Núh topany - kýlli jer shary men adamzatqa kelgen alapat apat. Joyqyn topan su, teni joq telegey opat jút.

Qazaq úghymyndaghy jeti jút:

1. Topan su - el men jerge jút

2. Quanshylyq - egin-shópke jút

3. Órt - mal men basqa jút

4. Oba - jalpy júrtqa jút

5. Soghys - qarghys atqan qandy jút

6. Zelzala - jer men elge tegis jút

7. Qarly boran - qara qúiyn — malgha kelgen qyrghyn jút

Qazaq halqy - kórgen týsin de, kirgen jylyn da jútqa emes, qútqa sanap, aldaghy jaqsy kýnderden jaqsylyq kýtedi. Týsin jaqsylyqqa joridy, kigen jylyn qútqa baghalaydy. Búl halyqtyng úly ýmitkelik ruhynyng jarqyn kórnisi deuge bolady.

Al el men jerge, jan men malgha joyqyn apat әkeletin, tosynnan tuylatyn, halyqtyng tirshilik - túrmysyna auyr ziyan salyp, zalal jetkizetin jaratylys pen tәbighat qúbylysynan bolatyn "Topan su", "Quanshylyq", "Órt", “Soghys”, “Oba”, “Zelzala”, “Qara dauyl- qara qúiyn” syndy qúbylystar men alapattardy “Jeti jút” ne “Tilsiz jau” dep ataghan.

Qazaqta “Jút jeti aghayyndy, birinen keyin biri keledi”, qabattsyp, qaptap keletin “Jeti júttan saqta, qaqaghan qarly qystan saqta”, “ Jút jeteu - serigimen segiz, sergeldenimen toghyz, oiranymen on, qútty jerdi tandap qon”, “Júrt artynan jút kelse, oiran bolar, topan sudan kóp mal-jan qúrban bolar” degen tәmsil bar. “Apat- salaq pen olaqqa ýiir, jalqau bolmay apatqa qarsy jýgir” dep taghy aitady. Jút jútyqsyzgha jýredi. zardaby kýlli adamgha tiyedi dep senedi.

Búl sóz tirkesteri jaydan jay aitylmaghan. Adam ne tapsa niyetinen tabady. Adamdardyng pighyly búzylghada, niyeti qarayghanda, berekesi qashqanda, opadarlyqtan aiyrylsa, uәdede túrmasa, imany men ibasy әlsirese, toqshylyq qadirin bilmey sәn saltanatqa orynsyz berilse, kýshtiler әlsizdi basynyp qorlasa, úrpaghy azsa, dúrys jolda jýrmese, bir-birin ósektep, jazyqsyz jala jauyp qaralasa, tuystarynan qol ýzip óshesip alystasa, birin-biri aldap-arbap zalymdyq jasasa, salaqtyq- jalqaulyq bassa, jýrekten meyirim ketse tәbighatty qorghamasa, jer betinde kýnәli isterdi kóp istelse sol jerde, sol elde jút jýredi, apat tuyndaydy dep yrym etken.

Sondyqtan múny jaqsy biletin qazaq halqy tabanynyng astyndaghy qasiyetti qara jerdi de qara tabanymen ayap basyp jýretin bolghan. Jerimiz ben elimizge apat kelmesin dep bereke birlikte bolyp, jýrektegi meyirimnen aiyrylmaytyn, bir-birin ayalaytyn “Malym-janymnyng sadaqasy, janym-arymnyng sadaqasy” dep ómir sýretin bolghan.

Dana halqymyz jút jeti aghayyndy dep tek aitpaghan. Topan su qaptaghan ónirde:

1. Jer qyrtysy ózgeredi. Sosyn ol jerge biraz jyl shóp pen egin kóktemey qysyrap qalady.
2. Topan su basqan jer auyr lastanady da, auasy búzylyp júqpaly auyru taraydy.
3. Ol jerde jer óninen aiyrylyp, meken etken eldi kedeylik jaylaydy.
4. Qúrghaqshylyq jýz berip, quanshylyq jýredi.
5. Ol jerdegi elding ruhany kónil kýii týsip, uayym basady.
6. Apat aityp kelmeydi, qaytyp keledi dep eldi ýrey basady.
7. Jút jýrgen jerde júrt búzylady.

Mine, bir apattyng artynan osynday zardaptar ilesip jýredi. Soghan qarap ” Jút jeti aghayyndy” dep tújyrym jasaghan. Jeti júttyng artyean jeti jút erip jýrse, jeti-jeti qyryq toghyz jút “Alapat jút”dep eseptegen.

Jút qansha jylda qaytalanady?

Qazaqtyng bayyrghy aspan esepshileri jút 7-12-13-25-40-50- 60- 80-100 jylda qaytalap keledi dep boljaghan. “Elu jylda el jana, jýz jylda qazan jana” , “Jeti jylda jút jýrse, artynan erip qút jýredi” degen tәmsil bar. Osy tamsilding tasasynda “Qys artynda kóktem bar” degen úghym sodan qalghan. “Alla bir auyr synaq jiberse, artynnan jýz jaqsylyq jiberedi” dep ýmittenedi. Sosyn júttan saqtanghan halqymyzdyng nanym-senimge baylanysty kóp yrym-tiymdary bar. Sonyng biri qazaqtyng júrtyn jútatpau. Qonghan júrtyn taza saqtau, ainalasyn lastamau, kóshkende júrtyna aq sýiek qyp sýiekterdi shәship ketpeu, jerdi tereng qazyp kómip tastau syndy yrymdary bolghan. Ony - “Júrt әdebi”, “Júttan saqtanu tәsili” dep ataghan.

