Siriya Arab Respublikasy Tayau Shyghysta ornalasqan memleket. Livan jәne Izraylimen ontýstik-batysta, Iordaniyamen ontýstikte, Irakpen shyghysta jәne Týrkiyamen soltýstikte shekaralasady.
BÚÚ mәlimetteri boyynsha Siriya halqynyng sany 2011 jyly 20,8 mln adamgha jetken.  15 jastan asqan siriyalyqtardyng sauattylyghy er adamdarda 86 payyz, al әiel adamdarda 73,6 payyzdy qúraghan. Etnikalyq qúramy boyynsha 90 payyzy arabtar, 9 payyzy kýrdter. Eldegi júmyssyzdyq 2005 jyly 20 payyzgha jetken.

Siriya Arab Respublikasy Tayau Shyghysta ornalasqan memleket. Livan jәne Izraylimen ontýstik-batysta, Iordaniyamen ontýstikte, Irakpen shyghysta jәne Týrkiyamen soltýstikte shekaralasady.
BÚÚ mәlimetteri boyynsha Siriya halqynyng sany 2011 jyly 20,8 mln adamgha jetken.  15 jastan asqan siriyalyqtardyng sauattylyghy er adamdarda 86 payyz, al әiel adamdarda 73,6 payyzdy qúraghan. Etnikalyq qúramy boyynsha 90 payyzy arabtar, 9 payyzy kýrdter. Eldegi júmyssyzdyq 2005 jyly 20 payyzgha jetken.

 Ózining tәuelsizdik alghan jyl­darynan bastap Siriyada 14 әs­kery tónkeris bolghan. Sunnittik últshyldar alauitterge óz mem­leketin qúrugha jol bermedi, al óz kezeginde alauitter ózderine býkil Siriyany aldy. Panarabizm óte ynghayly qaru, sebebi panarabizm­men sunnitter alauitterdi jaulap aldy. Al alauitter osy qarumen býkil Siriyany jaulap aldy.
1960-70-jyldary siriyalyq alauiyt­terding eldegi ornynyng óz­geruine әkeldi. Alauitterding qata­rynan shyqqandar Siriyadaghy mem­lekettik-partiyalyq ziyaly qau­ym qúrady. Biraq ta alauitterge qarsylyq kórsetken sunnittik kópshilik alauitterdi basqa el­derdegi (Irak, Livan, Iran) alau­iyt­termen tyghyz qarym-qatynas qúrugha mәjbýrledi. Osy qatynas­tardyng ornauyna taghy da sebep retinde, eldegi antibaasittik op­pozisiyanyng («aghayyndy-músyl­mandar») әreketteri, Siriya-Irak qarym-qatynasynyng kýshengi, sonday-aq Siriya men Irannyng birligi boldy. Hafez Asad elde Jogharghy Djafarittik Ruhany Kenesting qúruy eldegi alauitterding 12 imamnyng jolyn ústanushy shiittik qoghamnyng bir bóligi eke­nin kórsetti. Alauittik qogham jana status alyp, olardyng mem­lekettendirilui bastaldy.
Alauittik ofiyserlerding biy­lik­ke úmtylysy basqa etno-kon­fessionaldyq qogham ókilderimen qatygez teketireste damydy. Osy teketireste alauitterding basty qa­ruy retinde ishki birlik pen baa­siyt­tik partiyamen birligi bo­l­dy. 1963 jyldyng nauryzynda PASV (nemese BAAS) biylikke ke­lui alauittik ofiyserlerding biy­ley­tin kýshke ainaluyna sebep boldy.
1999 jyly Hafez Asad qaytys bolghannan keyin, biylikke 34 jas­taghy dәriger-oftalimolog Bashar Asad oilamaghan jerden keldi. Áke­si Hafez Asadtyng ornyn ýl­ken úly, Bashardyng aghasy, sol kez­de ataqty sayasy jәne әskery túlgha bolghan Basel Asad aluy ke­rek edi. Biraq ta әkesinen birneshe jyl búryn qaytys bolyp ketken Basel Asadqa taqtaghy oryn búiyr­­mapty. Bashar Asadtyng biy­likke kelgen kezinen bastap Siriyada Iran men Reseyding әseri qatty boldy. 

