirov Kommunistik Internasionaldyng ókili retinde bolyp tanystyrylghanyn eskersek, bolishevikterding óz "shyghys odaqtastary" jóninde shyn oi-sezimderin týsinu op-onay nәrse bolmaq. Bolishevikter olardy "palau berilip túrsa, nemenege bolsa da kelisuge dayyn" adamdar sanatyna jatqyzghan jәne jatqyzyp jýr.

Men múnda palau sózin Kirovtay úyatsyz, gastronomiyalyq maghynada emes, bolishevikter tarabynan shyghys halyqtaryna joldanghan jýzege aspaytyn uәdeler men mahabbat jóninde deklarasiyalar maghynasynda qoldanyp jatyrmyn.

Kenestik palaudyng "dәmin" týsinu ýshin bolishevikterding qytay jәne týrik últshyldary turaly sózderin oqu da jeterlik. Týrkistanda bolyp jatqan oqighalardy men jiti baqylap jýrmin jәne sonyng negizinde bolishevikterding tilinde eng ýreyli sóz - bizding últshyldarymyzdy (Týrkistannyng últtyq tәuelsizdigi ýshin kýresip jýrgen partizandar) qorqytyp ýrkituge arnalghan naghyz bir qúbyjyq - "kemalist"[11] dep aita alamyn. Osyghan baylanysty esime bir oqigha týsip otyr. 1927-j. kókteminde Ózbekstanda bolyp ótken últtyq bilim beru qyzmetkerlerining konferensiyasynda bir bolishevik sheshen Týrkistan múghalimderi men oqushylarynyng kózinshe osy joldardyng avtoryn qaralaugha jәne meni halyqtyng eng bir aram dúshpany qylyp kórsetuge tyrysyp bylay dedi:

"Bilesizder me, joldastar, Týrkistanda ne bolaryn, eger Mústafa Shoqaydyng josparlary 1918-j. jýzege asyp maqsattaryna jetse? Biz qazir Mústafa Kemal[12] basqaruyndaghy Týrkiyagha úqsas jaghdayda ómir sýretin edik."

 

Bolishevik diplomattary ylghy madaqtap jýretin kemalizm[13] shyn mәninde jan shoshytarlyq bәle bolu kerek jәne Týrkistan túrghyndary odan qalay da bolsa qútqaryluy tiyis. Atap óterlik jәit, tútasymen beysayasy jәne revolusiyalyq nemese kontrrevolusiyalyq partiyamen esh baylanysy joq "boy skaut" qozghalysynda[14] da Týrkistannyng bolishevik baspasózi kemalisterding qylmysty josparlaryn bayqady. Tashkentte shyghatyn әielder "Yangy yul" jurnalyna sensek, "skaut" balalardy jattyqtyryp kemalister týrik halqynyng keleshek jendetterin dayyndap jatyr.  Bolishevikterding kemalisterdi "únatatyn" osyghan úqsas kóptegen mysal keltire alatyn edim. Jogharyda atalghan mysaldar da Kenestikterding kemalistik Týrkiya jóninde rasynda qanday pikirde ekeni bizge jetkilikti jәne búl mysaldar Mәskeudegi Syrtqy ister halyq komissariaty jiberetin "adal dostyq" turaly "sendirulerge" toly diplomatiyalyq notalar men telegrammalardan әjeptәuir alshaq.

Eki jyl búryn Qytayda Gomindan partiyasynyn[15] sol qanaty (bolishevikterge tilektes) men ong qanaty (Chan Kay-shiy[16] bastaghan) jetekshilerining arasynda janjal shyqqanda Kenes baspasózinde mynaday mәsele tónireginde úzaq talqylau boldy: Qytay últtyq revolusiyalyq qozghalysy Týrik kemalist qozghalysyna úqsaytyn boldy ma әlde joq pa? Úqsap qalghan jaghdayda (Troskiydin[17] pikiri) qytaylyq Kemalding "qylmysty bóliginin" naqty ýlgisine ainalghan satqyn Chan Kay-shiyding kózin dereu qúrtu kerek edi.

Úqsap qalmaghan jaghdayda (Stalinnin[18] pikiri) oqighalar barysyn baqylap kýtuge tura keledi, degenmen, Chan Kay-shiyding Kemal siyaqty túlghagha ainalmauy ýshin kerek sharalardyng bәri qoldanyluy tiyis...

Amanullanyng aldynda Mәskeude dýniyejýzilik sosialistik revolusiyanyng qyzyl tuy tómen týsirilgenimen bolishevikterding ol jóninde oi-sezimderi Kemal men Chan Kay-shy turaly oi-sezimderinen aitarlyqtay alshaq emes. Degenmen, týrik preziydentimen salystyrghanda Aughan patshasy bir nәrsening arqasynda edәuir artyqshylyq jaghdayda bolyp túr: atap aitqanda, búl Aughanstannyng Kenestik Týrkistan men Britaniyalyq Ýndistan arasyndaghy geografiyalyq ornalasuyna  baylanysty jaghday. Aughanstandy neghúrlym úzaghyraq mýmkin bolghansha ózderining "shyghys sayasaty" arnasynda ústau tilekteri - is jýzinde búl "Britaniya imperializmining qirauyn" jәne "Ýndistannyng azat etiluin" qamtamasyz etetin sayasat - bolishevikterdi Aughanstangha uәde tógip beruge mәjbýr etip otyr jәne búlardyng bos uәde ekeni ap-anyq.

