Temir perde

1922 jyly 1 mausymda shetelge shyghu ýshin Syrtqy ister halyq komissariatynan (NKIYD) arnayy rúqsat alu qajet boldy. Búl ketu prosesin odan da qiyndatyp, is jýzinde jolyn kesti. Jurnalisterdin, jazushylardyng nemese basqa suretshilerding shetelge shyghuy is jýzinde mýmkin emes edi; ketu ýshin búl adamdar RKP Ortalyq Komiyteti Sayasy Burosynyng arnayy sheshimin kýtuge mәjbýr boldy.

Elden ketu tәrtibi jyl sayyn kýsheytildi jәne ketu erejelerin qataytudyng jana kezeni 1925 jyly 5 mausymda shyqqan «KSRO-gha kiru jәne ketu turaly ereje» boldy. Reglament sayahat proseduralaryn óte qatang etti. Býkil shetel memleketi «dúshpandyq kapitalistik orta» dep jariyalandy.

Shetelge shyghu tәrtibin qataytu jәne «temir perde» salu tizbegining logikalyq jalghasy 1935 jylghy 9 mausymdaghy Stalin zany boldy. Shekaradan qashu ýshin ólim jazasy belgilendi. Áriyne, qashqyndardyng tuystary da qylmysker dep tanyldy. KSRO-da «júmaq» delindi, qarapayym kenes adamdary búl júmaqtan qashyp ketpes ýshin, shekaradaghy pulemetter ishke qaray baghyttaldy.

Stalindik újymdastyru

Halyqtyng osy bastamasynyng kesirinen 7 million adam ashtyqtan qyryldy. Stalindik újymdastyru sayasatynyng nәtiyjesinde 2 millionnan astam sharua jer audaryldy.

1932-1933 jyldardaghy KSRO-daghy asharshylyq

1932-1933 jyldardaghy asharshylyq qúrbandarynyng sanynyng jalpy esebi ózgerip otyrady jәne 8 million adamgha jetedi. Búl taqyryp alghash ret kenestik aqparattyq kenistikte qayta qúrudyng ayaghynda ghana payda boldy, biraq qazir 1932-1933 jyldardaghy asharshylyq kenestik kezendegi eng ýlken gumanitarlyq apattardyng biri bolyp sanalady.

«Kýshtep újymdastyrudan tuyndaghan» asharshylyqtyng auqymyna qatysty Resey Federasiyasynyng Memlekettik Dumasynyng 2008 jylghy 2 sәuirde jariyalanghan «KSRO aumaghynda 1930 jyldardaghy asharshylyq qúrbandaryn eske alugha» resmy mәlimdemesinde dayyndaghan resmy baghasy bar.

Resey Federasiyasy Memlekettik Dumasynyng janyndaghy komissiyanyng qorytyndysyna sәikes, 1932-1933 jyldary Edil boyy, Ortalyq Qara Jer óniri, Soltýstik Kavkaz, Oral, Qyrym, Batys Sibirding bir bóliginde, Qazaqstanda, Ukrainada jәne Belorussiyada 7 milliongha juyq adam «ashtyqtan jәne dúrys tamaqtanbaumen baylanysty aurulardan» qaytys boldy. búl «1932 jylghy eginning jetispeushiligining auyr zardaptaryn aitarlyqtay nasharlatty».

- Stalindik újymdastyru KSRO-nyng auyl sharuashylyghyna keri әserin tiygizdi: astyq óndiru, mal basy, auyl sharuashylyghy daqyldarynyng ónimdiligi, egis kólemi azaydy.

- Kenes kolhozshylardyng tólqújattary bolmaghandyqtan, olar selo/auyldan tys jerge shygha almaytyn; olar qozghalys bostandyghynan aiyrylyp, memleketting kepiline ainaldy.

. Industriyalandyru

Industrializasiya KSRO-nyng ekonomikalyq jәne әskery damuyna ýlken kómektesti. 1930 jylgha qaray KSRO bankrotqa úshyrady – qazynada bar bolghany 150 tonna altyn qaldy, KSRO Germaniya men AQSh bankirlerinen nesie alyp, qatty qaryzgha batty. Industriyalandyrudy jýzege asyrugha aqsha joq; aqsha kerek.

Stalinning industriyalandyrudy jýzege asyrudyng eki núsqasy boldy

1 núsqa – joghary payyzdyq mólsherlememen bolsa da kóbirek nesie alyp, milliondaghan kenes azamattardyng ómirin saqtap qalu, barlyq kapitalistik elder KSRO-nyng paydaly resurstargha bay ekenin bildi, sondyqtan ol nesiyeni esh qiyndyqsyz ótey alady. 1934 jyly KSRO altyn óndiru boyynsha dýnie jýzinde Ontýstik Afrikadan keyin ekinshi oryngha shyqty.

2 núsqa – әlemde ekonomikalyq daghdarys bastalyp, nan baghasy arzandady. Biraq Stalin búghan mәn bermedi jәne óz azamattary ashtyqtan ólip jatqanda, Batysqa astyq eksportyn ýsh esege arttyrdy. Qanday «tamasha iydeya». Asharshylyqtan eng kóp zardap shekken ukraindar, belorustar, orystar, qazaqtar, biraq gruzinder ashtan ólgen joq, eng bastysy osy.