Eger, kóshken júrty jútap jatsa, “Mynau kimnning júrty?”, “Teksiz eken” dep sógedi. “Bir aghash ekseng , halyqqa salghan qorghanyn, bir aghash kessen, ormangha salghan oiranyn”, “Aghashtan jemis kýtsen,bútaghyn syndyrma. Úrpaghynnan ýmit kýtsen, saghyn syndyrma” dep tәbighatty da úrpaghyn da ayalay bilgen. Tәbighat ashulansa, jútap jút keledi. “Tәbighat qúlpyrsa, gýldep qút qonady” dep yrym etedi. Qazaqta “Jeti júrtymdy jeti júttan saqta” degen kiyeli bata sózi osynday ghúrypty senimmen baylanysty qoldanylghan.

Qazaq júttan qalay saqtanghan?

Jar basyna qonbanyz,
Dauyl soqsa, ýy keter.
(Búhar jyrau)

Búhar jyraudyng eki tarmaq óleninen óte kóp nәrseni anghaugha bolady. Erte ghasyrlarda qazaq arasynda tәbighat syryn jaqsy biletin, aua rayy ózerisin aldyn ala boljap aityp otyratyn arnayy maman esepshiler bolghan. Olar atqan tangha, batqan kýnge, tughan aigha, shyqqan kýnge, jymyndaghan júldyzgha, úshqan qúsqa, aqqan sugha, ósken nugha, aghylghan angha, soqqan jelge, jónkigen búltqa, kóshken túmangha, qaytqan qazgha, oralghan qúsqa, jybyrlaghan jәndikke, óristege malgha qarap jylma jyldyq aua rayyn boljap, tuylatyn apattardy kýn ilgeri aityp, júrtty odan búryn bolatyn apattan saqtanugha shaqyryp otyratyn bolghan.

Jaz bolsa, ýilerin, qora qopsaqtaryn sel jetpeytin biyik dónderge tigip, qora qaltqylaryn biyik jerge salyp, topan su apattarynan aman qalyp otyrghan. Qys bolsa, qapsaghay qalyng qar men saqyldaghan sary ayazdan aldyn ala saqtanyp, ombylap qar týsuden, suyq keluden búryn azyq-týlikterin jetkilikti etip dayyndap, ýilerin qalyndap jylylap, qystyq kiyim keshekterin әzirlep, maldyng jem-shóp qorlaryn molynan jinap, mal qoralaryn býtindep apatqa qarsy saqaday say túratyn bolghan.

Al apratqa úshyray qalsa, “Júmyla kótergen jýk jenil”, “Kórshi haqysy- tәnir aqysy”, "Kýsh - birlikte, bereke jýrekte” dep, býkil el bolyp jinalyp apatqa úshyraghan auylgha “Asar” berip, “Jylu jinap” kómek kórsetip kópestik tanytatyn bolghan. “Qoldau”, “Sýieu”, “Demeu”, “Mal attau”, “ Kómek kórsetu”, “Shýlen salu”, “Kóp birikse kól bolar, bolashaqqa jarqyn jaqsy jol bolar” degen dәstýrlerdi jalpy qauym bolyp birlese atqaryp, aqsaqaldar bas bolyp, jastar jaghy jar bolyp júttyng júghynyn qaltyrmay joyyp tastaytyn jaqsy salt, әdemi dәstýr bolghan. Sonyng nәtiyjesinde auyl adamdarynyng berekeleri artyp, apatqa úshyraghandar der kezinde serpilip, jaghdaylary onalyp shygha keletin bolghan.

Mine búl úly dalada ósken úly qazaq halyqynyng uyzday úiyghan úly berekesi bolyp tabylady. “Berekening almaytyn qamaly, jenbeytin qyiyndyghy bolmaydy” dep el bolyp ómir sýrudin, júmyla tirshilik etuding danghyl joly - birlikte, bereli ómirde ekenin bayaghyda-aq týsingen. Ony asyl salt, qúndy dәstýrge ainaldyryp, artqy úrpaqtaryna mәngilik óshpes asyl múra etip qaltyryp ketken. Býgingi batys Qazaqstanda bolyp jatqan topan sugha qarsy júmyla jәrdemdesip jatqan halqymyzdyng asyl qasiyeti sol babadan qalghan qúdireti kýshti dәstýrimizding últ úrpghy boyyndaghy biyik kórnisi men úl bolmysy bolyp tabylady.

Qazaq jút jeteu dep ataghanymyn jútyng týri óte kóp:

1. Asharshylyq
2. Qarkóshkin
3. Taukóshkin
4. Joqshylyq
5. Berke ketu
6. Qara qúiyn
7. Indet
8. Dúley dauyl
9. Qarly boran
10. Qaptaghan qara shegirtke
11. Órimekshi basyp ketu
12. Jylan qaptau
13. Su tartylyp qalu
14. Aptap qúghaq ystyq bolu
15. Astyq ónbey qalu
16. Shalghyn shyqpay qalu
17. Qar basyp qalu
18. Mal men ang qyrylyp qalu
19. Ólim-jitim kóbeu
20. Mal men jan jútau
21. Shegirtke basyp ketu
22. Oba tarau
23. Mal qyrylu
24. Ang qyrlyu
25. Qús qyrylu
26. Su tartylu
27. Astyq ónbay jútap qalu
28. Topan su qaptau
29. Órt apaty bolu
30. Soghys
31. Zelzala
32. Tau kóshkini
33. Qar kóshkini
34. Tyshqan apaty
35. Jylan qaptau
36. Qargha qaptau37. Torghay apaty
38. Qúiyn apaty
39. Qyzyl su basu
40. Sauyn mal sualu
41. Mal indeti

Syndy adam balasy men malgha, jerge keletin apttardy da 40 jút deydi. Soghan qarap ol júttardyng qay jyly kelgenine baghyp, ol jylydy - “Jút jyl” dep ataghan. “Jýttyng basy-Núh topany” dep eseptegen.