 

II

 

Bolishevikter ýshin Aughanstangha ózderining "dostyghyn" kórsetu jәne "Ýndistan qaqpasyna" dúrys "әser" etu óte manyzdy. Kenestik Resey ýshin aughan últtyq qozghalysy men Amanulla-han patshanyng reformalary olardy tek "Britaniya imperializmine" qarsy paydalanu mýmkindigi túrghysynan manyzdy boldy, Britaniya imperiyasynyng eng osal jerinde, yaghny "Ýndistan qaqpasynda". Ýndistandaghy revolusiya orys bolishevikterining eng myqty - jәne eng songhy dep aitar edim - kartasy. Búl revolusiyasyz olar "Batys imperializmining qúlauyn" elestete almaydy. Bolishevikter Ýndistanda revolusiyanyng bolatyny turaly eng alghashqy "Halyq komissarlary kenesining Shyghys halyqtaryna ýndeuinde" uәde bergen (1917, qarasha).

"Ýndistan azat etilmey, Batysta eshqanday әleumettik apattyng boluy mýmkin emes," - dep jazdy bolishevikter Kók kitap dep atalatyn qújattar jiyntyghynda.

Ary qaray sol Kók kitaptan*[19] mynaday joldardy oqugha bolady: "Biz, orys revolusionerleri men halyqaralyq sosialister, Ýndistandaghy revolusiyagha qoshamet qana kórsetpey, bar quatymyzben ony tura jәne janama týrde qoldauymyz kerek; imperializmge qarsy kýresu ýshin óz kýshterimizdi biriktiruimiz kerek jәne Ýndistangha Úlybritaniyanyng ondyrmas qúldyghynan qútylugha jәrdem kórsetuimiz kerek."

"Batystaghy әleumettik apatty" boldyra qoymaytyn osy "Ýndistandaghy revolusiya" bolishevikterding býkil is-әreketterining ózegi bolyp ketti: Halyq komissarlary kenesi júmysynyng da jәne Kominternnin[20] de. "Kapital túraqtylyghynyn" ornyghuyna kózderi jetken bolishevikter búnday kózqarasta neghúrlym berik bola bastasa, soghúrlym Batys proletariatynyng (әsirese Britaniyadaghy) "revolusiyalyq ónimdiligine" ýmitteri sola bastady, soghúrlym Kenes ýkimeti búrynghy rayynan qaytyp óz ýmitin Shyghysqa arta bastady. Bolishevikterding Varshavadaghy jenilisin[21] ózgeris mezeti dep qarastyrugha bolady. Sol mezet "Batystaghy revolusiyalyq qozghalystyng әlsiregenin" anyqtap Shyghysqa nazardy arttyra týsti. Staliyn, yaghny Kremlidegi qazirgi kýngi quatty diktator ýshin Varshavadaghy jenilis kóbinese әskery jenilis emes, Batys proletariatynyng revolusiyalyq kýshine artqan ýmitterding jenilisi boldy.

Stalinnin  [bolishevikter] partiyasynyng XII-sezinde aitqan sózin keltireyin  (1923, sәuir):

"Varshavada jeniliske úshyraghannan keyin biz algha jyljy almadyq... Elimizding ishinde biz jana sayasat jýrgizuge bel budyq - JES[22] engizdik jәne shet elderde (Batysta) shabuyl qozghalysymyzdy bәsendetip bolashaq júmysymyzdy revolusiyanyng Shyghys rezervteri arasynda jýrgizuge sheshtik, óitkeni Shyghys dýniyejýzi kapitalizmining bel omyrtqasyn qúraydy...''

"Sonymen qatar," - dep jalghastyrdy sózin Staliyn,  - "biz imperializmning artqy qoralaryn - yaghni, qúzyretti memleketterding shyghys otarlaryn - oyatamyz jәne osy amalmen imperializm kýireuin jyldamdatamyz nemese jenilip qalamyz jәne osymen imperializmdi kýsheytip óz qozghalysymyzdyng quatyn әlsiretemiz. Búl mәselening qazirgi kezdegi jaghdayy."

 

Kenes ýkimetining dýniyejýzilik sosialistik revolusiyanyng qyzyl tuyn Shyghys monarhynyng aldynda tómen týsirui tek "oyanyp jәne revolusiyalanyp jatqan Shyghys elderi" ýshin iske asyrylghan shara boldy jәne búny olar jalghyz ghana ýmitpen, yaghny ony odaqtas qylu qoldarynan kelmese, eng bolmaghanda onyng Kenesterge ong kózqarastaryn Britaniyagha qarsy Kenes sayasatynda, yaghny "otar elderdi azat etu revolusiyasy" dep atalatyn sayasatta paydalanu.