Stalindik repressiyalar

1991 jyly V.N. Zemskov «Sosiys» jurnalynda múqiyat zerttelgen múraghat derekterin jariyalady: barlyghy 1921 jyldan 1954 jyldyng 1 aqpanyna deyin kontrrevolusiyalyq qylmystar ýshin 3 777 380 adam sottaldy, onyng ishinde 642 980 ólim jazasyna, lageriler men týrmelerde 25 jyl jәne odan az merzimge ústaugha – 2 369 220, jer audarugha  – 765 180 adam.

30 jyl boyy olardy eshkim joqqa shygharghan joq. Kez kelgen elde jazyqsyz sottalghandar bir jerde kóp, bir jerde az ekeni barshagha ayan. Múnyng bәri sot jýiesine baylanysty, tergeu neghúrlym jan-jaqty jýrgizilse, jazyqsyz sottalghandar azayady. NKVD ýshtikteri jan-jaqty tergeu jýrgizbegendikten, zansyz sottalghandardyng payyzy joghary boldy.

Stalin jәne Úly Otan soghysy

Kópshilik Ekinshi dýniyejýzilik soghystaghy jenisti Stalinmen baylanystyrady, biraq onyng ornynda basqa qarapayym basshy bolghanda, soghys az shyghynmen jener edi. Nemisterding shabuylyn Stalin men KSRO qalay ótkizip jiberdi?

Rihard Zorge men Uinston Cherchilli shabuyl mausym aiynda bolatynyn aitty. Onyng ýstine, ekinshi dýniyejýzilik soghys qyzyp, búl әskerlerding búl jaqqa esh qatysy joq kezde shekarada milliondaghan әsker men tehnikanyng jinalyp jatqanyn qalay bayqamasqa bolady.

KSRO Germaniyadan 3 ese asyp týsti, biraq 1941 jyly Kenes Armiyasy 3 ese artyqshylyqpen shegindi. Nelikten búlay boldy? Úly Otan soghysy bastalghangha deyin Stalin jauyngerlik tәjiriybesi bar generaldardyng kópshiligin qughyn-sýrginge úshyratyp, olardyng ornyna itarshy-jaghympazdardy qoydy. Múnyng ne әkelgenin bәri jaqsy biledi.

Lend-liyz

Stalin odaqtastarynyng aqshasyn aldap aldy. Lend-liz boyynsha amerikandyq jetkizilimderding kólemi shamamen $ 10,8 mlrd qúrady. AQSh bastapqyda aman qalghan azamattyq jabdyqtar men mashinalargha tólenetin somany olardyng tozuyn eskere otyryp eseptedi - 2,6 mlrd dollardy qúrady, kelissózder ýshin búl soma eki esege, yaghny 1,3 mlrd dollargha deyin qysqartyldy (yaghny barlyq jetkizilgen tauarlardyng 10 %-y). Biraq Stalin tóleuden bas tartty.

Stalindik Kenes Odaghynyng basqynshylyq sayasaty

KSRO ózin Resey imperiyasynyng múrageri dep sanaudan bas tartty. Sondyqtan Stalinning bóten aumaqtargha qol súghugha qúqyghy bolmady, sonymen qatar әrqaysysymen kelisim jasaldy, onda KSRO olardyng tәuelsizdik qúqyghyn jәne olardyng aumaqtaryn moyyndady. Pribaltika, Batys Belarusi, Batys Ukraina, Finlyandiya, Polisha.

Solay bola túrsada Stalin shabuylgha shyqty - 1) Polisha, 2) Finlyandiya, 3) Pribaltikany basyp aldy, 4) Soltýstik Irandy basyp alghysy keldi (Angliya men AQSh búghan jol bermedi).

5) Stalin Týrkiyany basyp alghysy keldi, biraq Angliya men AQSh oghan kedergi jasady. KSRO Týrkiyamen shekarada әsker jinady, biraq soghys bolmady. AQSh yadrolyq qarudy qoldana otyryp soghyspen Stalindi qorqytty, búl óz kezeginde ony soghystyng bastaluyna әkelgen qaqtyghystyng odan әri órshuinen bas tartuyna әkeldi. «Uaqytynda shegingenimiz jaqsy», - dep eske aldy Molotov.

Stalindi pir tútatyndargha ony jaqynnan tanuy ýshin qazirgi Soltýstik Koreyamen úqsastyqtaryna taghy da nazar saludy úsmynar edim:

1. Temir perde
2. Jappay asharshylyq mezgil-mezgil bolyp túrady
3. Ózimizding óndirisimiz, fabrikalarymyz, zauyttarymyz bar
4. Milliondyq әsker
5. Yadrolyq qaru
6. Gharysh baghdarlamasy
7. Qughyn-sýrgin sayasaty túraqty jaghdayda
8. Qatang senzura jәne diktatura
9. Paydaly qazbalardyng iri ken oryndary; biraq halyq toz-toz bolyp ómir sýredi.

Kerimsal Júbatqanov, tarih ghylymdarynyng kandidaty, S. Seyfullin atyndaghy Qazaq agrotehnikalyq zertteu uniyversiytetining dosenti

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