Ejelgi qazaqtyng aspan esepshileri jyl nysandaryn baghyp, aua rayyn ýzdiksiz zer sala tekserip otyratyn bolghan. Jaz rayyn qystaghy jaughan qardyng qalyn-júqalyghyna qarap, jazdaghy jauatyn jauyn-shәshinning mólsherin anyq mólsherlep aityp, odan tuylatyn tosyn apattardyng saldaryn aldyn ala halyqqa kýn ilgeri habarlap saqtanugha, ziyangha úshyrap qalmauyna eskertuler jasap otyrghan.

Qazaqta “Jút ketedi, biraq qaytyp keledi” degen tәmsil bar. Ol ras, key júttar 11 – 12 jyl nemese 80 – 90 jylda qaytalanyp, kýn qozghalysynyng jermen tartylys kýshining artuyna sәikes keledi dep boljaghan. Onday jyldary jaz ailarynda jauyn-shәshin mólsheri mýlde azayyp, damylsyz anyzaq jel ne qúrghaq boran soghyp shóp pen egindi quratyp, jerdi jútatyp, ne shegirtke qaptap jәiylymdar men egin jәilardy qu taqyrgha ainaldyryp tastaydy. Alla jazday aptap ystyq bolyp, jer jýzin qara qúiyn jaylap alady. Sosyn sol ónir de auyr quanshylyq apaty jýz beredi dep boljaghan.

Al qysta qatty ayaz bolyp, qaraghay boyy qalyng qar jauyp mal men jangha qauip tóndiredi. Zelzala bolyp júrttyng ýreyin alady. Mine múnday alapat apattar tariyqta bolghan. Ary barmay -aq 19 ghasyrdyng ózinde qazaq dalasynda 20 iri jút tirkelgen eken. Ol júttar 10 - 12 -20-30 jylda qaytalanyp otyrypty. El esinde erekshe qalghan júttardy eske týsirsek:

1. 1879-1880 jyldary ótken “Úly qoyan júty”
2. 1850 jylghy “Torghay júty”,
3. 1855-1856 jylghy”Aqsýiek júty”,
4. 1879-1880 jylghy “Aq ayaz jýty”,
5. 1880- 1881 jylghy “ Syr júty” ,
6. 1892-1893 jylghy “Qazaly júty” ,
7. 1891-1892 jylghy “Kishi qoyan júty”,
8. 1902-1903 jylghy “ Donyz júty”,
9. 1919-1920 jylghy “Qoy júty” ,
10. 1921-1922 jylghy “Asharshylyq júty”syndy júttar bolghan.

Ol júttardyng zardabyn halyq júmyla enbek etip, júmys jasap, tynbay kýresip, 8 – 10 jylda qalpyna keletirilgen eken.

Qazaq on eki jyldyng әr qaysysynda kelgen jútty - sol jyldyng atauymen ataytyn da dәstýr bar. Soghan baghyp jyldy “Qútty jyl” ne “Jútty jyl” dep ekige bólip, “Jarasymdy jyl” ne “ Jarasymsyz jyl” dep qarastyrghan.

Tyshqan jyly

Tyshqan jyl - Qazaq halqynyng jyl sanau jәne jyl qayyru esebinde on eki jyl bar. Jyl basy tyshqan jyly sanalady. Tyshqan jyly Núh payghambardyng kemesi topan sudan aman qalyp, birde Arbiyadaghy jida tauyna toqtan dese, odan qyryq kýn ótken song topan su taghy kóterilip, kemeni aidap Qazaqstannyng Qazyghúrt tauyna әkep toqtatqan deydi. Adam balasy men kýlli jan-januarlargha Alla jer betinde ekinshi ret ómir sýruge, tirshilik etuge rahym etken degen anyz aitylady.

Qazaq úghymynda - tyshqan kemirgishter tobyna jatatyn ziyandy úsaq jәndikterge jatady. Biraq jyl sanau, jyl qayyru esebinde tyshqan jylyn jaghymdy qút jylgha baghalaydy, jarasymdy jylgha sanaydy. Qazaq esebi boyynsha әr jylghy 21 nauryzda kóne jyl ayaqtalyp, 22 nauryzda jana jyl kiredi. Jalpy tyshqan jyly molshylyq pen berekenin, beybitshilik pen tynyshtyqtyng jyly dep sanaghan. Úzaq tariyqta tyshqan jyly qiynshylyq, jút, asharshylyq, qúrghaqshylyq, su apaty, jaugershilik bolmaghan. Tyshqan jyly ólim-jitim az bolady, toy-tomalaq kóp bolady, ay oraghy kóbinde enkeyip tuady, qoralanyp tolady, qys jayly ótedi, malgha jút jýrmeydi, jazda shópting basy aiyr shyghady, qoy egizden qozylaydy, adamdardyng qarny toq, uayymy joq bolady dep yrym etedi. Sondyqtan tyshqan jyldy - “Qútty jyl” , “Jarasymdy jaqsy jyl” sanatyna jatqyzghan eken.

Tyshqan jyly tuylghandar mýshel jylynda tyshqan óltirmeydi. Óz ómirime qauip bolmasyn, jyl jútamasyn dep yrymdaghan. Qazaqtar tyshqan jyly qar qalyng jauyp, kýn qatty suytsa, «Biyl jylgha aq tyshqan kiripti» dep, qysta qar júqa jauyp, kýn jyly ótse «Biyl jylgha qara tyshqan kiripti» dep joramal jasap jatady.

Tyshqan jyly tuylghan túlghalar

Tyshqan jyly Múhammed payghambar dýniyege kelgen jәne dýniyeden baqigha qaytqan óte qasiyetti jyl esepteledi.

Qanjyghaly Bógenbay, Jalantós batyr, Kelmembet, Mahambet Ótemisúly, Baluan Sholaq, Dinmúhamed Qonaev, Bolat Bopayúly syndy túlghalar dýniyege kelgen.