Óz basym, Amanulla-han Kenester ýmitterining búnday baghytta arttyruna qanday da kepildik bere alatynday jaghdayda bolghanyna kýmәnim bar. Degenmen, bolishevikter búnday kepildik talap etken joq. Olar tek aughandyqtardyng "Angliyadan qorqynyshtaryn" eng bir tabysty jolmen óz paydasyna keltiruge ýmittenip jýrgen...

 

III

 

1922-j. kókteminde Jemal pasha[23] Europagha kelgende aramyzda bolghan qysqa súhbat esime týsip otyr.

Jemal pasha Aughan armiyasynyng úiymdastyrushysy boldy. Aughanstangha ol Mәskeu men Tashkentke úzaq saparynan keyin kelgen. Ol kisi Kenes Qyzyl armiyasynyng jaqyn arada "britaniyalyqtardy Ýndistannan quyp shygharatynyna" senimdi boldy (nemese basqalargha búghan senimdi ekenine әser etkisi kelgen). Ol osy mýmkindikti eskerip Aughan armiyasyna baylanysty tapsyrmasyn oryndap jýrgeni siyaqty maghan әser etti.

Búl kezde bolishevikter sayasatyn jaqsy bilip ýlgergen Enver[24] Shyghys Búharada (qazir Tәjikstan) Qyzyl armiyagha qarsy kýres jýrgizgen. Osyny Jemal pashagha aityp onyng Kenesterge qatysty eki úshty jaghdayda bolyp qalghanyna nazar audarghanymda Jemal pasha Enverdi "óte qyzuqandy adam" dep atap maghan óz ótinishterin bildirdi. Atap aitqanda, Týrkistandaghy dostaryma hat jazyp Kenes ókimetine qarsy is-әreketterin toqtatsyn dep basmashylargha yqpal etulerin súrauymdy ótindi jәne Ýndistan ýshin óte manyzdy oqighalardyng kele jatqandyghyn eskerip búnymen shektelmey bolishevikterge qosylyp kýsh biriktiru turaly jazuymdy súrady.*[25]

Jemal pashanyng Aughanstandy, yaghny Europa mәdeniyetining jolyna endi ghana týsken eldi, qanday qaup-qaterge úshyratuy mýmkin ekenin oghan eskertuge tyrystym. Mening týsinigim boyynsha, qauip-qater Aughanstan men onyng jas monarhyn Kenes sayasatynyng arnasynan shygharmau jәne Kenestik Reseyge tilektes bolu degen Jemal pashanyng anyq niyetinde jatqan.

Qanshama tyrysqanymmen aitqanyma Jemal pashanyng kózin jetkize almadym; meninshe, "britandyqtardy Ýndistannan quu" iydeyasy ony tym biylep alghan siyaqty. Ol búny jýzege asyrylatyn is dep ýmittengen jәne Kenestik Resey búl iste jәrdem bere alady dep sengen. Aughan armiyasynyng úiymdastyrushysynyng aitylmaghan oiy boyynsha, búl armiya da "Ýndistandy revolusiyalyq jolmen azat etiluine" qatysugha tiyis. Aqyry men: "Aughan ýkimeti búghan kelise me?" degen súraq qoiygha mәjbýr boldym. Jemal pasha tura jauap beruden tartynyp qaldy, biraq... Esime "Góben" men "Breslau"[26] turaly hikaya týsti. Tarihtan belgili, búlar Týrik ýkimetining anyq rúqsaty bolmasa da óz betimen Qara tenizde әskery operasiyalar bastady...

 

IV

 

Kenesterding "Europada sosializm apatyn" úiymdastyru niyetteri bolmasa, olardyng reformator-patsha Amanulla-hangha qatysty shyn oi-sezimderi tipti basqa bolar edi, әsirese Aughan monarhy aldynda bolghan "Qyzyl Armiyanyng Mәskeudegi sholuyna" qaraghanda.

Kenes diplomattary Amanulla-han reformalaryn madaqtap jýrgende "Ogonyok"[27] degen óte tanymal aptalyq bylay dep jazdy (1928-j. mamyrdyng 15-i):

"Eldegi radikaldy reformalardy Amanulla-han patsha men onyng eng dana degen adamdarynan túratyn Memleket kenesi emes, enbekshiler kópshiligi ghana jýzege asyrady. Búghan esh kýmәnimiz joq ..."