Siriyalyq Tartus portynda RF ÁTF ornalasqan. Sonday-aq búl Reseyding Jerorta tenizindegi songhy bazasy. Azamattyq soghys bolsyn, ha­lyq­aralyq soghys bolsyn, onyng әrqashanda sebebi bolady. Siy­riyadaghy sebep – geosayasy sebep. Siy­riya – Týrkiya, Livan, Irak, IYz­­rayli men Iordaniyanyng or­ta­syn­da ornalasqan asa manyzdy plasdarm. Druzdyq әskery liyder Salim Hatum mynaday oy aitqan: «sek­tant­tyq jәne traybalistik әser­lerding tarauynan Siriyagha azamat­tyq soghys qaupi tónip túr». 

2011 jyl «arab kóktemi» bas­taldy. Bastauyn Tunisten alghan kóterilister tizbegi arab elderin birinen keyin biri jaulady. Bir uaqytta birneshe arab elin shar­pyghan búl kóterilis jemisin tez berdi. Tuniste absolutti kósem Ben Aliyding biylikten alastatyluy, Egiypette Hosny Mýbaraktyng da ketui, Liviyadaghy Muammar Kad­dafiyding óltirilui, Yemen preziy­denti Aly Abdalla Salehting óz erkimen ketui arab «kókteminin» iyisin Siriyagha da jetkizdi. Algha­shynda tek ýkimetke qarsy aksiya bolyp bastalghan miting, keyin kele azamattyq soghysqa úlasty. Eng alghashqy tolqular 2011 jyl­dyng 26 qantarynda bastaldy. Keyin­nen 15 nauryzda jappay na­razylyq sherulerding bastaluyna keldi. Búl sheruler el preziydenti Bashar Asadqa qarsy baghyttalghan býkilhalyqtyq kóteriliske alyp keldi. 

Taqqa otyrghan Bashar Asadtyng qolynda әlsiz ekonomika, jem­qorlanghan ýkimet apparaty, hal­qynyng negizgi bóligining mýshkil hali, túraqsyz sayasy jýie men әlsizdengen últtyq iydeologiya qaldy. Preziydenttik taqqa otyr­ghaly beri, Siriyany AQSh halyq­aralyq terrordy qoldaytyn mem­leketterding qataryna kirgizdi. Memleketting syrtqy qaryzy 18-19 mlrd AQSh dollaryn qúrady. Eldegi biylik baastyq partiyanyng qolynda boldy. Búl partiyanyng negizgi tirek kýshi bolyp alauitter esepteledi. Olar jalpy halyq sanynyng 10 payyzyn qúraydy. Sun­niytik arabtar eldegi biylikke aralastyrylmady. Osynyng bar­lyghy qazirgi Siriyadaghy jaghday­dyng sebebi. Halyq sanynyng artuy men kózi ashyq jastardyng nara­zylyq kýileri, myndaghan adam­nyng kóshege, sheruge shyghuyna alyp keldi. Narazylyq tanytu­shy­largha qaru kótergen mem­le­kettik әskerding әreketteri eldegi azamattyq soghysqa alyp keldi. Siriyadaghy azamattyq soghystyng bastaluyna shetelderding de qaty­sy joq emes. Týrkiya, Fransiya, Saud Arabiyasy, AQSh, Katarda siriyalyq oppozisiya ókilderine qyzu týrde qoldau jýrgizilip jatyr. Siriyadaghy oppozisiyalyq armiyany qarjylandyryp ta, jabdyqtap ta otyrghan osy elder. Oppozisiyalyq armiya qatarynda shetelden kelgen, «Aghayyndy-mú­sylmandar», «Tauhiyd», «әl-Kaiy­da», «Taliban» qozghalysy syn­dy halyqaralyq úiymdardyng sar­bazdary kóp. Búl elderding Siy­riyadaghy jaghdaydy múqiyat baqy­lauynyng da syry kóp. Birinshiden, osy aimaqta Iran, Resey, Qytay syndy alyp derjavalardyng yq­paly ýlken. Ekinshiden, eldegi biy­likting barlyq tetikteri alauiyt­ter­ding qolynda. Ýshinshiden, eldegi kýrdterding jaghdayy. Tórtinshiden, Siriyadaghy biylikke batysqa kóz­qarasy ong adamdardyng keluin úiymdastyru. Osynday faktor­lar­dyng barlyghy derlik Tayau Shy­ghystaghy Siriya mәselesine basqa elderding aralasuyna alyp keldi.