Siyr jyly

Siyr jyly - qazaq úghymynda siyr tórt týlikting ishindegi iri qara malynyng birine jatqyzady. Aq yrystyng búlaghy, ýy qútynyng túraghy dep sanaydy. Jyl sanau esebinde ekinshi orynda túrady. Qazaq әdeby tildegi "Dauysy bar azanday, jelini bar qazanday siyr bassyn ýiindi, siyr bassa ýiindi syimay bassyn ýiindi" degen tilek sóz siyrdyng qútty mal ekenining anyq aighaghy.
Qazaq siyrdyng mýiizin qattygha, suyqqa balaydy. Eti men sýtin jaghymdy asqa jatqyzady. Siyr jyly - auyrtpalyghy men qiyndyghy egiz qatar este saqtanghan jyl dep tanidy. Eger jyl nysany sәtsiz bolsa "Jylgha qysyr siyr kiripti" dese, sәtti bolsa "Jylgha sýtti siyr kiripti" deydi. Qysta qar qalyng jauyp, ayazdy bolsa, "Jylgha aq búqa kiripti", Qys jayly bolsa "Jylgha búzauly siyr kiripti" dep joridy. Jyl auyr bolsa “Jylgha sýzegen búqa kiripti” dep boljam jasaydy eken. Jalpy siyr jyly tuylghan adamdar mýshel jasynda siyr malyn bauyzdamaytyn eski yrym bar. Onysy basyma jút kelmesin , qútym qanmen birge aghyp ketpesin degen yrymy eken.

Siyr jyl tughan túlghalar

Siyr jyly Ydyrys payghambar duniyege kelgen qasiyetti jyl. Óteyboydaq Tileuqabylúly, Jabay batyr Qarabiyúly, Bayanbay batyr, Jarylghap batyr, Ybyray Altyn­sariyn, Qashaghan Kýrjimanúly, Bay­qadam Qaraldiyn, Sanjar Asfan­diyarov pen Jýsipbek Aymauytov, Narsútbay Esbolatov pen Áliya Moldaghúlova, Múqan Tólebaev, Núrghisa Tilendiyev, Núrghaly Nýsipjan dýniyege kelgen.

Barys jyly

Barys jyly - jyl sanaudyng ýshinshi ornynda túrady. Barys jyly auyrtpalyghy men jaqsylyghy aralas jyl dep esepteledi. 1902, 1914, 1926, 1938, 1950, 1962, 1974, 1986, 1998,  2010 siyr jyldardaghy tarihy derekterge qaraghanda onday tәbighy apat bolmaghan eken.

Tek 1921–1922 siyr jylghy “Asharshylyq júty” boldy da 20 mln astam adam ashtyqqa úshyrapty. Soghan baghyp auyrlyghy men jaqslyghy aralas jyl dep ataghan eken. Jalpy barys jylyn jút jylgha senamaydy. “Bartyr jyl”, ”Qút jyl” dep ataydy eken. Ýitkeni Barys jyly – Qaly arystan tuylghan qútty jyl degen rauayat bar.

Qazaq úghymynda barys dalanyng erekshe jyrtqysh an, ang patshasy sanalady. Óktemdik iyesi retinde tanidy. Qazaq әdby tilinde "Arystannyng aibatyn ber, qara aidyng qayratyn aibatyn ber" degen tilek sóz bar. Qazaq barys jyly kirgende jyl esen, ay aman ótse "Biyl patsha barys kiripti, jyl nysany jaqsy boldy" dep quanady. Eger jyl sýrensiz, qys qyry qatty bolsa, "Biyl jyrtqysh barys kiripti, jyl auyr boldy" dep aldaghy kýnnen saqtanyp jatady.

Barys jyly tuylghan túlghalar

Sabyr Rahymov, Mәnshýk Mәmetova, Ghabiyden Mústafin men Ghabit Mýsirepov, Ghany Múratbaev Na­zym Hikmet dýniyege kelgen eken

Qoyan jyly

Qoyan jyly – Músa payghambar dýniyege kelgen qasiyetti jyl dep esepteydi. Qazaq úghymynda qoyan – dalanyng beybaz andarynyng biri. Jyl sanauy esebinde tórtinshi orynda túrady. Qoyan sujýrek, qorqaqtyq nyshany dep bilinedi. Qazaqta qoyan jyly tuylghandar qoyandy aulamaydy, óltirmeydi. Sebebi qoyan óltirse basyma qauip tónedi dep yrym etedi.

Qazaq qoyan jyly kirgende jyl sýreni jaqsy bolsa, "Biyl qút qoyan kiripti, jyl jayly jaqsy boldy" dep quanady. Eger jyl sýreni jaqsy bolmay, jút bolsa, "Biyl jút qoyan kiripti, jyl jayly emes" dep aldaghy apattan saqtanady.

Qazaq qoyannyng joly qatty bolady. Qoyan kójegin tuady da, "Qanjyghada kóriseyik" dep tastap ketedi. Onda analyq iysinu bolmaydy. Búta-býrgenning arasynda eki qúlaghy qalqayyp, eki kózi tasyrayyp, óz kólenkesinen ózi qorqyp qashyp jýrip tirshilik ótkizedi. Qoyanda jýrek joq, qarayghannyng bәrinen qorqady. "Qoyangha óz basyn saqtaghan olja", "Qoyannyng ózin kórip, qalja- synan týnil" degen tәmsil oy bar.

Qazaq qoyan jyly jút bolady, jaughan jauyn-shәshynnyng qayyry bolmaydy, qysta oiylghan aqsýiek jút bolady, soghys boluy da ghajap emes, ólim-jitim kóp bolady, maldan shyghyn shyghady dep joramal jasaydy eken.