 

Qanday reformalardy "Ogonyok" menzep otyrghanyn keyinirek kórermiz. Aytpaqshy, Kenesterding Aughanstan men onyng patshasyna qatysty shynayy oi-pikirlerin dәl osy jurnal anyq bildirgen bolatyn. Sәl keri qaytayyq. Músylman dinining qamyn jep Tashkenttegi [Syrtqy] ister departamenti 1924-j. dayyndap jariyalaghan dýniyejýzi músylmandaryna arnalghan ýndeude mynaday joldardy oqimyz:

"Úlybritaniya... jaldamaly keritartpa basshylardyng dәnekerleuimen jas әmir Amanulla-hangha qarsy býlik úiymdastyryp shyghardy, sonyng saldarynan kýnәsiz jandardyng qany tógildi..."

 

Búl jerde 1924-jylghy Host kóterilisi[28] sóz bolyp túr, ony Abdul Kariym[29] atty taqqa ýmitker bastaghany belgili.

Týrkistan gazetterin aqtara otyryp men eng manyzdy jergilikti "Qyzyl Ózbekstan"[30] (ózbek tilinde) gazetining keybir eski nómirlerin oqyp shyqtym. Sol nómirlerinde gazet Host kóterilisin tolyghymen basqasha týsindiredi (1925-j. tamyz aiyndaghy nómirler). Osy týsiniktemening avtory - ataqty ózbek kommuniysi Mannan Ramzi, búl kisi Kenesterding "syrtqy sayasatynyn" baghyttaryn bilu men týsinu týgili, onyng qúpiyalarymen de tanys. Osyghan baylanysty onyng Host kóterilisining sebep-caldaryn bayandap bergeni Aughanstan oqighalaryna bolishevikting týsindirmesi retinde qyzyq. Sonymen Host kóterilisine arnalghan úzaq maqalasynda (qar.: "Qyzyl Ózbekstan", 1925-j. tamyzdyng 20-sy) Mannan Ramzy bylay jazady:

"Aughan әkimshiligining is-әreketterining kesirinen halyq Abdul-Kerim jaghyna ótip jatyr..."

 

Jәne de ary qaray:

"Ýkimetke qarsy kóterilis Aughanstannyng býkil әkimshiligi, jogharydan tómenge deyin, zorlyq pen tonaushylyq jýiesine negizdelgenin kórsetip otyr..."

 

"Býkil dýniyejýzining músylmandaryna ýndeu"-de aiyptaghanday "Qyzyl Ózbekstanda" jariyalanghan Ramzy maqalalarynyng bir de birinde Host kóterilisi ýshin Angliyany aiyptaghanyn taba almaysyn. Kerisinshe, avtordyng búl kóterilisti surettep oqyrmandy sendirgeni sonshalyqty, tipti oqyrmannyng osy kóterilisting jәne basqa da kóterilisterding "zandylyghynda" esh kýmәn payda bolmaydy. Ramzy Aughanstannyng kóterilisterden qútylu amalyn da úsynady jәne de Aughan halqyna adal niyetpen aitylghan búl aqyldy tyndau bizge de qyzyqty:

"Kenes jýiesi joq jerlerding bәrinde jaghday nashar", - dep jazady Ramzy ózining "Rayat talashi" (yaghny "Kedeylerdi tonau") dep atalatyn maqalasynda. "Kenes jýiesi ornatylghan eldermen kórshiles memleketterding enbekshiler kópshiligi sol jýiening óz elderinde ornauyn bar yntalarymen kýtude. Úiqydan oyanghan tek Aughanstandaghy kópshilik emes. Búl bostandyqqa degen tilek (yaghny "Kenestik bostandyqqa") ylghy ósip keledi jәne de uaqyt ótken sayyn artyp kýsheyedi..."

 

Búghan qosa ózining Qala-y Biarpanaj degen Aughan qamalynda birshama uaqyt qonghanyn surettep Mannan Ramzy bylay qorytyndylaydy:

"Aughanstandaghy bolashaq revolusiya jýrekterimizding týbinde jatyr..."

 

Ramziyding Amanulla-han óz reformalarymen jasaghan revolusiyany emes, kerisinshe, Amanulla-han men onyng senimdi sardarlaryna qarsy Aughan kedeylerining tap, proletarlyq revolusiyasyn menzep jatqanyna kýmәn keltiruge bola ma?

"Bolashaq Aughan revolusiyasy" Týrkistan bolishevikterining "jýrekterinde" ghana emes. Olar Pamirdegi bosqyndar men Týrkistanda júmys istep jýrgen aughandyqtar arasynda nasihat jýrgizip keledi. Mәselen, Pamiyrgha aughan bosqyndarynyng tughan eline qaytu sharttaryn dayyndap jasasu ýshin jiberilgen arnayy Aughan ýkimet komissiyasynyng mýshelerin Kenes delegasiyasy men bosqyndar ókilderi qarsy aldy.

Amanulla-hannyng ókili qart Kaziya bosqyndargha әmirding әkelik lebizderin jәne tughan jerlerine qaytu turaly ótinishin aityp túrghanda, "Qyzyl Ózbekstanda" jariyalanghan jogharyda atalghan "Rayat talashi" maqalasy boyynsha, bosqyndar delegattarynyng biri ókilding sózin bólip: "Myna Kaziya basqalar da siyaqty halyqtyng qanyn ishken..." dep aighaylaydy. Sodan kezdesude bolghan Kenesterding delegaty: "Eger myna Kaziya qanisher bolsa, onda "qangha qan" erejesine sәikes biz býgin búl kisini óltiruimiz kerek," dedi.