Al endi Bashar Asadty qolday­tyn topqa oralsaq. B.Asadtyng rejiymin birneshe әskery diviziya, jabdyqtalghan alauitter, polisiya men arnayy agenttikter qoldaydy. Búl jerde taghy da shabiha top­taryn aityp ketuge bolady. Búl toptar negizinen, alauitterden túra­dy. Búl toptar Hafez Asadtyng kezinde rejimning tiregi retinde qúrylghan. Búl toptardyng jú­my­syn Hafez Asadtyng inisi Djamili qadaghalaghan. Al qazir Djamiliding úly Fuaz basqarady. Shabiha jaq­sy dayyndalghan jәne jab­dyqtalghan. Qazirgi kezde Bashar Asadtyng eng negizgi tiregi bolyp otyr. «SAT» – búl Liviyadaghy ÚUK qataryndaghy sarbazdardyng ana­logy. 2013 jyldyng 19 nauryzynda siriyalyq oppozisiya ókilderi premier-ministr lauazymyna Hasan Hitony taghayyndady. Opp­ozisiya ókilderining 50-nen 35 dauys jinaghan búl adam, AQSh-ta biznespen ainalysady. 2012 jyldyng qazanynda Siy­riya preziydenti Bashar Asad Týr­kiya syrtqy ister ministri Ahmet Davutoglumen kezdesu barysynda mynaday mәlimdeme jasaghan: «Eger Damaskige qarsy NATO әskerining shabuyly bastalsa, maghan Golan jotalaryna jýzdegen raketany ornalastyrugha jәne ony Teli-Avivke baghyttaugha 6 saghattan artyq uaqyt qajet emes». Sonymen qatar Siriya preziydenti B.Asad onyng ýndeuine Livandaghy «Hezballa» qosylyp, Izraylige raketalyq shabuyl jasaytynyn mә­limdedi. «Osy jogharydaghy ai­tyl­ghan jaghdaylar 3 saghat ishinde bolady, al kelesi 3 saghat ishinde Iran Parsy shyghanaghynda NATO-nyng әskery kemelerine shabuyl jasaydy. Búl AQSh pen EQ bir uaqytta jasalghan shabuyl bola­dy» dep B.Asad mәlimdedi.

Bashar Asadtyng reseylik «Russia Today» telekanalyna bergen súh­batynda: «Siriyada azamattyq soghys emes, terrorizmge jәne ony syrttan qoldap otyrghan kýsh­­terge qarsy soghys jýrip ja­tyr» dedi. Al týrkiyalyq «Dju­mhu­riyet» gazetine bergen súhba­tynda Siriya preziydenti Bashar Asad: «Eger de men jaman maqsat­tarmen kresloda otyrghan bolsam, onda Amerikanyng búiryqtaryn oryn­dap otyratyn edim, aqshanyng artynan jýgiretin edim, ózimning ústanymdarym men últtyq mýd­dem­nen bas tartyp, Siriyanyng territoriyasynda Amerikanyng «PRO» sistemasyn ornatar edim» degen edi. 