Qoyan jyly- qazaq tarihynda jút, ashtyq, auyrtpalyq, beynet jyly retinde este qalghan. Tariyhqa 1867-1868 jylghy "jalpaq qoyan" júty, 1879-1880 jylghy “Úlken qoyan" júty, 1891-1892 jylghy “Kishi qoyan" júty, 1915-1916 jylghy “Taqyr qoyan”, “Jalpaq qoyan” júty bolyp, býkil qazaq dalasynda mal qyrylyp, el azyp, jer tozyp, ashtyqqa, joqshylyqqa úshyraghan eken. 1723 jyl da qoyan jyly bolghan. Sondyqtan qoyan jyly kirgende qatty saqtanady. Qoyan jyly tuylghandar qoyan baqpaydy, qoyandy baudamaydy. Jamandyq qaytalanbasyn, ómirime qauip kelmesin degen yrymy.

Qoyan jyly tuylghan túlghalar

Abylay han qoyan jylynda (1711 jyly) dýniyege kelip, (1771 qoyan jyly Han bolyp saylandy. Sonymen qatar qoyan jylynda Sartay batyr, Shohan Uәlihanovtyng әjesi Ayghanym Sarghaldaqqyzy, batyr Janqoja Núrmúhamedúly, Aqan Seri, Yqylas Dýkenúly, sayasy qayratker Múhametjan Tynyshpayúly, Iliyas Esenberliyn, Asqar Toqpanov, Ermúhan Bekmahanov, Mәlik Ghabdulliyn, Júmabek Tәshenov,  Jaqyp Omarov, Rymkesh Omarhanova, Ábish Kekilbaev, Jaqsylyq Ýshkempirov, Túrsyn Júrtbay, Álibek Dinishev, Asqar Altay, Bauyrjan Jaqyp, Darigha Nazarbaeva, Dәulet Túrlyhanov, Ermek Amanshaev, Aygýl Mýkey, Dosymjan Tanatarov, Sәken Mayghaziyev, Janar Dúghalova, Rahat-By Ábdisaghin syndy túlghalar dýniyege kelgen.

Úlu jyly

Úlu jyly - Qazaq úghymynda úludy – syrtynda dóngelek iyirilgen qatty qabyghy bar, suda, dymqyl jerde tirshilik etetin qúrt tәrizdi úsaq jәndikter qataryna jatqyzady. Jyl sanau esebinde besinshi oryndy ústaydy. "Úlu jyly úly jyl", "Úlu jyly kóterilmegen, on jylda da kóterilmeydi" degen tәmsil bar. "Úlu jyly jayly jyl".

Úlu jyly – Salyq payghambar dýniyege kelgen qasiyetti jyl. Qazaqta úlu jyly tuylghan adam úludy óltirmeydi. Sebebi úludy óltirse, basyna pәle sonan jabysuy mýmkin dep yrymdaydy.

Qazaq úlu jyly kirgende jyl sýreni jaqsy bolyp, egin jaqsy kóktese, qys malgha jayly bolsa, "Biyl úly úlu kiripti, jyl esen bolady" dep quanady.

Eger jyl sýreni jaqsy bolmay jút bolsa, "Biyl jút úlu kiripti, qút úlu ólipti" dep aldaghy apattan saqtanady. Jazda janbyr jaughanda jauyn qúrty men úlu jer betine kóp kórinse, jyl esen bolady, aidan aman ótedi. Jaughan janbyr qayyrly bolady dep joramal jasaydy. Bayashat zaman kele jatyr dep quanady. Úludyng basyna aq tamyzady.

Úlu jyly - baghyzy zaman aspan esepshileri úlu jyly - astyq bitik, shóp shúigin ósedi, qys pen jaz jayly ótedi dep joramaldaydy. Jalpy qazaq úlu jyldy jút jylgha sanamaydy. Qút jyl sanatyna jatqyzady.

Úlu jyly tughan túlghalar

Omar Hayyam bastasa, ataqty jazushy, R.Tolkiyen, Maksim Gorikiy, Fridrih Engelis, Osvalid Shpengler Jan-Jak , Immanuil Kant, Núrsúltan Nazarbaev.

Jylan jyly

Jylan jyly - qazaqta “Jylan jyly jylys boldy, jylqy jyly úrys boldy, qoy jyly zenger toghys boldy” degen sóz bar.

Qazaq úghymynda jylan bauyrymen jorghalaushy, uly, zaharly jәndik sanalady. Jyl sanau esebinde altynshy orynda túrady. Jylan jylynynda – Lút jәne Smaghúl payghambar tuylghan qasiyetti jyl dep sanaydy. Qazaq yrymynda jylan jylynda tuylghan adam mýshel jylynda jylandy óltirmeydi. Jylandy óltirse bastaghy baghym baylanady, jolym baylanady dep ýreylenedi.

Qazaq jylan jyly kirgende jyl esen bolsa, jazda jer kógerip-kóktese, "Biyl jylysty jaqsy jylan kiripti, jyl esen boldy" dep quanady. Eger jyl sýreni jaqsy bolmasa, "Biyl jylgha uly jylan kiripti, jyl sýreni jaqsy emes" dep saqsynyp jatady. Eger jaz ailarynda jauyn-shashyn mol bolsa, "Biyl jylgha su jylan kiripti" dep úigharady. Eger jauyn-shashyn az bolsa, jazday quanshylyq bolsa, "Biyl jylgha qúrghaq qyr jylany kiripti" dep biledi. Eger qysta qar qalyng jausa, "Biyl jylgha aq jylan kiripti", al qysta jer qara kýn jyly bolsa, "biyl jylgha qara jylan kiripti", soghys-janjal tuylsa, "biyl jylgha ordaly jylan kiripti, oiylghan jút bolady" dep úigharady.