Patsha komissiyasy basshysynyng betine basylyp búnday sóz ashyq aitylghan bolsa, "óz jýrekterinde bolashaq Aughan revolusiyasy iydeyasyn әlpeshtep saqtap jýrgen" bolishevikter onasha aughan bosqyndaryna ne aitqandaryn týsinu qiyngha soqpas.

Aughan ýkimet komissiyasyna britandyqtar tura osynday ústanymmen qaraghan bolsa, bolishevikter ózderining "Revolusiyalyq Shyghysta"[31] ne aitatynyn men op-onay elestete alamyn.

 

V

 

Amanulla patshanyng qúrmetine Londonda úiymdastyrylghan qabyldaulardy Kenestik Mәskeu tәuelsiz Aughanstannyng basshysyna "imperialisterding aram niyetpen jaghynuy" dep qarastyrdy; Angliya men Kenes Odaghy arasynda dau-janjal bolyp qalghan jaghdayda búl tәuelsiz el qauipti kórshige ainaluy әbden mýmkin edi. "Britaniya aramdyghyna" qarsy orys bolishevikteri ózderining "naghyz adal" ekenderine erekshe nazar audarugha tyrysyp, barlyq resmy jiylystarda Amanulla reformalaryn aighay-shumen madaqtap jýrdi.

Sol reformalarda resmy bolishevik sheshenderi aughan halqy men "úly proletarlyq Kenester Respublikasy" arasynda "jan tuystyghynyn" izderin bayqaugha tyrysty. Qyzyl әskerding sheruin simvolikalyq sholuy kezinde Shyghys monarhy aldynda tulardyng tómen týsirilgeni turaly Kenes proletariatyna qanday da bolsyn týsinik beru qajet boldy. Degenmen, bolishevikter Aughan reformalary turaly ózderining "adal maqtaularynyn" nәtiyjesine nazar audarmady. Mәselen, Týrkistanda bolishevikter óz ústanymdary ózderine jaghymsyz jәne Aughanstangha degen jaghymdy ashyq kózqarastardyng payda bolu mýmkindigin jәne, onyng ýstine, búl halyq arasynda "Aughanstan ýlgisimen tәuelsiz últtyq Týrkistandy qúru" "kontrrevolusiyalyq" kókseuding túqymyn sebe alatynyn boljay almady.

Biraz uaqyt búryn Kenes baspasózi Týrkistan studentteri arasynda (mysaly, Samarqandtaghy Joghary pedagogika institutynda) "Mysyr men Aughanstan ýlgisimen Týrkistannyng tәuelsiz damu qúqyghyn" talap etuge dayyndalghan belsendi ýgitshiler toptary payda bolghanyna nazar audardy. Búl mәseleni ushyqtyrmay atymen joy ýshin býkil partiya mashinasy iske qosyldy. Bas qylmysker tabylyp ózbek studenti bolyp shyqty - Kommunistik partiyanyng mýshesi Mirza Rahimi. Tergeuding nәtiyjesinde osynday talaptar qoyghan onyng jalghyz bolmaghany, kerisinshe ony bir top student pen múghalimder tolyq qoldaytyny anyqtaldy. Osydan keyin biylik oryndary Rahimiydi "Mústafa Shoqaydyng (yaghny osy joldar avtorynyn) últshyl iydeyalaryn iske asyrmaq" talpynysy ýshin partiyadan jәne instituttan shygharumen shekteldi. Degenmen, biylik oryndary mәsele osymen bitpeytinin sezgen. Amanulla-han Týrkistanda óte tanymal jәne syily túlgha boldy jәne de búl tanymaldylyq pen qúrmetting negizi onyng "Kenesterge ong kózqarastary" bolmaghany anyq. Týrkistannyng bayyrghy túrghyndary ýshin Amanulla-han tәuelsiz Aughanstan iydeyasyn iske asyrghan jәne progresti bar yntasymen ansaghan adam boldy.

Kenes mektepteri arqyly ótken Týrkistan jastarynyng bir bóligi arasynda Týrkistannyng últtyq damuy ýshin "Aughan ne bolmasa Mysyr jaghdaylaryn" talap etken belsendi toptyng kenet payda boluy Amanulla-hannyng "kenesshil" ne "antibritaniyalyq" sayasaty - búnday terminderdi onyng sayasatyna rasynda qoldanugha bolsa - әmirding Týrkistandaghy tanymaldylyghynda esh manyzy  bolmaghanynyng anyq dәleli. Týrkistan halqynyng Amanulla-handy únatqanynyng negizi óz elderining tәuelsizdigin ansaghanynda boldy, búl el "qyzyl otarshyl imperializminin" qyzyl shyrmauynda  songhy on eki jyl kóleminde tirshilik etude. Bolishevikter bolsa jaghdaydy óte jaqsy týsinedi. Osyghan baylanysty bolishevikter Týrkistan túrghyndary aldynda Amanulla men onyng sózining bedelin týsiru maqsatynda jaqynda Aughanstanda bolyp ótken oqighalar qarsanynda patsha men onyng reformalaryna qarsy "revolusiyalyq" nauqandaryn bastamaqshy boldy.