Eki jyl boyy bolyp kele jat­qan Siriyadaghy soghystyng saldary ora­san zor. Birinshiden, elding eko­no­mikasy odan beter qúldyrady. Ekinshiden, 70 mynnan astam adam qaza tapty. Ýshinshiden, 1 miyl­liongha juyq siriyalyqtar ýi-kýisiz qalyp, basqa elderde bos­qyn bolyp jýr. Tórtinshiden, Siy­riyanyng halyqaralyq arena­daghy abyroyynyng týsui. Elding qúldyraghan ekonomikasyna 2 jyldyq azamattyq soghys 80 mlrd AQSh dollaryna teng shyghyn әkel­di. YuNESKO-nyng tarihy mú­ra­laryna kirgen, ortaghasyrlyq órkeniyetten qalghan Damaskidegi bazar men Omeyyadtar meshitin qiratty. Búl tek Siriya halqyna emes, býkil әlemdik mәdeniyetke alyp kelgen zardap. Milliongha juyq adamyn әr elge taryday shashyp jiberdi. Eldi 40-50 jylgha artqa tartty. Halyqtyng birligi joghaldy. Elding bolashaqqa degen senimi men ýmiti qalmady. Óz elin halyqaralyq soghys arenasyna ainaldyrdy.

Bastauyn 2011 jyldan alghan «arab kóktemi» aqyr ayaghynda Siy­riyagha toqtady. Eldi 40 jyl boyy basqarghan alauitter dinastiya­synyng bәlkim, songhy kýnderin kó­rip túrghan shygharmyz. Búl kóte­rilisting bastaluy bir ghana jagh­daydyng әserinen bolmady. 40 jyldan beri jinala berip, 2011 jyly óz shegine jetti. Eldegi biy­likke qorghanys ministri bolghan H.Asadtyng tónkeris arqyly keluin alghashynda halqy ýmitpen qarsy aldy. Biraq ta әskery oida bolghan H.Asad elding jaghdayyn kóteruden búryn, KSRO-dan tek qana qaru-jaraq satyp alumen ainalysty. Elding ekonomikasy orasan zor shyghyngha kirdi. Odan qalsa, 1982 jylghy «Aghayyndy-músylman» úiymynyng kóterilisin ayausyz basyp, ózine funda­men­ta­listerdi qarsy qoydy. Eldegi biy­lik tek qana alauitterding qolynda boldy. Qazirgi tanda Siriyada 2,5 mln kýrdter ómir sýredi. KSRO qúlaghangha deyin kýrdtik ziyaly qauym ókilderi dәriger, farmasevt, qúrylysshy, zanger bolyp istedi. Biylikke BAAS kelgennen bastap, kýrdterding qúqyqtary men bos­tandyqtary elenbedi. 1962 jyl­dyng qazanynda Siriyada shúghyl týrde halyqtyq sanaq bastaldy. Jәne kýrdtik audanda túryp jat­qan songhy 10 jyl salyq esep­shotyn kórsetpegen kýrdter Siriya azamattyghynan aiyrylyp, tek Siriyada ómir sýruge rúqsat beretin qaghaz aldy. Azamattyghy bolmaghandyqtan, kýrdterge mediy­sinalyq, әleumettik jenildikter kórsetilmedi. Eldegi kýrdterding qúqyghy qorghalmady. Halyqtyng jaghdayy esh ózgermedi. Bayaghyday syrtqy qaryz óse berdi, biylik Reseyden qaru-jaraqty ala berdi. «Arab kóktemin» HH ghasyrdyng ortasynda bolghan últ-azattyq kóterilisterine teneuge bolady. Biraq ol kezde basqynshylargha qarsy bolsa, qazirgi kezde «diyk­tatorlargha» qarsy boldy. Basqa arab elderining absolutti kósem­derining taqtan alastatyluy, basqa elderdegi kóterilisting nәtiyjeleri Siriya halqyna da jana ýmit syilady. Óz halqyna qaru kótergen bas­shynyng biylikte kóp otyrmauy gha­jap emes. Qazaq aitpaqshy, «elim deytin ering bolmasa, erim deytin eling bolmas».

Abai.kz