Jylan jyly tuylghan túlghalar

Abay Qúnanbay, Maghjan Júmabaev, Aleksandr Viktorúly Zataevich, Indira Gandi, Avraam Linkolin, Djon Kennedi, Mao Szedun, Osman Silamúly, Aqyt Ýlimjiúy, Músta­fa Kemal Atatýrik, Nikolay Koperniyk, Pablo Pikasso, Frans Shubert, Iogann Volifgang Gete, Deny Didro, Dmitriy Dostoevskiy, Niy­kolay Gogoli.

Jylqy jyly

Jylqy jyly - qazaq úghymynda jylqy – iriqara maldyng biri. Alla taghala adamgha qanat bolsyn dep atty jaratqan degen anyz bar. Jylqy jyl sanau esebinde jylqy jetinshi orynda túrady. Jylqy jyly Isa payghambar tuylghan qasiyetti jyl dep sanalady. Qazaq yrymynda jylqy jyly tuylghan adam mýshel jasynda jylqyny bauyzdamaydy. Sebebi jylqy bauyzdasa, basyna pәle sodan keledi dep senedi de, jylqyny úrmaydy, qarghamaydy, jylqygha qarata tas laqtyrmaydy. Olay etse ózin- ózi úrghanmen, qarghaghanmen birdey. Jylqy kiyeli januar kiyesi atady dep qorqady. Jalpy jyly tuylghan adamgha júmyr túyaq mal jarasady. Múnday adam jylqy týligin ósirse, paydasy shәsh-etekten bolady. Dәuleti kýn sanap, jyl aunaghan sayyn arta týsedi.

Qazaq jylqy jyly kirgende jyl sýreni jayly bolsa, "Biyl qoy tory jylqy kiripti, jyl esen bolady" dep quanady. Eger jyl sýreni jaqsy bolmasa, jyl rayy auyr bolsa, "Biyl jylgha tarpang jylqy kiripti, apat bolady" dep aldaghy kýnderden saqtanady. Al jaz ailarynda jauyn-shashyn mol bolyp, egin qaulap ósip, jer jaqsy kógerip-kóktese, "Biyl jylgha qúlyndy bie kiripti” dep jormal jasaghan.

Eger qys ailarynda qar qalyng jauyp, kýn ayazdy bolsa "Biyl jylgha arqyraghan aq aighyr kiripti, kýn qatty suytty" dep úigharady. Qazaq "jylqy jylyn ilgeri" dep, jylqy jyly kirip, qashan shyghyp ketkenshe sol jyldy jylqy minezine balap, qay kýni asaulyghyn kórsetedi dep kýtip, aldaghy kýnderding qúbylystaryn kýzetip, túrmystaryn týzetip otyrady.

Qazaq jylqy jyldy jútqa sanamaydy. “Jylqy sәndik”, "Jylqy - erding qanaty” dep “Qút jylgha” baghalaydy. Qazaq “Jylqy kisinep kiredi, arqyrap shyghady”, “Jylqy sәndik”, ”Jylqy - er qanaty” dep “Qút jylgha” baghalaydy. Tarihy derekterde jylqy jayly anyzdar men ertegi əngimelerde jaysyz əngime joq.

Jylqy jyly tuylghan túlghalar

S.Seyfulliyn, B.Mayliyn, I.Jansýgirov, Qarakerey Qabanbay, Jambyl Jabaev.

Qoy jyly

Qoy jyly - qazaq úghymynda qoy Mekkeden jaralghan qasiyetti de kiyeli adal úsaq maldyng qataryna jatady. Jyl sanaghy esebinde qoy jyly segizinshi orynda túrady. Qoy jyly Úlyqpan hakim dýniyege kelgen qasiyetti jyl sanalady. Qazaqta qoy jyly tuylghan adam mýshel jylynda qoydy bauyzdamaydy. Sebebi qoydy bauyzdasa boyynan quat qashady, joly onbaydy dep yrym etedi. Qoydy úrmaydy, qarghamaydy, qoygha qarata tas laqtyrmaydy. Olay etse ghúmyr jasy qysqarady, ómiri azapqa qalady dep nanady.

Qazaq qoy jyly kirgende jyl sýreni jaqsy bolsa, "Biyl qonyr qoy kirdi, jyl esen bolady" dep, jyl sýreni jaghymsyz bolsa, "Biyl qotyr qoy kirdi, jyl jaqsy bolmaydy" dep úigharady. Eger jaz ailarynda jauyn-shashyn mol jauyp, jer qabaghat (tegis) kóktese, "Biyl qozyly qoy kirdi, jyl synayy jaqsy bolady" dep nanady. Eger qys ailarynda qar qalyng jauyp, kýn ýskirik suyq bolsa, "Biyl aq qoshqar mýiizin alyp kirdi, jyl synayy qatty bolady" dep joramal jasaydy.

Jalpy, qoy jyly esen bolady, mal men bas qatar qaulap ósedi, beybit zaman tuady, alda molshylyq bolady, halyq bay jolyna týsedi, yryzdyq aspa-tók bolady dep senedi.

Qoy jyly tuylghan bala – molda bolady, iman jolyn quady. Aldy da, arty da ashyq bolady. Esh kedergige úshyramaydy dep biledi. Qoy jyly - halyq úghymynda jaqsy jyl qatarynda atalady. Qazaq búl jyldy qoy minezine de úqsatady. Qoy jyldary kóbine jayly bolyp, halyq bereke men molshylyqqa kenelip otyrghan. Qazaq "Qoy jyly mekirenip kirip, manyrap shyghady” dep qút jylgha baghalaydy.

Qoy jyly tuylghan túlghalar

Qúnanbay Óskenbay qajy, Shong by qoy jyly qaytys bolghan. Kenes Odaghy qoy jyly qúlaghan, Qazaq eli osy qoy jyly Təuelsizdikke qol jetkizgen. Ahmet Baytúrsynúly qoy jyly tughan.