Kenes baspasózining qazir "Amanulla-handy jәne onyng reformalaryn Britaniya imperializminen qorghau" jolynda jýrip, sonymen birge Aughan últtyq memlekettiligining irgesine ózderi shabuyl jasaghanynyng barlyq izderin jasyryp jonggha tyrysuy qyzghylyqty jaghday boluy mýmkin.

Mening aldymda Býkilresey Kommunistik partiyasy Ortalyq komiytetining Ortaaziyalyq burosy dep atalatyn organnyng resmy ýnparaghy "Pravda Vostoka" degen Tashkent gazetinin[32] birneshe nómiri jatyr, búl buro Týrkistandaghy Kenesterding býkil partiya jәne ýkimetting is-әreketterining basyndaghy qúrylym. Sol buronyng jauapty hatshysy Zelenskiy[33] bylay jazady (qar.: "Pravda Vostoka", 1928-j. qarashanyng 2-si):

"Amanulla reformalary kóp adamdy adastyruy mýmkin, әsirese sol reformalar jóninde alynghan birjaqty marksshyl emes búrys mәlimetting kesirinen.

"Tap túrghysynan qaraghanda, Amanulla-han josparlaghan nemese iske asyrghan sharalar [Aughanstanda] burjuaziyalyq memleketting damuyna, industriyaly jәne sauda kapitalynyng qalypty damuyna eng jaqsy jaghday jasaugha beyim bolyp túr.  Áriyne, feodalizmmen salystyrghanda kapitalizm mәdeniyet pen ekonomika damuynyng belgisi... Degenmen, әl-aq Aughanstandaghy kapitalizm júmysshy júrttyng qanyn soryp, enbekpen azaptap auyldy da qiratady.

"Osy mәselelerde shatasu" (yaghni, Amanulla reformalarynyng tap manyzynda), - dep jalghastyrady Zelenskiy, - "tek Rahimy (ne soghan úqsas) iydeyalarynyng taraluyna jәrdemdesedi" (yaghni, Týrkistan últshyldyghyna tilektes túlghalardyn).

Qorytyndylay kele Zelenskiy: "Búnday (búrys) ústanym bizding (ortaaziyalyq) respublikalarymyzdyng júmysshylary men sharualaryn tek qana adastyrady..." deydi.

 

Sonymen biz Amanulla-han jәne onyng Jana Memleketi jóninde Kenesterding shyn týsinigin kóremiz jәne búl týsinik "Orta Aziyanyng júmysshylary men sharualaryna shyn núsqaulyq" bolugha tiyis. Kenesterding túghyrnamasy mynanday ekenin kóremiz:

"Amanulla-han óz Memleketin Aughan enbekshilerining qany men Aughan sharualarynyng qiraghan ýilerining negizinde soghyp jatyr ..."

(Jalghasy bar)

"Abai.kz"

---

[1] Búl jurnal 1885-j. "Asiatic Quarterly Review" degen ataumen Londonda shygha bastady. Jurnaldyng alghashqy qúryltayshylary Lepel Griffin myrza (Sir Lepel H. Griffin, 1838-1908) men ataqty Demetrius Boldjer (Demetrius C. Boulger, 1853-1928) bolghan. Songhysy 1890-j. deyin jurnaldyng redaktory boldy. Alghashynda búl basylym "Shyghys Ýndistan Qauymdastyghynyn" (the East India Association) organy bolyp jaryq kórgen. 1891-j. jurnal atauy "Imperial and Asiatic Quarterly Review and Oriental and Colonial Record" dep ózgergen. Keyin jurnaldyng iyeleri men shygharushylary jәne atauy da birneshe ret ózgeriske týsedi. Atap aitqanda, 1913-j. basylym qaytadan "Asiatic Quarterly Review" bolyp shygha bastaydy, al 1914-j. jurnal "Asiatic Review" ("Aziyalyq sholu") degen ataugha deyin qysqaryp Londonda 1952-j. deyin shyqqan. - Q.Á.

[2] Qar.: Chokaev M. The Basmaji Movement in Turkestan // The Asiatic Review (London). 1928, April. Vol. XXIV. # 78. 273-88 pp. - Q.Á.

[3] "Sovnarkom" - týpnúsqada solay jazylghan ("Sovnarkom"). Oryssha "Sovet narodnyh komissarov" ("Halyq komissarlar kenesi") degen sózderding qysqartyluy. Kenes (bolisheviyk) biyligin jaqtaghan sol kezdegi ortalyq jәne jergilikti ýkimetterding resmy atauy. - Q.Á.