Meshin jyly

Meshin jyly - qazaq anyzynda meshin jyly Sýleymen payghambardyng eki
taypasyna Allanyng qarghysy tiyip, bәdil etilip, maymylgha ózgertilip jibergen degen rauyat bar. Meshin jyly jyl sanau esebinde toghyzynshy orynda túrady. Meshin jyly Za- kariya payghambar dýniyege kelgen qasiyetti jyl sanalady. Qazaqta meshin jyly tuylghan adam meshindi óltirmeydi. Óltirse basyna auyr qater tónedi, joly baylanady dep yrym etedi.

Qazaq esepshileri meshin jyly kirgende jyl jayly bolsa, "Biyl balaly meshin kirdi, jyl jayly bolady" dep, jyl sýreni jaqsy bolmasa, "Biyl taq tajal meshin kirdi, jyl jaysyz bolady" dep jatady. Eger alajazday jauyn-shashyn mol bolsa, jemis-jiydek bitik ósip mol ónim berse, "Biyl qút meshin kirdi, jyl synayly bolady" dep quanady. Eger qysta kýn qatty suytyp qarly boran jýrse, "Biyl jút meshin kirdi" dep úigharady. Qazaq jayly kelgen meshin jylda "Meshin jyl – esten ketpes esil jyl" dep tәmsildep, jyldyng jaqsylyghyn jadyna saqtap aityp jýredi.

Meshin jyly tughan bala sheber bolady. Qoly ónerli keledi. Ár nәrsege úrynshaq, týrtinshek, qozy sekildi bolady. Erekshe zerek, bólekshe qabiletti, epti de isker bolady. Ár nәrseni shyr ailandyryp jýredi. Isimen de, sózi- men de eldi riza etedi. Qu bolady. Sen tas sanasan, ol qúm sanaydy. Sen bergisin oilasan, ol arghysyn oilaydy.

Tarihta meshin jyly bolghan jút jyldar 1968 – 1969 jyldary "Meshin júty" dep atady. 1920 jyly qazaq dalasynda mal qyrylyp, ol "Tas meshin" dep ataldy. 1931-1932 j.j. alapat ashtyq meshinde boldy. HIH-HH gh.gh. "Qoyan", "Meshin", "Tauyq" jyldaryndaghy ashtyq pen súmdyqty bastan ótkizdi. Sondyqtan meshin jyly kirerden búryn "Qút meshin kirsin” dep tilek aitatyn bolghan.

Tauyq jyly

Tauyq jyly - qazaq úghymynda tauyq adal ýy qúsyna jatady. Jyl sanau esebinde tauyq onynshy orynda túrady. Tauyq jyly Jaqiya payghambar dýniyege kelgen qasiyetti jyl. Qazaqta tauyq jyly tuylghan adam mýshel jasynda tauyqty bauyzdamaydy, óltirmeydi, tauyqqa qaratyp tas laqtyr- maydy, qarghamaydy. Olay etse joly bekiydi, ghúmyr jasy qysqarady dep yrym etedi. Sebebi búl adam tauyq baqsa, júmyrtqa satsa jarasady. Onda paydagha shash-etekten batady.

Qazaq tauyq jyly kirgende jyl jayly jaqsy bolsa, "Biyl qút mekiyen kirdi, jyl jaqsy bolady" dep quanady. Eger jyl jaysyz ótse, "Biyl taqyr tauyq kirdi, jyl jaysyz boldy" dep úigharady. Eger jaz ailarynda jauyn-shashyn mol jausa, jer kóktep jaqsy kógerse, "Biyl balapanyn bauyryna basqan tauyq kirdi" dep jatady. Eger qys ailarynda qarly boran ysqyryp túryp alsa, "biyl qoqaqtaghan әtesh kirdi, jyl jaqsy bolmaydy" dep úigharady.

Qazaq, jalpy, tauyq jyly jaysyzdyghy men jaqsylyghy teng jyl dep biledi. Tauyq jyly tuylghan bala kýigelek bolady. Ár nәrsege kýiip-pisip jýredi. Uayymshyl bolady. Qayghyrympaz, qiyalshyl bolady. Jemis-jiydekterdi únatyp jeydi. Tәbetti keledi. Shúqylanady da túrady. Aqkónil bolady. Biraq kek saqtap ósh alugha dayyn túrady.

Jalpy tauyq jyly - “Júrt jyl” degen atpen el esinde saqtalghan. 1920-1921, 1932-1933 tauyq jyldary jút, asharshylyq bolghan. 1968-1969 j.j. qúrghaqshylyq bolghan. Osyghan baylanysty qazaq “Tauyq jyly- tarpang jyl” dep ataghan.

Tauyq jyly tuylghan túlghalar

Ábu Nasyr әl-Faraby (870-950), Mirjaqyp Dulatov (1885- 1935 ), Múhtar Áuezov(1897- 1961), Ghabit Mahmútúly Mýsirepov (21902 - 1985 ), Júmatay Jaqypbaev (1945- 1990), Róza Rymbáeva (28 oktyabrya 1957), Oraza Álqoja 1981 jyly 1 qazanda Ózbekstan memleketi Amangeldi auylynda dýniyege keldi. Ánshi Mayra Múhamedqyzy 1969 jyly 5 qyrkýiekte Qytay Halyq Respublikasynda dýniyege kelgen.

It jyly

It jyly - qazaq úghymynda it adam atanyng kindik topyraghynan jaratylghan jeti qazynanyng birine jatady. Jyl sanau esebinde on birinshi orynda túrady. It jyly Shúghayyp payghambar dýniyege kelgen qasiyetti jyl sanalady. Qazaqta it jyly tuylghan adam mýsheli jylynda itti óltirmeydi. Itti óltirse basyndaghy baghy qaytady. Kedey bolyp sorlap qalady dep yrym etedi.