[4] Allen, William Edward David (1901-1928) - britaniyalyq ghalym, tarihshy, diplomat, qogham jәne memleket qayratkeri. Tarihy jәne sayasy taqyryptargha arnalghan birneshe kitaptyng avtory. 1929-1931 jj. Birlesken Patshalyghynyn, yaghny Britaniyanyng parlamentining mýshesi bolghan. - Q.Á.

[5] Amanulla-han (1892-1960) - әmir Habibulla-han Saadiyding (1872-1919) úly, әmir Abdurrahman-hannyng nemeresi; 1919-j. aqpan aiynan 1929-j. qantar aiyna deyin Aughanstannyng patshasy boldy; aldymen "әmir" degen mәrtebemen Aughanstan patshalyghynyng basshysy bolady, al 1926-j. keyin ózin "mәlik" dep ataghan. 1929-j. halyq kóterilisi saldarynan patsha taghynan bas tartyp Britaniya qaramaghyndaghy kórshiles Ýndistangha qashady. Sodan beri ómirining sonyna deyin jat jerde tirshilik etuge mәjbur boldy. - Q.Á.

[6] Búl jurnal redaksiyasy M. Shoqaydyng maqalasyna bergen eskertpe alghysózi. - Q.Á.

[7] Kirov (Kostrikov) Sergey Mironovich (1886-1934) - 1904-j. beri RSDJP-nyng mýshesi; 1920-j. - RKFSR-dyng Gruziyadaghy sayasy ókili jәne RK(b)P Ortalyq komiytetining Kavkaz burosynyng mýshesi; 1921-1926 jj. - Ázerbayjan K(b)P Ortalyq komiytetining birinshi hatshysy, 1930-j. - BK(b)P Ortalyq komiytetining Cayasy burosynyng mýshesi. - Q.Á.

[8] "Sóz". - Q.Á.

[9] Sol kezdegi Tbilisy qalasynyng atauy. - Q.Á.

*[10] Kýrishpen jasalatyn tagham. [Búdan keyin * (júldyzshamen) kórsetilgen eskertpe M. Shoqaydiki ekenin eskertemin. - Q.Á.]

[11] Ádette, "kemalist" degendi Týrkiya Respublikasynyng basshysy Mústafa Kemal Atatýrikting jaqtaushysy dep týsinu kerek. - Q.Á.

[12] Kemal Atatýrik, Mústafa (1881-1938) - týrik ofiyseri, memleket qayratkeri, Týrkiya Respublikasynyng túnghysh preziydenti (1923-1938). - Q.Á.

[13] Kemalizm degendi әdette M. K. Atatýrik reformalarynyng qaghidalary men negizgi erejelerining jiyntyghy dep týsinedi. - Q.Á.

[14] "Boy skaut" ("Boy scout") jәne "Gerl skaut" ("Girl scout") nemese jalpylama "scouting" qozghalysy ("the Scout movement") - eresekterding bastamasymen Batys elderinde XX-gh. basynda payda bolghan jastardyng qozghalysy. Negizgi maqsaty - jalpy adamzat qoghamynyng ósui men damuy ýshin jastardyng fizikalyq jәne ruhany damuyn qoldau. Búl qozghalys Týrkiyada Osman imperiyasy kezeninde payda bolyp, Respublika kezeninde Atatýrik ýkimetinen qyzu qoldau tauyp aitarlyqtay damyghan. - Q.Á.

[15] Gomindan (Qytay últshyl partiyasy) - Qytayda Sinhay revolusiyasynan keyin payda bolghan túnghysh sayasy partiya, 1912-j. Sun Yat-sen (1866-1925) men Song Jiaorenderding (1882-1913) bastamasymen qúrylghan. Qazirgi kezde Tayvannyng (Qytay Respublikasynyn) negizgi sayasy partiyalarynyng biri. - Q.Á.

[16] Chan Kay-Shy (1887-1975) - Qytaydyng jәne Tayvannyng әskeri, sayasy jәne memleket qayratkeri. Qytay últshyl partiyasynyng (Gomindan) jetekshilerining biri. Sun Yat-sen qaytys bolghan song (1925), Gomindan partiyasynyng basshysy bolghan. - Q.Á.

[17] Troskiy (Bronshteyn) Lev Davidovich (1879-1940) - orys sayasatkeri, 1917-j. bolishevikter partiyasyna qosylady, Qazan tónkerisin dayyndaugha jәne jýzege asyrugha belsendi qatysady. 1917-j. keyin Kenes ýkimetinde syrtqy ister halyq komissary, әskery jәne teniz isteri halyq komissary qyzmetterin atqarady. RKFSR revolusiyalyq әskery kenesining tóraghasy, RK(b)P Ortalyq komiytetining sayasy burosynyng mýshesi bolghan. 1927-j. bolishevikter partiyasynan shygharylyp, aldymen Almatygha jer audarylady, keyinnen KSRO aumaghynan quylady, aqyry I. Stalinning pәrmenimen óltiriledi. - Q.Á.