Qazaq it jyly kirgende jyl jayly bolsa, "Biyl yrysty it kirdi, jyl esen kirdi" dese, jyl jaysyz bolsa, "Biyl búralqy it kirdi, jyl jaqsy bolmady" dep jatady. Eger jaz ailarynda jauyn-shashyn mol jauyp, jyl yrysty bolsa, "Biyl kýshigin ertken it kirdi" deydi. Al qys ailarynda qaqaghan suyq bolsa, "Biyl qabaghan qarala tóbet kirdi, jyl jaysyz bolady" dep úigharady.

Jalpy alghanda, it yrysty jyl , itsiz ýy yryssyz ýy dep biledi. It jyly tuylghan bala qaysar, qayratty keledi. Minezi jaman bolady. Itshe yr ete týsedi. Biraq kek saqtamaydy.Kóp nәrseni ózi oilap jete almaydy. Kóbinde basqalardyng jeteginde jýredi jәne shylauynda bolady.

Qazaq it jyly kirgende jaqsy yrymgha balap qút jyl bolsyn dep tergep” Qútpan jyl kirdi” dep ataytyn bolghan. Mәselen 1945 jyly soghys ayaqtan jyldy “Qútpan jyl” degen.

It jyly tuylghan túlghalar

Mәnshýk Mәmetova, Hiuaz Dospanova, Talghat Biygeldinov, Toghanbay Qauynbaev, Roza Baghlanova, Núrjamal Ýsenbaeva, Safuan Shaymerdenov, Syrbay Mәulenov, Ázilhan Núrshayyqov, Ospanhan Áubәkirov, Qalaubek Túrsynqúlov, Ersin Qoybagharúly, Qasymhan Begmanov, Ghalym Jaylybay, Áuezhan Qodar, Toqtar Áubәkirov, Mәmbet Qoygeldiyev, Uәlihan Biyshimbaev, Shalatay Myrzahmetov, Zaghipa Baliyeva, Serik Ahmetov, Serik Baymaghanbetov, Núrlan Qapbarov, Erbolat Dosaev, Álimjan Qúrtaev Gennadiy Golovkiyn, Dimash Qúdaybergenov.

Donyz jyly

Donyz jyly - qazaq úghymynda donyz dalanyng haram hayuanyna jatady. Jyl sanau esebinde jyldyng on ekinshi ornynda túrady. Donyz jyly Zúlkarnayyn payghambar dýniyege kelgen. Qazaq donyz jyly tuylghan adam donyzdy óltirse baghy ashylady, joly bolady, dúshpannan ýstem orynda túrady dep yrym etedi.

Qazaq donyz jyly kirgende jyl sýreni jaqsy bolsa, "Biyl megejin kirdi" deydi. Jyl sýreni jaqsy bolmasa, "Biyl qaban kirdi" deydi. Qysta qar qalyng jausa, kýn ýskirik bolsa, "Biyl aq donyz kirdi", al qysta jer ala bolyp jatsa, "Biyl qarala donyz kirdi" dep úigharady.

Donyz jyly tuylghan bala ókpeshil, qors etpe bolady. Bir moyyn, qatal minezdi keledi. Múnday adamgha haramdyq jaghady. Soghyspen ataghy shyghady. Donyz jyldy adam ataqqúmar bolady. Ózimshil keledi. Ishine qýryq boylamaydy. Qara dýrsin keledi. Alysty oilamaydy. Kóz aldyndaghy nәrseni oilap, bәrin tastalqan etip jýredi. Aq kónil ashyq jarqyn, dostary kóp bolady. Dostaryna adal bolady.

Keybir týrki elderi men Qazaqstannyng keybir jerleri, múny "qara kiyik jyly" dep atasdy. Qazaq "donyz" dep kədimgi shoshqany aitady. Onyng jyl atauyna kiruining ózi jyl sanaudyng islamnan da búryn ekengenining tolyq dəleli. Búl jyldy halyq pəle-jala kóp bolady dep jaqsy atamaydy. Biraq ol tariyhqa jayly, tynyshtyq jyly bolyp kelgen. Sondyqtan da búl jyldy júmsartyp “Qara kiyik jyly” dep ataghan eken.

Donyz jyly tuylghan túlghalar

Qasym Amanjolov, Ghabbas Qabyshúly, Áshirbek Syghay, Baghlan Ábdirayymov, Baqtiyar Gharifollaúly Artaev, Serik Júmanghaliyúly Sәpiyev, Núrbaqyt Moldahmetúly Tenizbaev.

Jút turaly maqal-mәtelder

Jayly qonaq ýige — qút,
Jaysyz qonaq kýige — jút.

Ónegeli qonaq ýige - qút,
Ósekshi qonaq elge - jút.

Meshkey qatyn - ýy júty,
Aqyldy qatyn - ýy qúty.

Shaypau qatyn erge jút,
Aqyldy qatyn erge qút.

Oyyn týbi - ot,
Túman týbi - jút.

Jút — jeteu, jesirimen segiz,
Salaghymen— toghyz, olaghymen — on.

Elge el qosylsa - qút,
Jelge jel qosylsa - jút.

Atan-týie oinasa jút bolady.
Aqyldynyng aqyly qút bolady.

Jút jeti aghayyndy,
Oyranymen on aghayyndy.

Ashu— jút, ýige qyrghyn salady,
Aqyldy el bereke tabady.

Júttan qalghan jer jútaydy,
Elden qalghan er jútaydy.

Shaypaudyng tili - jút,
Sheshenning tili - qút.

Nadan adam - elge jút,
Dana adam - elge qút.

Tymau týbi - qúrt,
Túman túbi - jút.

Bolat Bopayúly

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