[18] Stalin (Djugashvili) Iosif Vissarionovich (1879-1953) - bolishevikter partiyasy kóshbasshylarynyng biri, KSRO-nyng memleket qayratkeri. Sol kezde Troskiyding basty sayasy bәsekelesi. - Q.Á.

*[19] "Kók kitap" - búrynghy [Resey imperiyasy] Syrtqy ister ministrligining arhiyvinen tabylghan qúpiya qújattardyng jiyntyghy. Syrtqy ister halyq komissariaty jariyalaghan. Mәskeu, 1918.

[20] Komintern (Kommunistik Internasional) - 1919-j. Mәskeude bolishevikterding bastamasymen qúrylghan halyqaralyq úiym. Komintern týrli elderding kommunistik baghyttaghy partiyalarynyng bastaryn biriktirdi. - Q.Á.

[21] Varshava shayqasy (1920, tamyz) - Polisha men Kenestik Resey arasynda bolghan soghystyng (1919-1921 jj.) sheshushi shayqasy. Varshava týbinde Polisha әskeri orys әskerin oisyrata jengen. - Q.Á.

[22] JES - jana ekonomikalyq sayasat. - Q.Á.

[23] Ahmet Jemal pasha (1872-1922) - Osman imperiyasynyng әskeri, sayasy jәne memleket qayratkeri, "Jas týrikter" qozghalysynyng beldi mýshesi. - Q.Á.

[24] Ismayyl Enver pasha (1881-1922) - Osman imperyasynyng әskery jәne sayasy qayratkeri, "Jas týrikter" qozghalysynyng basshylarynyng biri. - Q.Á.

*[25] Mýmkin, Jemal pasha da men basmashylar kóterilisining bastaushysymyn degen Týrkistan bolishevikteri taratyp jýrgen sybysqa senip qalghan bolar. - M. Sh.

[26] "Góben" ("Goeben") men "Breslau" ("Breslau") - Germaniyanyn  2 әskery teniz kemesi. Birinshi dýniyejýzilik soghystyng basynda (1914, tamyz) Britaniya flotynyng basym ýstemdigine qaramastan Jerorta tenizi arqyly Qara tenizge aparatyn Týrik búghazdaryna jetti. - Q.Á.

[27] "Ogonyok" (qazaqsha - "Kishkene ot") - Reseyding eski jurnaldarynyng biri, resmy týrde ol 1899-j. beri shygha bastady dep sanalady. 1918-1923 jj. júmysyn toqtatyp jaryq kórmegen. 1923-j. jurnalist әri jazushy M.E. Kolisovtyng (Fridlyandtyn) (1898-1940) bastamasymen Mәskeude qayta shygha bastaydy jәne qysqa merzim ishinde eng tanymal basylymdardyng birine ainalady. - Q.Á.

[28] 1924-j. nauryz aiynda Aughanstannyng kýngey-shyghysynda ornalasqan Host ualayatynda  jergilikti taypalar ýkimet reformalaryna qarsy kóterildi. Kóterilis shamamen 9 aigha jalghasyp aqyry ýkimet әskeri tarapynan talqandaldy. - Q.Á.

[29] Abdul Karim - 1879-j. Aughanstannyng әmiri bolghan Múhamed Yakub-hannyng (1849-1923) úly. - Q.Á.

[30] "Qyzyl Ózbekstan" - 1924-j. jeltoqsanynan Ózbekstan Kommunistik partiyasynyng Ortalyq Komiyteti men Ózbekstan Sosialistik Kenestik Respublikasynyng Halyq komissarlary kenesining ózbek tilindegi baspasóz organy (gazeti) retinde jaryq kóre bastady. 1991-j. Ózbekstan tәuelsizdik jariyalaghan song "Uzbekiston ovozi" (Ózbekstan dausy) dep atauyn ózgertip Ózbekstan Halyq Demokratiyalyq partiyasynyng organy retinde shyghady. - Q.Á.

[31] "Revolusionnyy Vostok" ("Revolusiyalyq Shyghys") - 1927-1938 jj. Mәskeu qalasynda Stalin atyndaghy Shyghys enbekshilerining kommunistik uniyversiyteti bastyryp shygharghan jurnal. - Q.Á.

[32] "Pravda Vostoka" ("[Shyghys shyndyghy") - Kenes Odaghy zamanynda búl Ózbekstan KSR-ining Kommunistik partiyasy Ortalyq komiytetinin, ÓKSR-ining Jogharghy Kenesining jәne Ministrler kenesining resmy organy boldy. - Q.Á.

[33] Zelenskiy Isaak Abramovich (1890-1938) - bolishevikter partiyasy Ortalyq komiytetining (OK) mýshesi (1922-1937), 1924-j. bastap - OK Ortaaziyalyq burosynyng hatshysy, keyin tóraghasy. - Q.Á.